Books that ancient people taught their children to read
Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty
Liu Xiang's Book of Disciplining Children and Xin
There is nothing to be ashamed of:
If there is no difference in virtue, how can I repay my kindness? Dong sheng has a cloud:? The hanging person is at the door, and the greeting person is at the door. If you are worried, you will fear to respect things, and if you respect things, you will have good deeds and happiness. Say again:? He who greets is at the door, and he who hangs is at the door. If you are blessed, you will be arrogant, and if you are arrogant, you will be in trouble, so you will come with it. At the beginning of the Duke of Qi Qing, he despised the princes by taking advantage of the bully's power, and he lost his reputation, so he was killed by the saddle. The so-called greetings are at the door, the hangers-on are at the door, the soldiers are defeated, and they are all hanged when they enter. They are afraid to make a new start, the people love them, and the princes are all captured by them. What is the so-called? The hanging person is at the door, and the greeting person is at the door. Yeah. If you are young today, you should be an assistant minister of the Yellow Gate. Thank you for your new worship, and you will kowtow, and you will tremble, but you will be exempted.
translation of letters from home
warn Liu Xin, don't ignore my following remarks: You have no special virtue, but you are very generous and valued by the court. What can I do to repay you? Dong Zhongshu said:? When the person who came to mourn came to the door, the person who came to congratulate the happy event had actually arrived at the alley. ? That is to say, when people encounter difficulties, they will act cautiously and diligently with awe. If they act cautiously and diligently, they will certainly reap good merits and benefits, and then happiness will follow. He added:? When the person who congratulated arrived at the door, the person who comforted had actually reached the alley. ? It is said that people who enjoy happiness are prone to arrogance, and arrogance will bring disaster, so people who comfort will come later.
When Qi Qinggong (the monarch of the State of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period) was just in power, relying on the Yu Wei of his grandfather Qi Huangong, he despised the princes and looked down on Xi Ke, the envoy of the State of Jin. Therefore, he was badly defeated by the war and was able to escape by changing his costume temporarily. This is it? When the person who congratulated arrived at the door, the person who comforted had actually arrived at the alley? The truth. After Qi Qinggong was defeated, people came to comfort him. After that, he was afraid to turn over a new leaf and was loved by the people. The governors also returned the cities that had invaded Qi to him before. That's it? When the mourners came to the door, the people who congratulated the happy event had actually arrived at the alley? The truth. Now, at an early age, you have got the position of assistant minister of Huangmen, which is a prominent position. Others come to congratulate you on your new position, and many people with status also kowtow to you. You should be careful and tread on thin ice to avoid disaster.
family background
Liu Xiang (about 77 BC? In 6 BC, the famous Confucian classics, bibliographers and writers in the Western Han Dynasty were ordered to review the royal library and write Bielu, the earliest bibliography work in China. Liu Xiang's greatest literary achievement is to compile the works of Qu Yuan and Song Yu and the works of Dong Fangshuo, Zhuang Ji, Wang Bao and others who inherited and imitated Qu Yuan and Song Yu in the Han Dynasty into a collection, and named it Chu Ci.
Liu Xin, the youngest son of Liu Xiang, is also a famous Confucian classics scholar, bibliographer and writer in the Western Han Dynasty, and the real pioneer of the study of ancient Chinese classics in the Western Han Dynasty. The above article is a letter from Liu Xiang to Liu Xin. At that time, Liu Xin was appointed as the assistant minister of Huangmen. Liu Xiang wrote to warn him and encouraged him to be vigilant and respectful in doing things, and not to be arrogant and slack.
reading a letter from home
Liu Xiang has lived through three dynasties, three strikes and three exits, and has rich experience in dealing with things. He warned his young son, who is in a prominent position, to be especially low-key and respectful, and to be more careful. In order to enhance his persuasiveness, he used two channels:
First, he quoted the words of celebrities to preach. Dong Zhongshu is a great scholar and a predecessor of Liu Xiang. He quoted Dong's? The hanging person is at the door, and the greeting person is at the door. And? He who greets is at the door, and he who hangs is at the door. Dialectical relationship, warned his son not to be arrogant, but to be dedicated, humble and eager to learn, so as to achieve something. On the contrary, happiness is overjoyed, and arrogance is inevitable. In this regard, Liu Xiang himself has personal experience. Born in a royal family, Liu Xiang was the fourth grandson of Liu Jiao, the younger brother of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, and served as Zong Zheng in Yuan Di. Is the greeting at the door? . However, because of his opposition to the imprisonment of eunuchs Hong Gong and Shi Xian, he was exempted from being Shu Ren. What's the hangman doing? . After the emperor ascended the throne, he had to use it again. Dr. Ren Guanglu, the official to the middle base, and? What's the greeting? .
Second, borrow the historical figure Qi Qinggong to prove: Qi Qinggong used to be? Take advantage of the bully's power, despise the princes, and lose the capacity? , the result? Was killed by saddle, and fled to suit? To prove it? If you are blessed, you will be arrogant, and if you are arrogant, you will be in trouble. . Learn the lesson after the defeat of the defeated division. Fear turns over a new leaf, the people love it, and the princes are all taken by them? To prove it? Worry leads to fear and respect for things, and respect for things leads to good deeds and blessings? .
Liu Xiang's godson should be said to be successful: his three sons are all very talented: the eldest son, Liu Ji, is a professor of Yi Studies, and the official is the prefect of the county; Neutron Liu Ci, official Ren Jiuqing Cheng; Liu Xin, the youngest son, was a famous scholar in the late Western Han Dynasty. Liu Xin's stepfather's business is a collection of six art books. Distinguishing chapters and learning, examining the origin of mirrors? , written as "Qilve", which is the first book catalogue and classified works for China. "Qilue" divides the recorded books into six categories, 38 kinds, 63 books and 13,219 volumes. Among them, adding a small preface to each category to explain its academic origin and category meaning not only greatly promoted the academic development at that time, but also had a far-reaching impact on later bibliography, and became a model of China's catalogue books. Liu Xin also has research on astronomical calendar and mathematics, and his "Three Calendars" is considered as the embryonic form of the earliest astronomical calendar in the world. In the history of astronomy in China, San Li first proposed the calculation method of the super-age of the stars, and he was also the first astronomer in ancient China who proposed a close-to-correct eclipse cycle, so he was respected and respected by later generations. Zhang Taiyan said that the greatest figure after Confucius was Liu Xin. Gu Jiegang called Liu Xin? A great man in academia? .
Dong Fangshuo
Dong Fangshuo's "The Book of Commandments"
A wise man should be in the middle of the world; You are at ease, and you follow the Tao. The first yang is awkward, and the column is a work; Eat well and be safe, and replace agriculture with officials; It's not a good time to play the world in seclusion. Only when you are in danger can you get a good name. There are groups that are tired and lonely. There is not much left over, and there is not much left over. The way of a saint, a dragon and a snake; Manifesting the hidden gods and changing things; Anytime, there is no home.
translation of a letter from home
A man of understanding will choose the middle way in his life. The freedom of life is because he is in line with the middle way. Boyi and Shu Qi, who would rather die than eat Zhou Su, are a little clumsy in dealing with the world, and Lao Zi's attitude of doing everything can be described as skillful. Eat full all day and walk slowly and easily. It does not value being an official, but only regards it as a substitute for farming. Stand in court like a hermit, and don't be serious with others. If you don't do something out of date, you won't be harmed. Sharp-edged, there will be danger; If you have a good reputation, you can have a good result. If you want to win the support of everyone, you will live very tired; If you want to stand out from the crowd, you will lose the group. There is room for everything, and there is no want; If you want to do everything thoroughly, you will soon fail. Therefore, the sage's way of life, sometimes like Long Xiang, shows the sky; Sometimes it's like a snake lurking and disappearing. Dragon and snake change unfathomable. It changes with everything and time, and there is no fixed method.
family background
Dong Fangshuo (154 BC-93 BC) was a famous writer in the Western Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty acceded to the throne and recruited scholars from all directions. Dong Fangshuo wrote a letter recommending himself, and worshipped him as a lang. Later, he served as an assistant minister and a doctor in Taizhong. Dong Fangshuo is witty, quick-witted and funny. Sima Qian called him in Historical Records? Funny hero? . Dong Fangshuo is a well-known lyricist, who has written a lot in his life, including Feng Tai Shan, He He Shi Bi, and The Book of Commandments, etc., which was included in the Hundred and Three Collections of Han, Wei, Six Dynasties by Zhang Pu in the Ming Dynasty. Xiahou Zhan, a native of Jin Dynasty, wrote "Praise of Dong Fangshuo's Painting", which praised Dong Fangshuo's upright character and his wisdom and humor. Yan Zhenqing, a great calligrapher in Tang Dynasty, wrote this document as a tablet. This monument is still preserved in Lingxian County, named "Yan Zi Monument".
Famous sayings about the ancient people's education of children
1. Teachers teach, but disciples teach. Wen gong is self-defeating, and he suffers extremely. When you see good, follow it, and when you smell righteousness, you will take it. Be gentle and filial, not arrogant. Do not be empty and evil, and you will be upright. If you live regularly, you will have virtue. The color is neat and the center is required. Stay awake at night, and your clothes must be worn. Learn at dusk, be careful. This incomprehension is the principle of learning. "Pipe? Disciple post
? 2. The way of university is to be clear in virtue, to be close to the people and to be perfect. Zhi Zhi then has a decision, then he can be quiet, then he can be quiet, then he can be safe, and then he can think about it, and then he can get it. Things have their beginnings and endings, and things have their beginnings and endings. If you know the sequence, you will find a shortcut.
? Those whose ancient desires are clearly superior to the world, rule their country first, and those who want to rule their country, rule their homes first; If you want to get your family together, repair your body first; If you want to cultivate your body, you should first correct your heart; If you want to be right, be sincere first; If you want to be sincere, you should know it first, and you should know it in style. Things are well known, well known and sincere, sincere and upright, upright and upright, well-trained and well-groomed, well-groomed and well-groomed, well-groomed and well-governed, well-groomed and well-governed. From Tianzi to Shu Ren, one is based on self-cultivation. If it is chaotic at the end of the treatment, it will be no good. What is thick is thin, and what is thin is thick, and there is nothing left. This is called knowing this, and this is called knowing the best. University
? 3. Destiny means nature, frankness means Tao, and cultivation means teaching. Those who are Tao can't leave for a moment, but they can leave the non-Tao. Therefore, a gentleman is wary of what he doesn't see, and fear is almost unheard of. Don't be invisible, don't be subtle, so a gentleman is cautious. The emotions are not expressed, but expressed in the middle of the festival. If you are in the middle, you will be the biggest in the world; He who is in harmony will achieve the Tao in the world. Neutrality, the status of heaven, and the education of all things. The golden mean
? 4. Zhong Ni said: A gentleman is moderate, but a villain is anti-moderate. Gentleman's doctrine of the mean, the gentleman and the time; The mean of the villain is also, and the villain is unscrupulous.
? Confucius said: moderation is the ultimate! People seldom last long.
? Confucius said: I know that Tao can't work. The knower goes over it, but the fool is not as good as it. The Tao is unknown, and I know it. The sage has passed it, and the unscrupulous is not as good as it. People eat and drink, and seldom know the taste.
? Confucius said: It's no good saying it. The golden mean
? 5, Confucius said: the road is not far from people, and people are far away for the road, not for the road. Shiyun: Vakko Vakko is not far away. It's still a long way to go to defeat Ke by holding Ke. Therefore, a gentleman rules people by man, and stops at it. Loyalty and forgiveness are not far from violating the Tao. Don't do to others what you don't want to do to yourself. The golden mean
? 6, the gentleman is in his place, not willing to go beyond it. Plain wealth is rich, plain poverty is poor, plain barbarians are barbarians, plain adversity is adversity. A gentleman is not complacent. In the upper position, there is no resentment, in the lower position, there is no resentment, and there is no resentment. Therefore, it is easy for a gentleman to live in an easy place, and a villain to take risks to get lucky. Confucius said: shooting seems to be a gentleman, losing the right ones and seeking for the bodies instead. The golden mean
? 7. Being sincere and having a good way, not knowing what is good, and not being sincere. Sincere, the way of heaven is also; Honest people, people's way is also. Honest people are reluctant to get in, but they don't think about it, and they are calm and sage. Those who are sincere choose good and stubborn. Be knowledgeable, interrogate, think carefully, distinguish clearly, and stick to it. If you learn, you can learn from it. If you ask a question, you will know what to do. If a man can do it, he will have a hundred, and if a man can do it ten times, he will have a thousand. If you can do this, you will be wise if you are stupid, but you will be strong if you are soft.
? Self-honesty, that is, nature; Self-knowledge and sincerity are called teaching. If you are sincere, you will be clear, and if you are clear, you will be sincere.
? Only the sincerity in the world, in order to do its best, can do its best, can do its best, can do its best, can do its best, can do its best, can do its best, can praise the education of heaven and earth, can praise the education of heaven and earth, can participate in heaven and earth. The golden mean
? 8, or born to know, or learn to know, or trapped to know, and one of them knows. Do it safely, profitably, or reluctantly, and it will be successful. Confucius said:? Learning is close to knowing, practicing is close to benevolence, and knowing shame is close to courage. ? If you know the three, you will know why you cultivate yourself. If you know why you cultivate yourself, you will know why you govern people. If you govern people, you will know why you govern the country. The golden mean
? 9. If everything is prepared, it will be established, and if it is not prepared, it will be abolished. Make a rule before you say it, make a rule before you do it, make a rule before you do it, and make a rule before you do it. The golden mean
? 1, big! The way of saints is magnificent! The development of all things is extremely steep in the sky. Yo-yo! Etiquette 3, dignity 3. Treat others and then do it. Therefore, it is said that if you are not virtuous, you will be indifferent to the Tao. Therefore, a gentleman respects virtue and asks for knowledge. To be broad and subtle. Very clear and moderate. Review the old and learn the new, and be sincere and respectful. It is not arrogant in the former residence, but not inferior; There is a state-owned road, and its words are enough to prosper; The country has no way, and its silence is enough. The poem says:? Be wise and wise to protect yourself. ? This is called and!
The story of the ancients educating their children
In the ancient Warring States period, there was a famous general in the State of Chu. His name was Zi Fa. Once, due to the needs of the national situation, he led troops to fight with Qin. After the two sides fought for a long time, the armaments on the front line of Chu were tight. In desperation, Zifa sent someone to the king of Chu for emergency.
Before the Commissioner left, Zi Huifa specially asked him to visit his old mother. The old man was very concerned about the war ahead and asked when he saw someone coming. How are the soldiers? The Commissioner replied:? At present, there are only a few beans to support our lives, so we have to share them one by one. ? What about your general? The old lady asked. The Ombudsman thought, well, it's really worrying for a thousand miles! So, he told the truth without thinking:? You don't have to worry about the general's life. There is meat and rice for every meal. He is in good health! ?
Not long after, Zifa returned triumphantly with an army. Instead of bringing people to greet and celebrate, his mother closed the door and refused to let him in. Not only that, but the old mother also sent someone to accuse Zifa: You let the soldiers fight with an empty stomach, but you eat well and drink well yourself. This is not your credit for the big growth. When Gou Jian, the king of Yue, crusaded against Wu, someone once offered him a jar of wine, but the king of Yue sent someone to pour the wine in the upper reaches of the river and let the soldiers go to the lower reaches to drink together. Why is this? Although everyone did not taste the mellow wine, it inspired the morale of the whole army and greatly improved the combat effectiveness of the troops. In the great war, your life was closely linked with the soldiers. You won the battle by luck this time because of your selfish behavior. How can you win the battle next time? . ?
zifa's mother also criticized him and said: On the battlefield, what soldiers need most is morale, but your selfish behavior has disappointed your mother. The soldiers didn't complain about you, because they didn't have the courage. I am here to speak for the soldiers. You are not my son, don't come into my house again! ?
Zifa felt very ashamed after listening to her mother's criticism. She admitted her mistake to her mother and promised to correct it resolutely in the future. Only then did she get the old man's forgiveness and entered the house.
Zifa's mother has a heart of justice, fraternity and kindness. She is a strict mother, but she always has the country and thousands of people in her heart? Son? . She didn't show off because of her son's contribution; Instead, I will deeply love my heart and broad mind? Planting? Pass it on in the son's mind, which is the greatest success of education.
There are a few words in San Zi Jing that are well said.