1. Chinese Translation of Classical Chinese Essays on Self-cultivation
When you see good things, you must practice self-preservation (1); when you see bad things, you become stunned and must reflect on yourself (2); Good things are in the body , if you are concerned, you will do it for your own good; if you are not good in the body, you will do it for your own harm (3). Therefore, anyone who is not me is my teacher; anyone who is me is my friend; anyone who flatters me is my thief. Therefore, a gentleman has his teachers and relatives and friends, so that he hates his thieves; he loves good and is insatiable, and he is able to receive admonitions. Although he has no desire to make progress, what is the point? On the contrary, the villain is like this, causing chaos, but the evil person is not oneself; causing unkindness, but desiring the virtuousness of others; having a heart like a tiger or a wolf, acting like an animal, and being a thief of evil people; those who flatter are close to others, and those who admonish are sparse ( 4), the correction is a smile, the most loyal is a thief, even if you want not to perish, is it okay? "Poetry" says (5): "噏噏呰呰(6) is also the sorrow of Confucius (7). If you plan for Zang, you will have the right to go against it; if you don't plan for Zang, you will have to rely on it." This is what it means. .
[Note]
(1) Xiu Ran: neat appearance. Save: Save questions. (2) Zhan (qi3oqiao)ran: a worried look. (3) 葑 (
1i Zai): refers to "disaster" and harm. (4) Criticism: "Ji Jie" is written as "Zheng", which was modified according to Shi De Tang's original version. (5) See "Poetry·Xiaoya·Xiaomin" for quoted poems. (6) 噏噏 (x9 suck): Same as "suck", suck. 呰呰(
! Purple): means "zizi", slander. (7) Kong: Very, very.
[Translation]
When you see good behavior, you must compare it with yourself meticulously; when you see bad behavior, you must fear it Use it to reflect on yourself; if you have good conduct in yourself, you will definitely love yourself unswervingly because of it; if you have bad conduct in yourself, you will definitely hate yourself as if you were being harmed because of it. Therefore, those who accuse me appropriately are my teachers; those who agree with me appropriately are my friends; those who flatter me are my thieves. A gentleman respects his teachers and is close to his friends, but hates those thieves extremely. His love for kindness is never satisfied, and he can be alert when he is advised. So even if he does not want to make progress, is it possible? The villain, on the other hand, is extremely confused, but he still hates others' criticism of him; he is extremely incompetent, but he wants others to say he is wise; he has a heart like a tiger or a wolf, and behaves like an animal, but he hates others to point out his sins. ; Be close to those who flatter you, stay away from those who advise you to correct your mistakes, regard kind and upright words as ridicule to yourself, regard extremely loyal behavior as harm to yourself, such a person may not perish even if he wants to. What? "Poetry" says: "It is really sad to add and slander randomly. The plan was perfect, but it was violated; the plan was not good, but it was followed." This is the kind of villain he is talking about. 2. Self-cultivation (1) Ancient Chinese Translation
You must be a perfect person.
As for fame, wealth and status, don’t take full advantage of it. You have to share it with everyone, just leave some flaws. Which one? No one in the world has accomplished anything. If I gain people, I will lose them. If I benefit others, I will harm others. If I tolerate others, I will humiliate them. If I have beautiful people, I will be ashamed.
This is because a gentleman is greedy for virtue and gives up his reputation, and after finishing his speech, he will give up his words. It makes people like me, who don't know how to show off their talents and set goals, but have infinite happiness in their chests.
Confucius was humble and attached himself to ordinary people, which is very interesting. You must be a perfect person (referring to being a perfect person).
As for fame and fortune, don’t keep it all. If you want to share it with everyone, you might as well leave some gaps. Why? No one in the world has everything he wants (that is, no one has everything going his way). If I gain something, others will lose it. If I benefit others, others will be harmed. If I am glorious, others will be humiliated. If I am beautiful, others will be ashamed.
Therefore, a gentleman pursues morality more than he gives up his reputation, and does not pursue perfection but pursues resignation. Let others be like me, not standing out or setting a role model, but naturally having infinite happiness in our chests.
In order to keep himself humble, Confucius once agreed with ordinary people (without showing his prominence), which was very interesting. 3. Cultivate one’s moral character, govern one’s family, and bring peace to the world. Chinese translation
Correct one’s mind, cultivate one’s character, govern one’s family, govern the country, and bring peace to the world
"Book of Rites·University"
Original text It is "In ancient times, if you want to bring enlightenment and virtue to the world, you must first rule your country; if you want to rule your country, you must first regulate your family; if you want to regulate your family, you must first cultivate your body; if you want to cultivate your body, you must first rectify your mind;... …The mind is upright, then the body is cultivated, the body is cultivated, then the family is in order, the family is in order, then the country is governed, and the country is governed, then the world is peaceful.
"The general idea is: In ancient times, those who wanted to make their virtues manifest in the world must first govern their country; those who wanted to govern the country well, first had to put their own homes in order; those who wanted to put their families in order, first managed their own affairs. Cultivation; a person who wants to cultivate himself must first correct his thoughts... When his thoughts are correct, then he will cultivate himself to perfection; when self-cultivation is perfect, then the family will be in order; when the family is in order, then the country will be stable and prosperous; the country will be stable and prosperous After that, the world will be peaceful. 4. Cultivate oneself, govern one’s family, govern the country, and bring peace to the world. Chinese translation
1. Translation In ancient times, those who wanted to promote upright moral character in the world must first govern their country well; If you want to manage your own country well, you must first manage your own family and clan; if you want to manage your own family and clan well, you must first cultivate your own character; if you want to cultivate your own character, you must first correct your own thoughts; to correct yourself To think, you must first make your thoughts sincere; if you want to make your thoughts sincere, you must first obtain knowledge. The way to obtain knowledge is to cognitively study everything.
Through the understanding of everything. Only by studying can we acquire knowledge; only by acquiring knowledge can our thoughts be sincere; only by sincere thoughts can we have a correct mind; only after a correct mind can we cultivate our character; only by cultivating our character can we manage our families well; only when our families are well managed can we govern them. A good country; only when the country is well governed can the world be at peace. 2. The original text states that those who wish to bring virtue to the world must first govern their country; those who wish to govern their country must first regulate their families; those who wish to regulate their families must first cultivate their own conduct. If you want to cultivate your body, you must first rectify your mind; if you want to rectify your mind, you must first be sincere in your intention; if you want to be sincere in your intention, you must first know how to know.
To know things, you can know them later. After knowledge comes sincerity of mind, sincerity of mind leads to righteousness of mind, righteousness of mind leads to body cultivation, body cultivation leads to family harmony, family harmony then governs the country, and national governance leads to peace in the world. 3. Source "Book of Rites·University" Extended information 1. Creation background. It is said to be written by the seventy-two disciples of Confucius and his students. It was compiled by Dai Shengsuo, a ritual scholar of the Western Han Dynasty. Confucius taught his disciples the "Poetry", "Book", "Li", "Music", "Yi", "Spring and Autumn" and "Six Classics". It is the carrier of the highest philosophy in Chinese classical culture.
However, it is difficult to read through the ancient meanings, so more interpretations are made to assist understanding. The "Li" in the Six Classics was later called "Li". , mainly records the "etiquette" of crowning, wedding, funeral, and sacrifice ceremonies in the Zhou Dynasty. It is limited by examples and hardly touches on the "etiquette" behind the rituals. Without an understanding of the etiquette and meaning, the rituals become worthless. Virtual rituals.
Therefore, in the process of learning rituals, the seventy-year-olds wrote a large number of essays that elaborated on the meaning of the scriptures, which were collectively called "notes" and were appended to the "Book of Rituals" by Qin Shihuang. After the suppression of Confucianism, there are still many "notes" written in ancient pre-Qin Chinese that can be seen in the Western Han Dynasty, including "One Hundred and Thirty-One" recorded in "Hanshu Yiwenzhi"
2. Works. Appreciation of the forty-nine chapters of "Book of Rites" can be roughly divided into three types: argumentative essays, expository essays, and narrative essays. The articles have a relatively complete structure, thorough arguments, clear organization, and strong logic, and pay attention to using a variety of techniques to reason.
"Book of Rites" is rigorous in composition, vivid in reflections, tactful in words, echoing back and forth, and the language is neat and changeable. It is one of the "Three Rites", one of the "Five Classics", and the "Thirteen Classics" one. Since Zheng Xuan of the Eastern Han Dynasty made the "annotation", the status of "Book of Rites" has been rising day by day. By the Tang Dynasty, it was regarded as a "Classic". After the Song Dynasty, it ranked first among the "Three Rites".
The ancient cultural history knowledge and ideological doctrines recorded in the "Book of Rites" have an important impact on the inheritance of Confucian culture, contemporary cultural education and moral cultivation, and the construction of a harmonious socialist society. 3. Brief introduction of the author Dai Sheng, courtesy name Cijun, was born in the Western Han Dynasty. According to ancient records such as "Book of Han·Rulin Biography", "Guangping Prefecture Chronicles", "Guide Prefecture Chronicles", "Hakka Dai Family Genealogy", "Xintai County Chronicles" and other ancient Documents record that he was from Suiyang, Liang State in the Western Han Dynasty (now Suiyang District, Shangqiu, Henan).
He once served as the prefect of Jiujiang. He focused on studying Confucian classics throughout his life, especially the study of "Li". Together with his uncles Dade and Qingpu, he studied under Hou Cang, a master of Confucian classics, and devoted himself to the study of "Li".
During the reign of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty, Dai Sheng was appointed as a doctor and participated in the Shiqu Pavilion discussion to evaluate the similarities and differences of the Five Classics. He devoted his life to lecturing and writing. He collected various treatises on etiquette and other matters recorded by Confucius's disciples from the Warring States Period to the early Han Dynasty, as well as his second disciples and third disciples, and compiled them into a book called "Xiao Dai Ji" or "Xiao Dai Ji". "The Book of Rites of Xiaodai" Baidu Encyclopedia - Cultivate oneself, harmonize one's family, govern the country and bring peace to the world.
5. Quietness cultivates one's self-cultivation, frugality cultivates virtue Translation (classical Chinese)
The meaning of these two sentences is: improve one's self-cultivation through tranquility, and cultivate one's own character through frugality.
From: "The Book of Commandments" by Zhuge Liang of the Three Kingdoms
Excerpt from the original text:
When a husband and a gentleman go on a journey, they should be quiet to cultivate their moral character and be frugal to cultivate their virtues. Without indifference, there is no clear ambition; without tranquility, there is no far-reaching goal. The husband must be quiet to study, and the talent must study. Without learning, there is no way to expand talents; without ambition, there is no way to achieve learning. If you are impatient and slow, you will not be able to stimulate your essence, and if you are dangerous and impetuous, you will not be able to cure your nature. Years go with the times, thoughts go with the sun, and they become withered and withered. Many people do not take on the world, and they stay in the poor house with sadness. How will they be able to get back to you!
Interpretation:
The behavior and ethics of a gentleman use tranquility to improve his self-cultivation, and use frugality to cultivate his character. If you are not calm and have few desires, you cannot understand your ambitions, and if you do not eliminate external interference, you cannot achieve grand goals. You must immerse yourself in learning, and ability comes from learning. Therefore, without learning, you cannot increase your ability, and without ambition, you cannot make learning effective.
If you indulge in laziness, you will not be able to work hard, and if you are impatient and take risks, you will not be able to cultivate your temperament. Time flies with time, and will passes with time. In the end, they become desolate and desolate. Most of them have no contact with the world and are not used by society. They can only sit sadly and guard the lack of housing. How can there be time to regret at that time?
Extended information
Creation background and appreciation:
This article was written in the 12th year of Jianxing of the Shu Han Dynasty. It was written by Zhuge Liang in his old age to his eight-year-old son. A letter from Zhuge Zhan. Zhuge Liang served his country wholeheartedly and dedicated his whole life. He worked day and night for the cause of the Shu Han family and was completely unable to teach his descendants personally, so he wrote this letter of admonition to his son Zhuge Zhan.
This "Book of Commandments" not only explains the ways and methods of self-cultivation, but also points out the relationship between determination and learning; it not only explains the importance of tranquility and indifference, but also points out the indulgence, neglect, The dangers of extreme impatience. Zhuge Liang not only had strict requirements on his sons in terms of general principles and was persuasive, but he also showed his subtle care for his children in some specific matters.
The main purpose of "The Book of Commandments to Sons" is to encourage sons to study diligently and be determined, to cultivate their moral character and cultivate their character through indifference and tranquility, and to avoid laziness and impatience. The article summarizes the experience of being a person and studying, focusing on the word "quiet", and at the same time attributes failure to the word "impetuous", which is in sharp contrast.
About the author
Zhuge Liang (181-October 8, 234), courtesy name Kongming and nickname Wolong, was a native of Yangdu, Langya, Xuzhou (now Yinan County, Linyi City, Shandong). The Prime Minister of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period, he was an outstanding politician, strategist, diplomat, writer, calligrapher, and inventor.
Zhuge Liang's representative prose works include "Chu Shi Biao" and "Book of Commandments". He invented the wooden cow and flowing horse, the Kongming lantern, etc., and modified the repeating crossbow, called the Zhuge repeating crossbow, which can fire ten arrows with one crossbow. Zhuge Liang "dedicated his life to death" and was a representative figure of loyal ministers and wise men in traditional Chinese culture. 6. Translation of the Second Classical Prose of Mozi Xiu Shen
Although a gentleman pays attention to the formation of battle formations, the bravery of the soldiers is the foundation; although there are various etiquettes for holding funerals, mourning is the foundation; although scholars have Knowledge, but behavior is fundamental.
Therefore, if you are not established at all, you do not need to pursue the whole; if your immediate neighbors are not friendly, do not pursue distant friends; if you are not even attached to relatives, do not become a diplomat; if something cannot have a beginning and an end, just Don’t be involved in multiple professions; if you don’t understand a thing, don’t pursue erudition and memorization. Therefore, when the former kings governed the world, they must be aware of the left and right and attract people from far away.
A gentleman who knows his left and right will definitely be able to achieve his goal of practice. A gentleman is slandered by those who have no spiritual practice, but he can reflect on himself, so that the resentment of others is reduced and his own virtue is corrected.
Words of false accusation and slander do not enter your ears; voices of criticism and abuse do not come out of your mouth; thoughts of killing and harming other people's children do not exist in your heart. Even if there are people who slander and criticize, they will have nothing to rely on.
Therefore, a gentleman works hard to help, and becomes stronger and stronger, his aspirations become more ambitious, and his momentum becomes more and more magnificent. A gentleman's way of self-cultivation is to show integrity when he is poor, to show morality when he is rich, to show kindness to the living, and to show grief to the dead. These four virtues cannot be mixed with falsehood, and you must always reflect on yourself.
What is hidden in the heart is endless kindness, the words and actions are endlessly respectful and polite, and what you say is always reasonable. This kind of virtue runs through the limbs of the body, penetrates into the skin, and will not be abandoned until the hair is gray and bald. Only a saint can do this! People with weak wills will not be able to understand things intellectually; people who do not keep their promises will not be able to achieve their goals; those who possess wealth and cannot share it with others are not enough to make friends; people who are not firm in their ways will not have extensive experience in things, and will not be able to discern right from wrong, which is not enough. to socialize with them.
A branch that is not strong at all is bound to be dangerous. If you don’t practice when it is strong, you will become lazy later. A river with a muddy source will not be clear. If you do not keep your word, you will definitely lose your reputation. Reputation does not arise for no reason, and honor does not grow on its own.
Success and reputation will naturally follow. Reputation must not be false in the slightest, and you must reflect on yourself. If you focus on talking and are slow to act, others will not listen even if you speak eloquently.
People who put in a lot of effort and boast about their achievements will not take any credit even if they work hard. A wise person thinks carefully without boasting, and does much without boasting about his achievements.
Therefore, he became famous all over the world. Don't speak too much but be wise; don't be literate but pursue discernment.
Therefore, if you lack wisdom and cannot discern clearly, and you are lazy, this is the opposite. Good deeds cannot be maintained unless they come from the heart, and virtue cannot be established if one does not start from oneself.
Reputation cannot be achieved simply, and reputation cannot be established by trickery. A gentleman must combine knowledge and action. Seeking profits and ignoring reputation are things that people who want to be famous in the world disdain to do.