Author of Water Margin (Shi Naian) Author of Journey to the West (Wu Chengen) Author of Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Luo Guanzhong) Author of Dream of Red Mansions (Cao Xueqin) Used by Guan Yu in the Three Kingdoms (Qinglong Yanyue Sword) Used by Lu Bu (Fang Tian Painted Halberd) In Water Margin The one used by Lu Zhishen (Iron Chan Staff) is Wu Yong, who is called Zhiduoxing, Lin Chong is called the leopard head, and Li Kui is called the black whirlwind. In Journey to the West, Sun Wukong has the most rebellious spirit (Making Havoc in the Heavenly Palace). Making a fuss in Feiyunpu (Wu Song) Making a fuss in the Wild Boar Forest (Lu Zhishen)

Biology grade 7

The same characteristics of living things: 1. Living things need nutrition 2. Living things can breathe 3. Living things can expel waste produced in the body 4. Living things can respond to external stimuli 5. Living things can grow and reproduce

Classification of living things: (1) Animals, plants, other living things (2) Terrestrial organisms, aquatic organisms (3) Crops, poultry, livestock, pets

The scope of the biosphere: a circle with a thickness of about 20 kilometers, including the bottom of the atmosphere and most of the hydrosphere and the surface of the lithosphere.

The basic conditions provided by the biosphere for the survival of living things: The basic conditions required for the survival of animals, plants and other living things are the same. They all need nutrients, sunlight, air and water, as well as suitable temperature. and a certain living space

The impact of abiotic factors on living things: The lives of living things will be affected by abiotic factors. When one or several factors in the environment change drastically, it will affect the life of organisms and even lead to their death.

The impact of biological factors on living things: predatory relationship, competition relationship, cooperative relationship

Ecosystem: In a certain hell, the unified whole formed by living things and the environment is called an ecosystem. Among them are producers (plants), consumers (animals), and decomposers (microorganisms)

Food chain and food web: The relationship between producers and consumers is mainly the relationship between eating and being eaten. This forms a food chain. There are often many food chains in an ecosystem, and they are interconnected to form a food web. Material and energy in ecosystems flow along food chains and food webs.

Biological systems have certain automatic adjustment capabilities

A variety of ecosystems: forest ecosystems, grassland ecosystems, marine ecosystems, freshwater ecosystems, wetland ecosystems, farmland Ecosystems, urban ecosystems.

The biosphere is a unified whole: every ecosystem is related to other ecosystems around it: in terms of abiotic factors, in terms of hell relationships, and in terms of the organisms in the ecosystem. 7 on P31

Practice using the microscope: first adjust the coarse focus screw, and then adjust the fine focus screw. 7 on P37

Observing plant cells: Commonly used slide specimens include: sections - made from thin slices cut from organisms; smears - made from liquid biological materials that are applied; mounted Tablet - made from a small amount of material torn or extracted from an organism.

Cell wall: It is the outermost transparent thin wall that protects and supports cells.

Cell membrane: A very thin layer of membrane close to the inside of the cell wall.

Nucleus: Plant cells have an approximately spherical shape.

Cytoplasm: the structure within the cell membrane and outside the nucleus.

There are vacuoles in the cytoplasm, and many substances are dissolved in the cell fluid in the vacuole. In the cells in the green part of the plant body, there are also chloroplasts in the cytoplasm. (Animal cells do not have chloroplasts, cell walls, or vacuoles)

P45 on Figure 7 of the plant cell model P48 on Figure 7 of the animal cell model

What substances are in cells: Many substances are made of molecules composed.

Inorganic substances: The molecules are relatively small and generally do not contain carbon, such as water, inorganic salts, oxygen, etc.

Organic matter: The molecules are relatively large and generally contain carbon, such as sugars, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

Cells will produce some waste products in life, such as urea, carbon dioxide, etc.

The cell membrane controls the entry and exit of substances. There is an energy converter in the cytoplasm.

Chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy and store it in the organic matter they produce.

Mitochondria use some organic matter in cells as fuel, combine these organic matter with oxygen, and convert them into carbon dioxide and water through a complex process. At the same time, they release the chemical energy in the organic matter for use by cells. .

DNA is a substance that stores genetic information in the nucleus. The carrier of genetic information is a kind of medium, and its structure is like a spiral ladder. The DNA molecule is very long and can be divided into many fragments. Each fragment has specific genetic information. These fragments are called genes.

DNA and proteins make up chromosomes.

Cells divide to produce new cells: the growth and development of organisms from small to large is inseparable from the growth and division of cells. But cells cannot grow indefinitely. Some cells will divide when they reach a certain size.

Cell Division Process and Chromosome Changes 7 on P59

Cell differentiation forms tissues: epithelial tissue: protection, secretion and other functions Muscle tissue: contraction and relaxation function Nervous tissue: production and conduction of excitatory connective tissue : Support, connection, protection, nutrition and other functions 7 on P62

Tissues further form the organ system and the human body

Eight major systems in the human body: motor system, digestive system, respiratory system , circulatory system, urinary system, nervous system, endocrine system, reproductive system. These eight major systems coordinate and cooperate to enable various complex life activities in the human body to proceed normally.

The structural level of the plant body: the fertilized egg undergoes cell division and differentiation to form tissues and organs, and then the plant body is formed.

Green flowering plants have six major organs: roots, stems, leaves (nutrition), flowers, fruits, seeds (development)

Several main tissues of plants: meristem, protection Tissues, vegetative tissues, conductive tissues, etc. 7 on P67

Several single-cell organisms: yeast, Paramecium, Chlamydomonas, Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium.

Schematic diagram of the structure of Paramecium, the relationship between single-celled organisms and humans: 7 on P70

Types of viruses: Viruses have no cellular structure and are much smaller than cells. They can only be used Nanometers are used to express their size. Viruses cannot live independently and must live within the cells of other organisms. According to the different cells they parasitize, viruses can be divided into three major categories: animal viruses, plant viruses, and bacterial viruses.

The structure and life of viruses: The structure of viruses is very simple, consisting of a protein shell and internal genetic material, without a cellular structure.

The relationship between viruses and humans: 7 on P73

Green plants in the biosphere: algae (the lowest level), bryophytes, ferns (the highest level), seed plants ( gymnosperms and angiosperms).

The structure of seeds (beans, corn): 7 on P85

Angiosperms are more adapted to terrestrial life than gymnosperms, and are more widely distributed and more diverse in the biosphere.

The conditions for seed germination: suitable temperature, certain moisture, and sufficient air 7 on P92

The process of seed germination: When a seed germinates, it must first absorb water . Nutrients in the cotyledons or endosperm are transported to the radicle, embryo, and hypocotyl. Subsequently, the radicle develops, breaks through the seed coat, and forms a root. The hypocotyl elongates and the embryo develops into stems and leaves.

Plant growth: 7 on P97

Plant growth requires nutrients: water, organic matter and inorganic salts (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium)

Peach blossom Basic structure: P102 on page 7

Pollination: When the anthers mature, they will split naturally and release pollen. The process of pollen falling from the anthers to the stigma of the pistil is called pollination.

Fertilization: After the pollen falls on the stigma, it begins to germinate under the stimulation of the mucus on the stigma, and a pollen tube grows. The pollen tube passes through the style, enters the ovary, and reaches the ovule. The sperm in the pollen tube moves downward as the pollen tube elongates, and finally enters the inside of the ovule. There is an egg cell in the ovule, which combines with the sperm from the pollen tube to form a fertilized egg.

The formation of seeds and fruits: After fertilization is completed, the petals, stamens, stigmas and styles have completed their "historical mission" and thus wither. Only the ovary continues to develop and eventually becomes a fruit. The ovary wall develops into a pericarp, the ovule inside the ovary develops into a seed, and the fertilized egg inside the ovule develops into an embryo.

The characteristics of roots suitable for absorbing water: The main part of the root that absorbs water is the mature area of ??the root tip. The mature area has a large number of root hairs.

Transportation pathways of water: 7 on page 111

Use of organic matter by green plants on 7 on page 123

Green plants and the carbon-oxygen balance in the biosphere ( In 1773, the British scientist Priestley's experiment) 7 on P127

Care for vegetation and green the motherland. 7 on P132

Biology 7th grade part 2

The origin and development of human beings: The common ancestor of today's great apes and humans is the forest ape. More than 12 million years ago, forest apes were widely distributed in Africa, Asia and Europe, especially the tropical jungles of Africa.

Schematic diagram of human origin and development: 7 times P5

Human fossils 3 million years ago: Lucy 1.75 million years ago ancient humans: East Africans

1929: Pei Wenzhong discovered the first skull fossil of Peking Man.

Reproductive system: Life goes through the process of combining male and female germ cells and forming a new individual through embryonic development. This process is completed by the reproductive system. The reproductive systems of men and women are different, as are those of adults and children.

Anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems: 7 times P9

Reproductive process: 7 times P10

Delivery: By the 40th week of pregnancy, the fetus is mature . The mature fetus and placenta are expelled from the mother's vagina, a process called childbirth.

Characteristics of adolescence: sudden growth in height, and the functions of the nervous system, heart, lungs and other organs are also significantly enhanced. Boys experience nocturnal emissions and girls experience menstruation.

Sexual awareness in adolescence: initially alienated from the opposite sex, to gradually willing to get close to the opposite sex, or developing a vague attachment to the opposite sex.

The basic requirements of my country’s family planning are: late marriage, late childbearing, fewer births, and eugenics 8 on P19

Nutritients in food: Food contains sugar, fat, protein, water , inorganic salts and vitamins and other six types of nutrients.

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in food: provide energy 7 times P22

Water and inorganic salts: water can transport energy. Inorganic salts include calcium, phosphorus, iron, and iodine. zinc. 7 under P24

Vitamins: 7 under P26

Changes of food in the digestive system: The oral cavity is the beginning of the digestive system, which contains teeth, tongue and salivary glands. Salivary glands have ducts through which the saliva they secrete enters the mouth.

The composition and function of the digestive system: 7 pages P32

The digestive system: the digestive tract: a very long tube. Digestive glands are divided into two types: some are large digestive glands located in the digestive tract, such as the liver; some are small glands distributed on the inner wall of the digestive tract, such as intestinal glands.

Absorption of nutrients: Food is digested in the digestive tract and eventually decomposed into glucose, amino acids and other nutrients that can be absorbed by the human body.

Rational nutrition and food safety of food: P37 under 7

Respiratory system: The respiratory system of the human body is composed of the respiratory tract and the lungs. The respiratory system has a structure and function suitable for gas exchange with the outside world.

Respiratory tract: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, which are the passages for gas to enter and exit the lungs.

The function of the respiratory tract: the passage of gas, processing the inhaled gas to make the gas in the lungs warm, moist and clean.

Gas exchange between the lungs and the outside world: The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. They are located in the chest, one on each side. The left lung has two leaves and the right lung has three lobes. Before you know it, your lungs are exhaling and inhaling rhythmically.

Lung movement pattern diagram: 7 times P49

Gas exchange between alveoli and blood: 7 times P50

A person breathes more than 20,000 times a day times, at least more than 10,000 liters of gas must be exchanged with the environment every day.

The composition of blood: Blood is composed of plasma and blood cells. At the junction of the two layers, there is a thin layer of white material, which is white blood cells and platelets.

Plasma: transports blood cells, transports substances needed to maintain human life activities and waste products produced in the body.

Blood cells: Blood cells include red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. After the blood is stratified, the red blood cells are in the lower layer and appear red, and the white blood cells and platelets are at the junction of the two layers, which are very thin and appear white.

Red blood cells: The largest number of blood cells, biconcave round cake-shaped, without a nucleus, but with hemoglobin, which can carry oxygen.

White blood cells: have nuclei and are larger than red blood cells. They can pass through capillary walls, surround and phagocytose bacteria.

Platelets: The smallest blood cells, without a nucleus, irregular in shape, and can release substances related to blood coagulation.

Arteries, capillaries, and veins: 7 pages on page 67

Heart anatomy: 7 pages on page 68

Heart working diagram: 7 pages on page 69

Systemic circulation: blood enters the aorta from the left ventricle, then flows through arteries, capillary networks, and veins at all levels throughout the body, and finally collects into the upper and lower Vena cava, drains back into the right atrium. This circulatory pathway is called the systemic circulation.

Pulmonary circulation: The blood flowing back to the right atrium is pressed into the pulmonary artery through the right ventricle, flows through the capillary network of the lungs, and then flows back to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. This circulation path is called pulmonary circulation.

The systemic circulation is the blood starting from the left side of the heart and returning to the right side, and the pulmonary circulation is the blood starting from the right side of the heart and returning to the left side, thus forming a complete blood circulation pathway.

In 1900, Austrian scientist Landsteiner discovered blood types.

Blood transfusion relationship table: P76 under 7

Kidney: the organ that forms urine. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million structural and functional units called nephrons. Each unit is composed of glomerulus, renal capsule and renal tubules.

Schematic diagram of the internal structure of the kidney: Part 7, P81

Diagram of the formation of urine: Part 7, P82

Bladder: Temporarily stores raw urine.

The basic structure and function of the eyeball: 7 times P89

The process of vision formation: the light reflected from external objects passes through the cornea, pupil, lens and vitreous body in turn, and passes through the lens, etc. The refraction finally falls on the retina to form an object image. The retina has cells that are sensitive to light. These cells transmit image information to a certain area of ??the brain through the optic nerve, and people have vision.

Basic structure and function of the ear: 7 pages P93

The process of hearing formation: 7 pages P94

Components of the nervous system: The nervous system is composed of the brain , bone marrow and the nerves they send out.

The composition and function of the nervous system: 7 pages P98

Neurons: Neurons, also called nerve cells, are the basic units that constitute the structure and function of the nervous system. There are billions of neurons in the human body.

The basic way of regulating nerves is reflex.

Reflex: The human body’s regular response to various external or internal stimuli through the nervous system.

Image of releasing steamed buns: 7 times P102

The human body regulates its own life activities through various simple or complex reflexes, so that it can respond quickly to stimulation inside and outside the body. appropriate response.

The main endocrine glands that constitute the endocrine system: 7 pages P106

The life activities of the human body are mainly regulated by the nervous system, but are also affected by hormone regulation.

Biology grade 8

Fish: Fish have two characteristics that are crucial for being able to live in water: First, they can swim by coordinating the swing of their tails and fins. To obtain food and defend against enemies, the second is to use gills to breathe in water.

Other aquatic animals:

Coelenterates: have a mouth but no anus. Food enters the digestive cavity through the mouth, and the digested food residues are still excreted through the mouth.

Mollusks: soft bodies protected by shells (the shells of squid and octopus are degenerated and are also molluscs)

Crustaceans: have hard armor on the body surface.

The growth environment of earthworms and the internal structure of rabbits 8 on P16

Flying animals: Flying animals in nature appeared hundreds of millions of years ago. First came insects among invertebrates, then birds among vertebrates, and bats among mammals. They are both terrestrial animals and adapted to flight.

There are more than 9,000 kinds of birds in the world and more than 1 million kinds of insects

The characteristics of birds that are suitable for flying: the body surface of birds is covered with feathers, the forelimbs become wings, and they have the ability to fly quickly Ability to fly; air sacs in the body; high and constant body temperature. The body structure and physiological characteristics of birds are adapted to their flying life.

Characteristics of insects: Insects have three pairs of legs and can crawl; some insects have specialized jumping legs that can jump; most insects have wings and can fly. Insects are the only flying animals among invertebrates.

The body of an insect is divided into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen. The locomotion organs—wings and feet—are all born in the thorax. The exoskeleton is a tough shell that covers the inside of an insect's body. It protects and supports the soft internal organs and prevents the evaporation of water in the body.

Classification of insects: Insects are classified as arthropods (the body is composed of many body segments; there is an exoskeleton on the body surface; the legs and antennae are segmented as arthropods)

Amphibians : Live amphibiously on land and water, breathing with lungs and using skin to assist breathing. Such animals are called amphibians.

Animal movement: rabbit skeleton, joint pattern diagram, relationship between muscles, bones and joints 8 on P29

Coordination of bones, joints and muscles: the position of bones Changes create movement, but the bones themselves cannot move. The movement of bones depends on the pulling of skeletal muscles.

Movement requires the control and regulation of the motor system and nervous system. It requires the supply of energy, so it also requires the cooperation of the digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system and other systems.

Animal behavior: feeding behavior, defensive behavior, reproductive behavior, migration behavior, etc. It can also be divided into innate behavior and learned behavior.

Characteristics of social behavior: Animals with social behavior often form a certain organization within the group, with a clear division of labor among members, and some groups also form hierarchies. This is the main characteristic of social behavior.

Information exchange in groups: 8 on P39

Ecological balance: There is an interdependent and mutually restrictive relationship between various organisms in the food chain and food web. The number and proportion of various organisms in the ecosystem are always maintained in a relatively stable state. This phenomenon is called ecological balance.

Animals and bioreactors: Using bioreactors to produce certain substances needed by humans can save the cost of building factories and purchasing instruments and equipment, and can reduce complex production procedures and environmental pollution.

Animals and bionics: Through careful observation and research of living things, scientists imitate certain structures and functions of living things to invent and create various instruments and equipment. This is bionics.

Colonies: Bacterial colonies are relatively small, with smooth or sticky surfaces, or rough and dry surfaces. Fungal colonies are generally several to dozens of times larger than bacterial colonies. The colonies formed by mold are often fluffy, flocculent or spider web-shaped, and sometimes appear in different colors such as red, brown, green, black and yellow.

Discovery of bacteria: Dutchman Leeuwen Hooke built a 200-300x microscope to observe the old man’s tartar and discovered bacteria.

Pasteur used a gooseneck bottle to prove that bacteria were produced from pre-existing bacteria. He also discovered lactic acid bacteria and yeast, proposed methods for preserving wine and pasteurization, and preventing surgical infections. Later generations called him the "Father of Microbiology."

The morphology and structure of bacteria: Individual bacteria are very tiny. When about 1 billion bacteria are accumulated, they would be as big as a grain of millet. The morphology of bacteria can only be observed with a high-power microscope or electron microscope... Bacteria do not have a nucleus. P60 on 8

Bacterial reproduction: Bacteria reproduce by dividing. In the later stages of growth, some bacteria shrink in size and lose their cell walls. thicken and form spores. Spores are dormant bodies of bacteria and have strong resistance to adverse environments

Fungal reproduction: Fungi reproduce by producing a large number of spores.

The roles of bacteria and fungi in nature: 1. Participate in the material cycle as decomposers 2. Cause diseases in animals, plants and humans 3. Reproduce with animals and plants.

Human use of bacteria and fungi: 8 on P70

Biological classification: Classification is based on the characteristics of organisms in terms of morphological structure and other aspects. The basic unit of classification is species.

Classification of plants: 8 on page 81

The biological classifications from largest to smallest are: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

Under 8th grade biology

Reproduction of plants:

Sexual reproduction: They reproduce through flowering, pollination and fruiting, and the seeds of the fruit reproduce. . The embryo in the seed develops from the union of reproductive cells of both sexes into a fertilized egg.

Asexual reproduction: the direct production of new individuals from the mother without the combination of sexual reproductive cells.

Grafting: the grafting of buds or branches from one plant to another. on, so that the two parts combined together grow into a complete plant body.

Metamorphosis: In the process of developing new individuals from fertilized eggs, the morphological structure and living habits of silkworm larvae and adults are very different. This developmental process is called metamorphosis.

Complete metamorphosis: After four stages: egg, larvae, pupa and adult, this development process is complete metamorphosis.

Incomplete metamorphosis: After three stages: egg, nymph, and adult, this development process is incomplete metamorphosis.

The reproductive and developmental processes of birds: including courtship, mating, nest building, egg laying, incubation and brooding

Genes control the traits of organisms: heredity refers to the similarity between parents and children , variation refers to the differences between parents and offspring and between individual offspring. Biological inheritance and variation are achieved through reproduction and development.

Relative traits: different manifestations of the same trait.

Genes and chromosomes: There are chromosomes in the nucleus, and proteins and DNA in the chromosomes. The shape and number of chromosomes in the cells of every living thing are certain.

There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in human somatic cells (except germ cells).

In 1883, the Belgian embryologist Benedon discovered the sperm and chromosomes of Ascaris equina They only have 2 of 2 pairs of chromosomes.

Genes are transmitted through sperm or egg cells 8 times P30

In 1858~1865, Mendel in Austria discovered the dominant and recessive genes

In 1902, the United States Cytologist McCrone discovered a pair of chromosomes in male cells that were different from other chromosomes. He called this pair of chromosomes sex chromosomes.

In 1905, American cytologist Wilson called the male sex chromosomes X chromosome and Y chromosome. The same pair of chromosomes in female cells are the same, both are X chromosomes.

In 1953, young American scholar Miller simulated primitive earth conditions and atmospheric components and synthesized a variety of amino acids.

The trend of biological evolution: from simple to complex, from low to high, from aquatic to terrestrial.

Darwin’s theory of nature: In nature, biological individuals all have the characteristics of inheritance and mutation. Only those individuals with favorable mutations can easily survive in the struggle for survival and pass on these mutations to the next generation. generation, and individuals with unfavorable mutations are easily eliminated. Like this, the creatures in nature go through a fierce struggle for survival. Those who adapt survive and those who do not adapt are eliminated. This is natural selection. Living things continue to evolve through inheritance, mutation and natural selection.

Pathogens: Organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that cause infectious diseases.

Three basic links in the epidemic of infectious diseases

Source of infection: people or animals that can spread pathogens.

Path of transmission: The path through which pathogens leave the source of infection and reach healthy people. Such as airborne transmission, dietary transmission, biological vector transmission, etc.

Susceptible groups: People who lack immunity to a certain infectious disease and are easily infected with the disease.

Preventive measures for infectious diseases: Preventive measures for infectious diseases can be divided into three aspects: controlling the source of infection, cutting off transmission routes and protecting susceptible groups.

The human body’s three lines of defense: 1. Skin and mucous membranes 2. Bactericidal substances and phagocytes in body fluids 3. Antibodies produced by immune organs and immune cells.

The third line of defense is the acquired defense function that the human body gradually builds up after birth. It is characterized by the fact that it is only produced after birth and only works against a specific pathogen or foreign body, so it is called specific immunity. (Also known as acquired immunity)

The three functions of immunity: 1. Remove aging, dead and damaged cells in the body 2. Resist the invasion of antigens and prevent the occurrence of diseases 3. Monitor, identify and remove the cells produced in the body of abnormal cells.

Harms of immunization, planned immunization: 8 times P78

Prescription drugs (RX): They can only be purchased with a prescription from a licensed physician or licensed assistant physician, and the drugs must be taken according to the doctor's instructions.

Over-the-counter drugs (OTC): You can buy them without a doctor’s prescription. Take the drugs according to the instructions.

Artificial respiration method, external chest heart compression: 8 times P84

External bleeding: can be divided into capillary bleeding, venous bleeding and arterial bleeding 8 times P85

The harms of smoking and taking drugs: 8 times P95