Why is ancient Roman civilization the continuation and development of Greek civilization? ...

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Ancient Roman culture absorbed the essence of oriental civilization and Greek culture extensively and integrated it into its own tradition. Ancient Roman architecture and sculpture developed rapidly, and the existing buildings are:

The Colosseum The Colosseum of Death in Rome.

Constantine Arc de Triomphe

Pompeii city

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Latin letters have become the basis for many ethnic groups to create words. Roman law and jurisprudence have had a far-reaching impact on all countries in the world. Latin prose represented by Caesar and Cicero, and Roman poetry represented by Virgil, Horace and Ovid are the objects of study by scholars all over the world. Christianity, which came into being and developed in the Roman Empire, has had a far-reaching impact on the development of the whole mankind, especially the European culture.

Tacitus, a famous historian, has immortal works such as Chronicle, General History and Germanic Annals. Li Wei is the author of History of Rome. Appiah, the former governor of Egypt in the Roman Empire, also wrote the famous history of Rome. At the same time, Julius Caesar himself wrote a series of wars described in the third person, such as the war in Gaul. The philosopher Lucretius's On Physical Properties is the only book that has been handed down so far to expound the ancient atomism, and the famous scholar Pliny the Old is an important document to study the history of science and technology in ancient Rome.

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The Renaissance

Ancient Roman literature refers to the literature that flourished under the rule of Roman regime (including Rome, the Republic of China and the Roman Empire) around the era. Its main language is Latin. Although the Roman Republic was born in 5 10 BC (it got rid of the rule of Truglia dynasty), according to the convention, the real Roman literature dates back to 240 BC.

Origin and overview

Rome was founded in the 8th century BC. In the area south of Truglia and west of Tiber River where the ancient Romans lived, the establishment of the Latin Jupiter Festival, including literary and artistic activities, should be no later than the 7th century BC. Influenced by the Trullian civilization, Latin nations, including the Romans, gradually formed their own local culture.

Roman culture mainly inherited Greek culture and gradually developed. During the Hellenistic period, Rome introduced many Greek works for translation and imitation. After Rome destroyed Greece in BC 146, it took all Greek myths, poems and plays as its own, and found many slaves captured from Greece as tutors. They wrote poems and studied various sciences, which made ancient Roman literature dyed with a strong Greek color. Take myth as an example. After contact with Greek culture, many Roman gods were combined with Greek gods. For example, Jupiter, the main god believed by the Romans, is equivalent to Zeus in Greece, and his wife Juno is equivalent to Hera. As for Apollo, the sun god, and the muse, they went straight into Roman mythology, even without changing their names.

The development of history

The development of ancient Roman literature has roughly gone through three stages, namely, the golden and silver ages. It should be pointed out that "* * * and Times" is a political concept, while "Golden Age" and "Silver Age" are two names mainly characterized by the development and problems of Latin language. The era of * * * ended in 30 BC, actually including the golden age of 70 years. In addition, as a political concept, the era of * * * began in 5 10 BC, but as a name related to the development of literature, it began in the previous 240 years. Although the Western Roman Empire, with Rome as its capital, perished in 476 AD, academic circles are usually used to taking the middle of the 2nd century AD (130- 150) as the ending point of ancient Roman literature. Latin literature after the middle of the 2nd century was defined as "post-classical Latin literature", and Latin literature in this period began to transition to medieval Christian literature, which did not belong to ancient Roman literature in the traditional sense.

* * * and the Times (240 years ago-30 years ago)

The formal formation of ancient Roman literature is closely related to a Greek named Livius Andrew Ronnies Ku in the 3rd century BC. He was the founder of ancient Roman literature and translated Homer's epic Odyssey and a large number of ancient Greek lyric poems. Livius's contribution mainly lies in introducing some excellent works of ancient Greek literature to the Romans who lacked the tradition of written literature, and transplanting some main forms of ancient Greek literature to ancient Rome which lacked the backbone literature type.

poetic sentiment

There were many all-round writers among the early Roman poets. The poet Ennius (239- BC 168) not only rewrites and creates tragedies, but also writes plays and 4-6 volumes of satirical poems. His epic chronicle traces the history of Rome, from the experience of Aeneas to the end of the author's life-long war. It's 18 volumes long, but it's basically lost, with less than 600 lines left. From the perspective of literary history, Chronicle abandons the ancient Shennong Pavilion and adopts the form of six-step long and short sentences used in Homer's epic. But in style, there are obvious traces of imitating Homer. Ennis had a far-reaching influence on ancient Roman literature. Cicero, Lucretius and Virgil all said that they were influenced by it. He is regarded as "the father of ancient Roman literature".

comedy

Plautus (about 254 BC-65438 BC+084 BC), who was proficient in ancient Greek, was the most famous playwright of his time. According to legend, Plautus wrote 130 plays, but according to research, only 2 1 plays were written by him, and others were forged by later generations. His comedies are mainly based on the custom comedies of the new Greek comedian Meinander, satirizing the corrupt habits of Roman society. His main works are Twin Brothers, Prisoner, Merchant, Donkey, Locust and so on.

Terence (190- 159) was born in Carthage. He was a slave and was later released. He wrote six comedies in his life, including My Mother-in-law and Two Brothers, all of which were adapted or translated from ancient Greek new comedies. Its comedy structure is rigorous, its language is elegant but not vivid, its characters' inner contradictions are depicted delicately, and its characters are natural. His comedies were not as interesting as Plautus's, and were only loved by educated audiences at that time. Terrence had a great influence on later comedies. Moliere in France, Thiel in England and Xie Lidan all imitated his works.

Golden age (100- 17)

"Golden Age" is a classic or brilliant period in the development history of Latin and Latin literature in a broad sense (including rhetoric, history and philosophy), covering the activities of two famous figures, namely Cicero period (70-30 BC) and Augustus period (31-kloc-0/4 BC). During this period, Rome entered a stage of large-scale expansion, ending the monarchy and establishing an empire in 27 BC. Under the rule of Augustus (3 1- 14), the Roman empire entered an unprecedented period of prosperity, and Latin literature and art also appeared unprecedented prosperity.

poetic sentiment

Lucretius (99 years ago-55 years ago) was born at the end of the Republic of China. The only book handed down from generation to generation, The Theory of Nature, is a philosophical poem with six volumes and more than 1000 lines each. The whole poem embodies the philosophy of Epicurus and democritus's atomism, and expresses the view of life that matter is immortal and mortals need not fear death. Lucretius is a famous wise man in the history of ancient Roman literature. Virgil once said that he was envious that he knew the cause of the incident and was a "happy man".

Catullus (84 years ago-54 years ago) was born in a wealthy family in Verona, northern Italy, and he frequented the upper class in Rome. He is the most accomplished lyric poet in the golden age. He is a staunch pacifist, who once openly opposed Caesar and wrote many short poems with bitter satire. There are 1 16 poems written by Catullus, and he is good at expressing rich, warm, complex and subtle feelings in epigram language. His lyric poems influenced many great European poets in later generations.

Virgil (70 years ago-19 years ago) was the greatest poet in ancient Rome, and his epic Aeneas was the first literati epic in the history of western literature. Virgil was born in a peasant family, and his lyric poems are full of romantic pastoral scenery. Representative works include pastoral poems and Work and Time, which mainly express feelings about love, current politics and rural life. However, Virgil's most accomplished work is the epic Aeneas. The whole poem consists of 12 volumes, nearly 10,000 lines, which is based on Augustus' will. The epic tells the story of King Troy and Aeneas, son of Venus, who went to Italy to establish a new dynasty, praising the achievements of Roman ancestors in founding the country and the glory of Rome. The poet wrote Aeneas as the ancestor of Caesar and Octavian, thus affirming Octavian's "divine unity". Virgil deliberately imitated Homer's epic when he wrote Aeneas, but the whole poem emphasized the use.

A sense of life and responsibility, full of seriousness, sadness and compassion, is a typical Roman style. In terms of language features and artistic techniques, Aeneas is gorgeous in rhetoric and slightly plain in writing. Virgil's influence on later generations is enormous. Dante thinks Virgil is the cleverest and knows human beings best, so he is regarded as a guide to hell and purgatory in The Divine Comedy. Spencer's The Fairy Queen and Milton's Paradise Lost also have traces of imitating Aeneas.

Another great writer in the golden age was Ovid (43- 18 BC), who studied rhetoric in Rome when he was young. But as an adult, he became a poet, not a litigator, according to his father's wishes. His representative works include 49 Love Poems, The Art of Love, Ancient Ladies and so on. However, Ovid's most famous work is the mythical poem Metamorphosis, which is written in epic meter and includes 250 fairy tales. It is a masterpiece of Greek and Roman mythology and provides important materials and creative inspiration for later writers. Stories such as decameron and Canterbury Tales all imitate Metamorphosis in the framework. In addition, great writers such as Dante, Shakespeare, Montaigne, Moliere and Goethe were all influenced by him to varying degrees.

essay

Ancient Roman prose originated from Cato's Lectures (234 BC-65438 BC+049 BC) and flourished in the "golden age", that is, the end of the Republic and the reign of Octavian. During this period, the political struggle and class contradictions in Rome were fierce, and the ruling class's legal system had begun to take shape, which made many politicians keen on the study of eloquence and led to the rapid development of prose.

Caesar (102-44 years ago) was Augustus' adoptive father, a famous strategist, politician and dictator in ancient Roman history, and was assassinated by the * * * faction in the first 44 years. His contributions to prose mainly include seven volumes of historical works "The Battle of Gaul" and three volumes of "Civil War" recalling his war with Pompeii. His prose language is simple and simple, which embodies a different style from Cicero's.

The Silver Age (17- 130)

One hundred years after Octavian's death, history called it the "silver age" of Roman literature. During this period, Rome became increasingly weak politically and its internal contradictions became increasingly fierce. Its literary development is characterized by increasingly strong court interest, advocating fancy style and abusing rhetoric, which makes the style appear crowded and bloated. This feature reached its climax in the first half of the 2nd century. It has become fashionable for aristocratic youth to recite empty poems in public, and literature has become a pastime for a few people. The literary styles with the highest achievements in the Silver Age are satirical literature reflecting the thoughts of slave owners and works reflecting the dissatisfaction of the old school.

poetic sentiment

Luken (39-65) was one of the best poets in the Silver Age. He wrote the best epic "Fa Saglia" after Aeneas. Matthiari (40- 104) is the best poet of this era. His main poems are poems with inscriptions and postscript (translation of epigrams) 12, 1500. Its style is short and pithy, subtle and abrupt, full of wit and humor. Zhu Wenna (60- 127) is famous for his satirical poems. He is good at borrowing the past to narrate the present, and his poetic style is severe and sharp. His poem "Even without genius, anger produces poetry" became a famous saying. During the European bourgeois revolution in the19th century, people paid great attention to Zhu Wenna's works, and Schiller, Hugo and belinsky all gave high praise.

drama

Seneca (4-65) is the most important tragic writer in ancient Rome. Influenced by Stoic philosophy, he is good at rhetoric and philosophy, and once served as the teacher of Nero, a famous tyrant. He advocates that people use inner peace to overcome the pain in life and preach sympathy and kindness. He wrote nine tragedies and/kloc-0 satires in his life, most of which were based on Greek tragedies. The style of his works is lofty and serious, mixed with a lot of moral preaching, which makes the dialogue and characters in his works lack realism. His masterpiece is the tragic Trojan woman. In his later years, seneca was executed by Nero for taking part in the opposition of the nobles in the Senate to Nero's tyranny.

essay

The "prose" here refers to the "prose style" in Latin literature, which is opposite to the poetic style, including prose, novels, biographies and chronicles.

Strictly speaking, the genre of "novel" in the history of European literature was born in ancient Rome. Satirica by Petronius (date of birth is unknown) is a legendary novel with two chapters left, which widely records the popular hedonic life in semi-Hellenistic cities in southern Italy. The language of the characters in the book conforms to the characteristics of dialects, and the writing is elegant and humorous. Although its form is still different from traditional novels, the academic circles tend to regard it as the first tramp novel in the history of European literature.

However, the recognized "father of novels" is Apros (124- 175), who was born in an officer's family in North Africa. He traveled around, studying philosophy and hallucinations. His most famous work is the novel The Golden Donkey, written in the form of self-narration, which is the first novel with far-reaching influence in the history of western literature.

In chronicle and biographical literature, Tacitus (55- 1 18), Plutarch (46- 120) and Sol Vitoni (69- 140) are the representative figures.

Tacitus is the last representative of * * * and optimates. His main works include history and chronicles. Although these two works are both historical works, they are both very literary, and their historical views are derived from "individuals create history", and the descriptions of emperors and generals recorded in them are very real and infectious. Plutarch's masterpiece is Who's Who in Greece and Rome, which records the life of the Roman emperor from semi-mythical figures to 1 century. It was from this period that Shakespeare, Goethe and others created with materials. However, the historical facts of this book are often distorted, and its influence has gradually weakened since the19th century. Su Wei Tonius wrote the Biography of the Twelve Kings of Rome, describing the general situation of Roman society and the emperors from Caesar to Titus Flavius Domitianus *** 12. Simple and fluent writing is a rare work in ancient Roman literature. In addition, he is the author of Whose Biography, from which almost all the knowledge about the life of ancient Roman writers comes.