Original text

1·1 Confucius said (1): "If you learn (2) and practice (3) from time to time, don't you also say (4)? You have a friend (5)" Isn’t it a pleasure to come from afar (6)? Isn’t it a gentleman (9) if a person doesn’t know (7) but is not stunned (8)?”

Notes

(1) )zi: An honorific title for men with status and knowledge in ancient China. Sometimes it is also called men in general. The words "Zi said" in "The Analects of Confucius" all refer to Confucius.

(2) Learning: The "learning" mentioned by Confucius here mainly refers to the study of traditional cultural classics such as rituals, music, poetry, and calligraphy of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

(3) Shi Xi: In the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, the word "Shi" was used as an adverb, meaning "at a certain time" or "at the appropriate time". However, Zhu Xi explained "Shi" as "Shi Chang" in "Analects of Confucius". "Xi" refers to practicing etiquette and music; reviewing poems and books. It also means review, practice, and practice.

(4) Said: The sound yuè means the same as joy, which means pleasure and happiness.

(5) You Peng: One book is "You Peng". An old note says, "A fellow student is called a friend." That is, people who study under the same teacher are called friends, that is, people who share the same goals.

(6) Le: It is different from speaking. An old note says that joy is found within, while joy is found outside.

(7) People don’t know: This sentence is incomplete and does not say what people don’t know. Missing object. Generally speaking, knowing means understanding. People don't know, which means that others don't understand themselves.

(8)愠: Sound yùn, anger, resentment.

(9) Gentleman: The gentleman in the Analects of Confucius sometimes refers to a virtuous person, and sometimes refers to a person with status. This refers to Confucius’s ideal of a person with a noble personality.

Translation

Confucius said: "Isn't it very pleasant to learn and review and practice frequently? Isn't it very pleasant to have like-minded people coming from far away? People don't Knowing me, I am not resentful or angry, am I not a virtuous gentleman?"

Original text

1·2 Youzi (1) said: "He is also a filial brother. (2), but those who like to offend the superiors (3) are rare (4); those who do not like to offend the superiors, but like to cause trouble, do not exist (5). A gentleman should stick to his roots (6), and he should be filial to his younger brother (7). Also, is the nature of human beings related to (8)? ”

Notes

(1) Youzi: Confucius’s student, whose surname is You and whose name is Ruo, is 13 years younger than Confucius. One said he is 33 years younger. The latter theory is more credible. In the Analects of Confucius, the students of Confucius recorded are generally called "Zi". Only Zeng Shen and Youruo are called "Zi". Therefore, many people believe that the Analects was written by Zeng Shen and Youruo.

(2) Filial piety: filial piety, the correct attitude of children towards their parents in the slave society; brother, the pronunciation and meaning of "Ti" (pronounced tì) are the same as "Ti" (pronounced tì), that is, the correct attitude of younger brothers towards older brothers. Filial piety and brotherhood are two basic moral norms especially advocated by Confucius and Confucianism. An old note says: Doing good things to parents is called filial piety, and doing good things to elders is called brother.

(3) Guoshang: commit, offend, commit a crime. On, refers to the person in a superior position.

(4) Fresh: The sound is xiǎn, meaning less. The word "fresh" in "The Analects of Confucius" is used in this way.

(5) Nothing is there: This is the inverted sentence pattern of "there is nothing". There is a rule in the syntax of ancient Chinese. If the object of a negative sentence is a pronoun, it is usually placed before the verb.

(6) Wuben: Wu, concentration and dedication. Ben, fundamental.

(7) Tao: In ancient Chinese thought, Tao has many meanings. The Tao here refers to the Tao of benevolence advocated by Confucius, that is, the entire moral ideological system with benevolence as its core and its embodiment in real life. To put it simply, it is the basic principle of governing a country and being a human being.

(8) The foundation of benevolence: benevolence is the highest category of Confucius’ philosophical thought, and it is also the code of ethics and morality. Being the foundation of benevolence means taking filial piety and brotherhood as the foundation of benevolence. Another explanation is that the ancient word "benevolence" is the word "human", which is the foundation of benevolence and the foundation of being a human being.

Translation

Youzi said: "It is rare to be filial to parents and obedient to elders, but like to offend the rulers above. People who do not like to offend the rulers above are rare. There are no people who like to rebel. When a gentleman concentrates on fundamental matters, the fundamentals are established, and the principles for governing a country and being a man are established.

Be filial to your parents and obey your elders. This is the foundation of benevolence! "

Original text

1·3 The Master said: Clever words make people look (1), and fresh (2) benevolence."

Comments

(1) Qiaoyan Lingse: Zhu Xi commented: "Be good at your words, be good at your appearance, and decorate them externally to speak to people." Both Qiao and Ling have beautiful meanings. But here it should be interpreted as pretending to be pleasant.

(2) Fresh: means less.

Translation

Confucius said: "People who talk sweetly and pretend to be pleasant have very little benevolence."

Original text

1·4 Zengzi (1) said: "I have to examine myself three times in a day (2). Is it true that I am unfaithful to others (3)? Is it true that I do not believe in my friends (4)? Is it true that I am not accustomed to teaching?" < /p>

Notes

(1) Zengzi: Zengzi’s surname was Zeng Shen (pronounced shēn) and his courtesy name was Ziyu. He was born in 505 BC. He was a native of the state of Lu. Descendants of the country's nobles. Zeng Shen was a favorite disciple of Confucius and was known as a filial son. It is said that he wrote the "Book of Filial Piety".

(2) Three Provinces: Province (sound xǐng), inspection, inspection. There are several explanations for the three provinces: first, three inspections; second, inspection from three aspects; third, multiple inspections. In fact, in ancient times, numbers were added before action verbs to indicate that the action was more frequent and did not need to be considered three times.

(3) Loyalty: The old note said: Doing one’s best is called loyalty. This means that you should do your best to others.

(4) Faith: The old note says: Those who believe are sincere. Honesty is called trust. It requires people to keep trust with each other according to the provisions of etiquette to adjust the relationship between people.

(5) Transmission or not practice: Chuan, the old note said: "What is received from the teacher is called transmission. What the teacher teaches to oneself. Xi" is the same as the word "Xi" in "Learn and learn from time to time" The same refers to review, internship, exercises, etc.

Translation

Zeng Zi said: "I reflect on myself many times every day, have I done my best in doing things for others? Have you been honest and trustworthy in your interactions with friends? Have I reviewed the studies the teacher taught me? ”

Original text

1·5 The Master said: “The way (1) is a country of thousands of chariots (2), respecting things (3), being frugal and loving others (4) , so that the people can take advantage of the time (5). "

Notes

(1) Tao: One book is "guide" and used as a verb. This is the meaning of governance.

(2) Thousand Times Zhiguo: Cheng, pronounced as shèng, means vehicle. This refers to the basic unit of the ancient army. Each vehicle has a four-horse chariot, with 3 soldiers on board, 72 infantrymen and 25 support personnel. , a total of 100 people. A country with 1,000 chariots refers to a vassal state. In the Spring and Autumn Period, wars were frequent, so the strength of a country was calculated by the number of chariots. The country of Cheng is no longer a big country.

(3) Jingshi: The word Jing is generally used to express a personal attitude, especially to be cautious, dedicated and conscientious in dealing with things.

(4) Love people: The meaning of "people" in ancient times is divided into broad and narrow meanings. "People" in the broad sense refers to all groups of people; "people" in the narrow sense only refers to people of all classes above the scholar-bureaucrat. Compared with "people", it can be seen that its usage is in a narrow sense.

(5) To make people follow the agricultural season: In ancient times, the people were mainly engaged in agriculture, which means that the people should be forced to farm according to the agricultural season. Harvest.

Translation

Confucius said: "To govern a country with a thousand chariots, one must handle state affairs with rigor and conscientiousness, abide by trustworthiness, be honest, and be fiscally economical. Expenditure and care for officials and ministers, and serving the people must not miss the farming season."

Original text

1·6 The Master said: "Disciple (1) enters (2), then he is filial, and when he leaves ( 3) As a younger brother, if you are sincere (4) and trustworthy, love others broadly (5) and be kind (6), and have enough energy to do (7), then study literature (8). ”

Notes

(1) Disciple: generally has two meanings: one is a younger person who is a disciple and a son; the other is a student. Here is a "Disciple" in the sense.

(2) Enter: In ancient times, father and son lived in different residences, and studied outside. "Book of Rites·Nei Principles": "From the magistrate to above, father and son. "They are all different palaces." Entering the father's palace means entering the father's residence, or at home.

(3) Out: relative to "in", it refers to going out to study with a teacher. "Being a younger brother" means to treat your teachers as a younger brother, and it can also generally refer to people who are older than you.

(4) Sincerity: Being taciturn and having few words is called sincerity.

(5)□: The sound is fàn, the same as the pan, and has a broad meaning.

(6) Benevolence: Benevolence is a benevolent person, a person with benevolence.

(7) Have enough spare time: refers to having leisure time.

(8) Text: ancient documents. It mainly includes cultural knowledge such as poetry, calligraphy, etiquette, and music.

Translation

Confucius said: "Disciples should be filial to their parents when they are in front of them; when away from home, they should obey their teachers, be careful in their words and deeds, be honest and trustworthy, be taciturn, and be respectful. Love everyone broadly and get close to those who are virtuous. After practicing this, if you still have the energy, then study literature. ”

Original text

1·7. Zi Xia (1) said: "Xianxian (2) changes color; serving parents can do his best; serving the king can lead to his body (4); when making friends, he must be true to his words. Although he said that he has not learned it, I will do it. It’s called learning.”

Notes

Zixia: surnamed Bu, given name Shang, courtesy name Zixia, a student of Confucius, 44 years younger than Confucius, born in 507 BC. . After Confucius's death, he promoted Confucius's ideas in Wei.

(2) Xianxian: The first word "Xian" is used as a verb, which means respect. To be virtuous means to respect the wise.

(3) Yi: There are two interpretations; one is the meaning of change, this sentence means respecting the virtuous and changing the lustful heart; the other is the meaning of contempt, that is, valuing the virtuous and despising the women.

(4) Zhiqishen: Zhi means "to offer" and "to do one's best". This means devoting one's life to the king.

Translation

Zixia said: "A person can value virtuous virtues rather than women; he can serve his parents with all his strength; he can devote his life to serving the monarch; When dealing with friends, speak honestly and keep your word. Even if such a person says he has not learned it, I must say he has learned it."

Original text

1·8 Zi Said: "A gentleman (1), if he does not value (2), he will not be powerful; if he is learned, he will not be solid (3). He is loyal and trustworthy (4). If he has no (5) friends who are not as good as himself (6); if he exceeds (7), don't be afraid. (8) Change."

Notes

(1) Gentleman: This word is used throughout this paragraph, so there should be a break here.

(2) Heaviness: solemnity and self-control.

(3) The learned principles are not solid: There are two interpretations: one is to make a solid explanation, which is connected with the previous sentence. If it is not solemn, there will be no majesty, and what has been learned is not solid; the second is to make a solid explanation, which is a metaphor. People have little knowledge and knowledge, and if they learn it, they will no longer be clumsy.

(4) Loyalty and trustworthiness: Mainly loyalty and trustworthiness.

(5) Wu: Tongwu, meaning "don't want".

(6) Not as good as oneself: Generally interpreted as not as good as oneself. Another explanation says, "Those who are not as good as oneself are not similar to oneself. The so-called 'different ways do not work together'." Interpret "ru" as "similar". The latter explanation is more in line with Confucius' original intention.

(7) Guo: fault, negligence.

(8) Pan: Sound dàn, fear, fear.

Translation

Confucius said: "A gentleman has no dignity if he is not dignified; learning can make people unblocked; loyalty should be the main thing, and do not make friends with people who do not agree with you. "If you make a mistake, don't be afraid to correct it."

Original text

1·9 Zengzi said: "Be cautious in pursuing the past (2), and the people's morality will be strong." ”

Notes

(1) Careful end: death is the end. This refers to the death of a parent. The old note said: Those who are cautious about death will lose all their sorrow.

(2) Zhuiyuan: far refers to ancestors. The old note said: Those who chase far away will pay tribute to them.

Translation

Zengzi said: "Treating the death of parents carefully and remembering our ancestors will naturally lead to people becoming more loyal and honest."

Original text

1·10 Zi Qin (1) asked Zigong (2) and said: Master (3) as for being a country (4), you must hear about its politics and ask for cooperation, and restrain (5) and With? Zigong said: "Master, you can get it by being gentle, kind, respectful, frugal, and accommodating (6)."

What the Master seeks, are all (7) different from what others seek? "

Notes

(1) Ziqin: His surname was Chen, his name was Kang, and his courtesy name was Ziqin. The Analects of Confucius annotated by Zheng Xuan said that he was a student of Confucius, but "Historical Records·Zhongni "The Biography of Disciples" does not record this person, so it is said that Zi Qin was not a student of Confucius.

(2) Zigong: surnamed Duanmu, given name Ci, courtesy name Zigong, a native of Wei State, 31 years younger than Confucius. Confucius's student, Zigong, was born in 520 BC. Confucius believed that he could be the prime minister of a great country. According to "Historical Records", Zigong became a businessman in Wei State, and his family had a lot of money, and he became a famous businessman.

(3) Confucius: This is an honorific title in ancient times. Anyone who has been a doctor can obtain this title. Confucius once served as a military officer in the state of Lu, so his students called him "Confucius." He was called "Master". Later, the name "Master" mentioned in "The Analects" was all called by Confucius's students.

(4) Bang: Refers to Confucius. The vassal states at that time were separatist.

(5) Yi: The classical conjunction that expresses the choice has the meaning of "or"

(6) Wen, Liang, Gong, Frugal, and Rang. : The literal meaning is: docility, kindness, respect, frugality, humility. This is the praise given to him by Confucius's disciples.

(7) The modal particles include "probably" and "or".

Translation

Zi Qin asked Zigong: "When the teacher comes to a country, he always foresees the political affairs of that country. Did he seek (this qualification) on his own, or was it given to him by someone else? Zigong said: "The teacher is kind, courteous, thrifty, and that's why he got this qualification. (This qualification can also be said to be obtained through seeking.) But his method of seeking may be different from other people's methods, right?" ”

Original text

1·11 The Master said: “When the father is here, observe his (1) ambitions; when his father is gone, observe his actions (2); there is no change in three years (3) In the way of father (4), it can be called filial piety. ”

Notes

(1) Qi: His refers to the son, not the father.

(2) Line: The sound xìng refers to behavior, etc. .

(3) Three years: There is no need to understand the number mentioned by the ancients too mechanically. It just means that it takes a long time, not necessarily only three years.

(4) Tao: Sometimes it is a noun in a general sense, whether it is good or bad, good or evil, it can be called Tao, but more often it is a noun in a positive sense, which means "reasonable". "Content" means.

Translation

Confucius said; "When his father is alive (because he has no right to act independently), one must observe his ambition; after his father's death Finally, we need to examine his behavior; if he does not change the reasonable parts of his father for a long time, such a person can be said to have fulfilled his filial piety. ”

Original text

1·12 Youzi said: “Li (1) is useful, and harmony (2) is precious. The way of the ancestors (3), this (4) is beautiful. Small and large, there is no way to do anything. Knowing how to be harmonious and making peace without following etiquette (5) is not feasible. ”

Notes

(1) Rituals: In the Spring and Autumn Period, “rituals” generally refer to the rules and regulations and moral norms of slave society. Confucius’ “rituals” refer to both “Zhou Rites” ", etiquette, ceremony, also refers to people's moral norms.

(2) Harmony: harmony, harmony, coordination.

(3) The way of the previous kings: refers to Yao, Shun, The governing methods of ancient emperors such as Yu, Tang, Wen, and Zhou Gong.

(4) This and this refer to etiquette and harmony.

Translation

Youzi said: "In the application of etiquette, harmony is the most important thing. This is the most valuable part of ancient monarchs’ methods of governing the country. But just doing things in a harmonious way, no matter how big or small, sometimes doesn't work. (This is because) Harmony for the sake of harmony, and harmony without restraint by etiquette, is also unfeasible. ”

Original text

1·13 Youzi said: “Faith is close (1) to righteousness (2), and words can be restored (3); courtesy is close to etiquette, and far away ( 4) It is a shame; because (5) does not lose its relatives, it can also be a descendant of (6). ”

Notes

(1) Near: means close to, consistent with.

(2) Yi: Yi is a Confucian ethical category. It refers to thoughts and Behavior meets certain standards. This standard is "ritual".

(3) Complex: The meaning of practice. Zhu Xi's "Collected Notes" says: Fu means practicing what one says. ”

(4) Far: Sound yuàn, verb, verb usage, meaning to keep away, it can also be translated as avoid.

(5) Cause: rely on, rely on . One theory is that it should be written as marriage, but the context seems inappropriate.

(6) Zong: Lord, reliable, and it seems to be inappropriate to interpret it as "respect".

Translation

Youzi said: "Being trustworthy must be consistent with righteousness, so that words (that are consistent with righteousness) can be implemented; reverence must be consistent with etiquette, so as to avoid shame; all rely on Reliable people are worthy of respect. ”

Original text

1·14 Confucius said: “A gentleman has nothing to eat and nothing to live in, and he has no desire to live in peace. If he is quick at things and careful in his words, he will (1) have the right way (2) ) and Zheng (3) Yan can be said to be eager to learn. ”

Notes

(1) Just: get close and align.

(2) Youdao: refers to a moral person.

(3) Zheng: upright and upright

Translation

Confucius said: "A gentleman does not seek to satisfy his needs in food and comfort, but he is diligent and quick in his work, but careful in his speech. Be cautious and go to the right people to correct yourself. This can be said to be easy to learn. "

Original text

1·15 Zigong said: "Being poor without flattery (1), being rich without being arrogant, how can it be like (2)? Confucius said: "Yes." Not as happy as a poor person (3), but also as a person who is rich and courteous. "Zi Gong said: "The Poetry" says, "It's like cutting it, like discussing it! It's like polishing it (4)'. What do you mean by giving it?" Zi Gong said: "It's like giving it (5)! Only then can we talk about "The Poetry". ”

Notes

(1) Flattery: chǎn, meaning to flatter and flatter.

(2) He Ru: "He Ru" in "The Analects" can all be translated as "How".

(3) Poverty but happiness: One book is "Poverty but happiness in Taoism".

(4) Like cutting, like discussing, like plowing, like grinding: These two sentences can be found in "The Book of Songs·Wei Feng·Qi'ao". There are two explanations: one refers to the processing of four different materials: bone, ivory, jade, and stone, otherwise it cannot be made into a tool; the other refers to the processing of ivory and bone, which requires consultation after cutting, and the processing of jade, which requires cutting. Grinding means striving for excellence.

(5) Given: Zigong’s name, Confucius called his students by his name.

(6) Tell those who have known the past to know the future: Zhu means the same thing; go means things in the past; come means things in the future.

Translation

Zigong said: "How about being poor but not flattering, and being rich but not being arrogant?" Confucius said: "This is okay. But still It is not as good as those who are poor but are willing to teach, and who are rich but courteous. "The Book of Songs says, 'We should study and polish them like bones, horns, ivory, and jade.'" That is to say, Is this the meaning?" Confucius said: "Thank you, you can understand the meaning of what I have not said yet from what I have said, and I can talk about "Poetry" with you."

1·16 Confucius said: "Don't worry about (1) people not knowing (2), but worry about not knowing people."

Notes

(1) Suffering: worry, fear.

(2) People: refers to educated and knowledgeable people, not the people.

Translation

Confucius said: "You are not afraid that others do not understand you, but you are afraid that you do not understand others."