Travel in Lushan Mountain

Taibai Dongpo once flourished, and Lingfeng was near and far.

The true face of Lushan Mountain is now known, and the 84-year-old man is in high spirits.

Metrics of poetry

The first chapter is about some concepts of poetic meter.

The first verse rhymes

Rhyme is one of the basic elements of poetry meter. Poets use rhyme in their poems, which is called rhyme. Poetry from The Book of Songs to later generations has almost no rhyme. There are no folk songs that don't rhyme. In northern operas, rhyme is also called "quotation". The rhyme is "quote". Most people can tell whether a poem rhymes or not. As for what rhyme is, it is not very simple. But ... today we have hanyu pinyin, and the concept of rhyme is well explained.

The so-called rhyme in poetry is roughly equal to the so-called vowel in Chinese Pinyin. As we all know, when a Chinese character is spelled with pinyin letters, there are usually initials and finals. For example, the word "male" is spelled g not ng, where g is the first letter and ng is the last letter. The first letter is always in front and the vowel is always in the back. Let's look at the words "Dong", "Tong", "Long", "Zong", "Cong" and so on. Their vowels are all long, so they are homophones.

Any rhyming word can rhyme. The so-called rhyme means putting two or more rhyming words in the same position. Generally, rhyme is always placed at the end of a sentence, so it is also called "rhyme foot".

Try the following example:

Book Lake, Yinxian County, Bi Sheng

[Song] Wang Anshi

Mao Yan is always clean and without moss (t ái).

Flowers and trees are all grown by hand.

One water protects the field and sends green grass, and two mountains send green grass (l ái).

Here "Tai", "Zai" and "Lai" rhyme, because their vowels are all ai. The word "Yao" (Rao) doesn't rhyme, because the word "Yao" is spelled as r? o and the vowel is ao, which is different from "Tai", "Zai" and "Lai". According to the law of poetry, the third sentence of four poems like this doesn't rhyme.

In pinyin, a, e and o may be preceded by I, u, u, such as ia, ua, uai, iao, ian, uan, iang, uang, ie, üe, ONG, ueng, etc. These I, U and U are called rhymes, and words with different rhymes can also be regarded as homophones.

It can rhyme. For example:

Four Seasons of Pastoral Miscellaneous Prosperity [Song] Fan Chengda

Go out during the day and reap the rewards at night (m×), and the children in the village are responsible (jiā).

Children and grandchildren did not solve the problem of farming and weaving, but also learned to grow melons in Sangyin (guā).

The vowels of "Ma", "Jia" and "Gua" are homophones, although they are not exactly the same, and they are equally harmonious when rhyming.

The purpose of rhyming is to rhyme harmoniously. The repetition of the same music in the same position constitutes the beauty of sound circulation.

However, when we read ancient poems, why do we often feel that their rhymes are not very harmonious, or even very harmonious? This is because times have changed. With the development of language and the change of pronunciation, we can't read them with modern pronunciation, for example:

Du Mu in Shan Jutu [Tang Dynasty]

Far from Hanshan Mountain, the stone path is inclined (xié).

There are people in the depths of the white clouds (jiā)

Stop and sit in the maple forest late, and the frost leaves are redder than the February flowers (huā).

Xié, jiā and huā are not homonyms, but the pronunciation of the word "Xie" in siá(s) in Tang Dynasty is the same as that in modern Shanghai. So, it was harmonious. Another example is:

Jiangnan Qu [Tang] Li Yi

Since I married Qutang businessman, he has not kept his promise every day.

If I thought the tides were so regular, I might choose a boy by the river (ér).