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Questions about black holes
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Author ninja gold

Einstein equator

"There's something I've wanted to say to you for a long time," Rockett said to his wife and daughter. "Most of my listening positions are occupied by physics. I just try to squeeze out a small corner for you. I am very painful about this, but there is really no way. "

His wife Fang Lin said, "You have told me 200 times."

Ten-year-old daughter Wen Wen said, "I have told you a hundred times."

Rockett shook his head and said, "but you never understood the true meaning of my words. You don't know what physics is. "

Fang Lin smiled: "As long as its gender is not female."

Here, the three of them are sitting in a car with a speed of 500 kilometers per hour and driving in a steel pipe with a diameter of 5 meters. The length of this steel pipe is about 30,000 kilometers, and it circles the earth on the 45-degree north latitude line.

The car runs completely automatically, and there is no driving equipment in the transparent carriage. Looking out from the car, the steel pipe stretched straight ahead, and the car looked like a bullet was shot in an infinite barrel. If the surrounding pipe wall is not as fast as the rushing water, you will definitely not notice the movement of the car. When the car starts or stops, you can see a large number of instruments installed on the pipe wall, and there are countless iron rings with equal distance. When the car accelerated, they passed each other and didn't understand. Rockett told them that those hoops are superconducting coils used to generate strong magnetic fields, and the thin tube hanging in the middle of the steel pipe is a particle channel.

They are driving the largest particle accelerator ever built by human beings. This accelerator around the earth is called Einstein equator. With it, physicists will realize the last dream of giants in the last century: to build a grand unified model of the universe on the shoulders of giants.

This car was originally used by accelerator engineers for maintenance, but now it is used by Rockett to travel around the world with his family, which he promised his wife and daughter a long time ago, but they never thought of going this way.

The whole trip took 60 hours. On their journey around the earth, they saw nothing but straight steel pipes. However, Fang Lin and Wenwen are still very happy and satisfied. At least these two days, the whole family seldom get together.

The journey is not boring. Ding Yi said to Wen Wen from time to time, pointing to the pipe wall that flew by outside the car, "We are driving through outer Mongolia now. Have you ever seen the prairie? And sheep ... crossed Russia and grazed the ground in North Point of Japan. Look, the morning sun shines on the snowy island behind the country. That was the first ray of sunshine in Asia today ... we are now at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. It was so dark that we couldn't see anything. Oh, no, there's light. It's deep red. Well, I can see it clearly. This is a crater at the bottom of the sea. Its magma cools rapidly when it meets water, so the dark red light flashes like a bonfire on the submarine plain. Wenwen, the mainland is growing here ... "

Later, they crossed the United States by steel pipe, dived into the Atlantic Ocean, landed on European land from the French coast, passed through Italy and the Balkans, entered Russia for the second time, returned to Asia from the Caspian Sea, and entered China via Kazakhstan. Now, they are finishing their final journey and returning to the World Nuclear Center, the starting point of Einstein's equator in the Taklimakan Desert and the control center of the global accelerator.

When the Ding family came out of the control center building, it was already late at night outside, and the vast desert quietly extended into the distance under the starry sky, making the world look simple and profound.

"Well, we three elementary particles completed an accelerated experiment on Einstein's equator." Rockett excitedly said to Lin He.

"Dad, how long does it take for real particles to run such a big circle in this big tube?" Wen Wen asked, pointing to the accelerator pipe behind them. The pipeline extends from both sides of the control center to the east and west, and soon disappears into the night.

Rockett replied, "Tomorrow, the accelerator will run at maximum energy for the first time. Every particle running in it will be driven by the energy equivalent to a nuclear bomb, and they will accelerate to near the speed of light. Here, it takes only one tenth of a second for each particle to travel around the world for more than two days in the pipeline. "

Fang Lin said, "don't think that you have fulfilled your promise. This trip around the world doesn't count! " "

"Yes!" Wenwen nodded and said, "Dad, if he has time in the future, he must take us around this long pipeline and really see where we have been in it. That's the real trip around the world! "

"No need," Rockett said meaningfully to her daughter. "If you open your imaginary eyes, this trip will be enough. You saw everything you wanted to see in the pipe, even more! Children, more importantly, the blue ocean, red flowers and green forests are not the most beautiful things. The truly beautiful eyes are invisible, only the imagination can see them. Unlike the sea flower forest, there is no color or shape. Only when you use imagination and mathematics to knead the whole universe into a ball in your hand and turn it into one of your favorite toys can you see this beauty ... "

Rockett didn't go home. After seeing off his wife and daughter, he returned to the control center. There are only a few engineers on duty in the center. After two years of intense debugging after the accelerator was built, it was so quiet for the first time here.

Rockett walked onto the roof and stood on the high open platform. He saw the accelerator pipe below like a straight line that divides the world in two. He has a feeling that the stars in the night sky are like countless primary school students, and their eyes are all focused on the straight line below.

Rockett returned to the office and fell asleep on the sofa, like a theoretical physicist.

He is sitting in a car, which stops at the starting point of Einstein's equator. When the car started, he felt the strong thrust when accelerating. He goes around the earth at 45 degrees latitude, round and round, just like the dice on roulette. As the speed approached the speed of light, the rapidly increasing mass solidified his body like a metal statue. He realized that this body already contained creative energy, and he had an imperial pleasure. On the last lap, he was led into a fork in the road and rushed into a strange place, an empty place. He saw the color of nothingness. Nothing is neither black nor white. Its color is colorless, but it is not transparent. Here, space and time are still created by him. He saw a small black dot in front, which expanded rapidly. That's another car with another self. When they collide at the speed of light, they disappear at the same time, leaving only an infinitesimal singularity in the boundless void. The seeds of all things explode, and the fireball of energy explodes wildly. When the red light that permeates the whole universe gradually fades, the material in the cooled energy sky appears like snowflakes, first thin nebulae, then stars and galaxy clusters. In this new universe, Rockett has a quantized self, and he can jump from one end of the universe to the other in an instant. In fact, he didn't jump, he exists at both ends, he exists at every point in this vast universe at the same time, his self fills the whole space like endless fog, and a silver desert composed of stars and grains of sand burns in him. He is everywhere, and at the same time he is everywhere. He knows that his existence is only a phantom of probability. The polymorphic ghost eagerly looked around the universe, looking for eyes that could make him collapse into a solid. Just as I was looking for it, this eye appeared. It comes from two pairs of eyes that appear in distant space. They appeared behind a silver curtain woven by stars. Those beautiful eyes with long eyelashes are Fang Lin's, and those eyes full of innocence and spirituality are cultured. These two eyes scanned the universe blankly and finally failed to notice the existence of this quantum self. The wave function trembled like a breeze across the calm lake, but the collapse did not happen. Just when Rockett was desperate, the vast Xinghai was disturbed, and the torrent of stars was spinning and rushing. When everything is calm, all the stars in the universe form a big eye. 10000000000000 light-year-old eyes are like the scattered patterns of diamond powder on black velvet. It stared at Rockett, and the wave function collapsed instantly, like a fireworks movie. His quantum existence is concentrated at a trivial point in the universe. He opened his eyes and returned to reality.

It was the chief engineer of the control center who woke him up. Rockett opened his eyes and saw several physicists and technical leaders in the nuclear center standing around the sofa where he was lying. They stared at him with monster's eyes.

"Why? Did I sleep? " Rockett looked out of the window and found that it was dawn, but the sun had not yet risen.

"No, no!" The chief engineer said. At this time, Rockett knew that everyone's surprised eyes were not directed at him, but because of what had just happened. The chief engineer pulled up Rockett and took him to the window. Ding Yigang took two steps when he was pulled from behind. Looking back, he is a Japanese physicist named Matsuda Seiichi, one of the winners of the last Nobel Prize in Physics.

"Dr. Ding, if you can't bear what you are about to see mentally, don't worry too much. We may be dreaming now. " The Japanese said that he was pale and his hand holding Rockett was shaking slightly.

"I just came out of my dream!" Rockett said, "What's the matter?"

Everyone still looked at him with that weird look, and the chief engineer pulled him up and continued to walk to the window. When Rockett saw the scene outside the window, he immediately doubted what he had just said, and the reality in front of him suddenly became more illusory than the dream just now.

In the light blue morning light, the acceleration pipeline he used to be familiar with crossing the desert disappeared and was replaced by a green grass belt, which extended to the horizon in both directions.

"Go and see the central control room again!" The chief engineer said. Rockett followed them to the control hall downstairs and was shocked by another surprise: the hall was empty, all the equipment disappeared without a trace, and the original place where the equipment was placed was covered with grass, which grew directly from the anti-static floor.

Rockett frantically rushed out of the control hall, ran around the building, stood on the grass belt replacing the accelerator pipe, and watched it disappear on the eastern horizon where the sun was about to rise. He shivered in the cold desert air in the morning.

"What about the rest of the accelerator?" He asked the panting chief engineer to catch up with him.

"It's all gone. It's all on the ground, underground and in the sea."

"Have they all turned into grass?"

"Oh, no, this kind of grass only exists in the desert near us, and other places just disappear. There are only empty supports on the ground and the seabed, and there are only empty tunnels underground. "

Rockett bent down and pulled up a sokcho, which must look ordinary in other places, but it is unusual here: it has no characteristics of drought-tolerant desert plants such as red willow or cactus at all, looks watery and green, and can only grow in the rainy south. Rockett rubbed a blade of grass, his fingers were covered with green juice, and a faint fragrance floated away. Rockett stared at the grass for a long time, and finally said:

"It seems that this is really a dream."

A voice came from the east: "no, this is reality!" " "

Vacuum decay

At the end of the green grass road, the morning sun has risen by half, and its light is dazzling. In this light, a man came up to them along the grass road. At first, he was just a silhouette with the sun ring as the background, and the edge of the silhouette was eroded by the sun ring, which looked changeable. When the man approached, people saw that he was a middle-aged man, wearing a white shirt, black pants and no tie. Recently, you can see his face clearly. It is a face with both Asian and European characteristics, and there is nothing unusual in this area. But people will never mistake him for a local. His fifth house is too straight and unrealistic, like symbols representing human beings on some public signs. When he approaches, people will not mistake him for the entrance to the world. He didn't leave. He stood straight with his legs together, and his feet floated close to the grass. Two or three meters away from them, people stopped.

"Hello, I appear in this shape for better communication between us. Whether you recognize my human image or not, I have tried my best. " When people speak English, his voice is just like his face, which is extremely standard and has no characteristics.

"Who are you?" Someone asked.

"I am a risk-averse person in this universe."

There are two profound words in this answer that immediately go deep into the physicist's mind: "This universe!" " "

"Do you have anything to do with the disappearance of the accelerator?" Asked the chief engineer.

"It evaporated last night, and your planned experiment must be stopped. As compensation, I will give you these grasses, which can grow and spread at a fast speed in the arid desert. "

"But what are these for?"

"If this accelerator really runs at maximum power, it can accelerate particles to the 20th power electron volt of 10, which is close to the energy of the Big Bang, which may bring disaster to our universe."

"What disaster?"

"The universe decays."

Hearing this answer, the chief engineer turned his head and looked around at the physicists. They were all silent and frowning.

"Need further explanation?" Asked the risk eliminator.

"No, I don't need it." Rockett gently shook his head and said. Physicists thought that the risk eliminator would say a concept that humans simply could not understand, but I didn't expect it. What he said was thought of by human physics as early as the early 1980 s, but most people think that this is just a novel hypothesis, which has nothing to do with reality and has almost been forgotten now.

The concept of vacuum decay first appeared in a paper in Physical Review in 1980, written by Sidney? Coleman and Frank? Drucia. As early as this, Dirac pointed out that the vacuum in our universe may be a pseudo-vacuum. In that seemingly empty space, ghostly virtual particles appear and disappear in an unimaginable moment. This instant drama of creation and destruction is endlessly staged at every point in space, which makes what we call vacuum actually a boiling quantum ocean and makes vacuum have a certain energy level. Coleman and Drucia's new idea is that they think that a high-energy process may produce another vacuum with a lower energy level than the existing vacuum, or even a "real vacuum" with zero energy level may appear. The volume of this vacuum may be only one atom at first, but once it is formed, the adjacent high-level vacuum will drop to its energy level and become the same low-level vacuum, which makes the volume of the low-level vacuum expand rapidly and form a sphere. The expansion of this low-level vacuum sphere will soon reach the speed of light, and the protons and neutrons in the sphere will decay in an instant, which will completely evaporate the material world in the sphere and destroy everything. ...

"... a low-level vacuum ball expanding at the speed of light will destroy the earth in 0.03 seconds, the solar system in 5 hours, the nearest star in 4 years, and the Milky Way galaxy in100000 years ... nothing can stop the expansion of the ball. Over time, the whole universe will be destroyed. "The troubleshooter said that his words are consistent with most people's ideas. Can he see human thinking? The evacuee opened his arms and made a hug gesture. "If we regard our universe as a vast ocean, we are fish in the sea. The boundless sea water around us is so clear and transparent that we forget its existence. Now I want to tell you that this is not seawater, but liquid explosives. A single spark will cause disaster and destroy everything. As a cosmic troubleshooter, my duty is to put out these fires before they reach dangerous temperatures. "

Yi Ding said, "It's probably not easy. It is known that the radius of the universe is 20 billion light years. Even for a super civilization like you, this is an extremely vast space. "

The risk eliminator smiled, which was the first time he laughed. The smile is also featureless: "It's not as complicated as you think. As you already know, our present universe is only the fireworks of the Big Bang, the embers of stars and galaxies, but it still retains a little warm floating smoke. This is a low-energy universe, and the high-energy objects like quasars you see only exist in the distant past. In the current natural universe, the most advanced energy processes, such as massive objects falling into black holes, are also many orders of magnitude lower than the Big Bang. In the present universe, the only chance of the creation level energy process can only come from the efforts of intelligent civilization to explore the ultimate mystery of the universe, which will concentrate a lot of energy on a microscopic point of view and make this point reach the creation level. So we only need to monitor the civilized world that has evolved to a certain extent in the universe. "

Matsuda Seiichi asked, "So, when did you start to notice human beings? Planck era? "

The evacuee shook his head.

"So now is Newton's time? It's not true? It can't be as far as Aristotle's time, can it? "

"Neither." The risk eliminator said, "The operation mechanism of the cosmic risk elimination system is as follows: firstly, it monitors the world where life has appeared through a large number of sensors scattered in the universe, and when it is found that there are civilizations in these worlds capable of generating genesis-level energy processes, the sensors will give an alarm. After receiving the alarm, risk eliminators like me will visit those worlds to monitor civilization. But unless these Wen Mingzhen people want to experiment at the level of creation, we will never interfere with them. "

At this time, a black square, about two meters square, appeared on the upper left of the evacuee's head. The square is full of bottomless darkness, as if reality had been accused of a hole. A few seconds later, a blue image of the earth appeared in the black space. The danger eliminator pointed to the image and said, "This is an image of the earth taken by a sensor placed above your world."

"When was this sensor put on the earth?" There is a world.

"According to your geochronology, in the Carboniferous at the end of Paleozoic."

"Carboniferous?" "That was ... 300 million years ago!" People exclaimed in succession.

"Is this ... a little early?" The chief engineer asked in awe.

"Early? No. It is too late. When we first came to the Carboniferous earth and saw wet-skinned amphibians crawling in the native pine forests and swamps on the vast Gondwana ancient land, we were really scared out in a cold sweat. In the long years before this, the world may suddenly evolve into a technological civilization. Therefore, the sensor should have been placed here in the Cambrian or Ordovician at the beginning of Paleozoic. "

The image of the earth moves forward, filling the whole square, and the camera moves between continents, which makes people think of a pair of vigilant eyes.

Rescuers said: "The image you are seeing now was taken at the end of the Pleistocene 370,000 years ago. For us, this is almost yesterday. "

The image of the earth's surface stopped moving, and the vision of those eyes was fixed on the African continent, which looked like a big ink block on the dark side of the earth and was surrounded by a slightly brighter ocean on three sides. Obviously, something on the mainland attracts

Under the attention of these eyes, the focal length was lengthened, and the African continent rushed forward, which soon occupied the whole picture, as if the observer was rushing to the surface of the earth. The black and white color of the earth gradually appeared in the darkness. The white is the snow of the Quaternary Ice Age, and the black part is very vague. Whether it is a forest or a rocky plain can only be imagined by people. As the camera zooms in, a snowfield is full of pictures, and the squares showing the images are all white now, that is, the gray of the minefield at night is dark and blue. There are several striking black spots on this snowfield, and you can soon see that it is several figures. Then you can see that their bodies are hunched, and the cold night wind blows their long shawls. The image turns black again, and a person's upturned face is full of paintings. In the dim light, the details of this face can't be seen clearly, only his brow bone and cheekbones are very high, and his lips are long and thin. The lens continues to zoom in, which seems to be an impossible distance. A pair of deep-set eyes are full of pictures, and there are some silver dots in the dark pupils, which are reflected in the deformed starry sky.

The image freezes, a sharp scream rings, and the danger eliminator tells people that the early warning system has alerted the police.

"Why?" The chief engineer asked incredulously.

"The primitive man looked up at the starry sky for more than the threshold before the oath, and has shown full curiosity about the universe. So far, ten such over-limit incidents have been observed in different locations, which meets the alarm conditions. "

"If I remember correctly, you said before that the early warning system will only give an alarm when there is a civilization that can generate creative energy and process."

"Don't you see such a civilization?

People looked at each other.

The risk eliminator smiled and said, "Is it hard to understand? When life realizes the existence of the mystery of the universe, it is only one step away from its final solution. " Seeing that people still don't understand, he went on to say: "For example, it took life on earth more than four billion years to realize the existence of the mystery of the universe for the first time, but that moment was less than 400,000 years since you built the Einstein equator, and the most critical acceleration period of this process was less than 500 years. If the primitive man stared at the universe for a few minutes and saw a gem, then your so-called whole human civilization just bent down to pick it up. "

Ding Yiruo nodded: "That is, a great stargazer!"

The troubleshooter went on to say, "I later came to your world to monitor the progress of civilization, just like guarding a child playing with fire." The universe surrounded by fire fascinated the child. He is desperate to burn more and more brightly. Until now, the universe is in danger of being burned by this fire. "

Yi Ding thought about it and finally put forward the most crucial question in the history of human science: "That is to say, we can never get a unified model to explore the ultimate mystery of the universe?"

Scientists looked blankly at the evacuees, just like a group of souls waiting for the final judgment day.

"There are many kinds of sorrows in intelligent life, and this is just one of them." Kan Kan, a risk eliminator, talked about it.

Matsuda Chengzhi asked in a trembling voice, "As a more advanced civilization, how do you bear this sadness?"

"We are the lucky ones in this universe, and we have got a grand unified model of the universe." The fire of hope in scientists' hearts is burning again.

Rockett suddenly thought of another terrible possibility: "Is it possible that vacuum decay has been triggered by you somewhere in the universe?"

The troubleshooter shook his head: "We got the grand unified model in another way, which is still unclear. I may tell you in detail later. "

"Can't you repeat it like this?" The evacuee continued to shake his head: "Time has passed, and no civilization in this universe can be repeated."

"Then please tell the grand unified model of the human universe!"

The evacuees still shook their heads.

"Please, this is very important to us. No, this is everything to us! " Rockett grabbed the rescuer's arm impulsively, but his hand passed through the rescuer's body without feeling.

"The principle of knowledge sealing does not allow this."

"knowledge sealing principle?"

"This is one of the highest standards of the civilized world in the universe. Advanced civilization is not allowed to transfer knowledge to low-level civilization. We call this behavior the pipeline transmission of knowledge. Low-level civilization can only acquire knowledge through its own exploration. "

Yi Ding said loudly: "This is an understandable criterion: if you tell all civilizations eager for the ultimate mystery of the universe, they will not try to get it through high-energy experiments at the creation level, and the universe will be safe?"

"You think too simply: this grand unified model is only for this universe. When you get it, you will know that there are countless other universes, and then you will be eager to get a super-unified model that constrains all universes. The application of the grand unified model in technology will give you the means to generate a higher energy process, and you will try to break down the barriers between different universes with this energy process. There are energy level differences in vacuum between different universes, which will lead to vacuum decay and destroy two or more universes at the same time. The pipeline transmission of knowledge will also have other more direct adverse consequences and disasters for the low-level civilization that receives it. Most of the reasons you can't understand at present, so the principle of knowledge sealing is absolutely not allowed to be violated. The knowledge mentioned in this criterion is not only the deep secret of the universe, it refers to all the knowledge you don't have, including all levels of knowledge: assuming that humans don't know Newton's three laws or calculus, I can't teach you. "

The scientists were silent. In their eyes, the rising sun went out and everything fell into darkness. The whole universe suddenly became a huge tragedy, and the magnitude of this tragedy is beyond their control at the moment, and they can only suffer from it for the rest of their lives. In fact, they know that the rest of their lives are meaningless.

Matsuda Chengyi sat on the grass and said something that later became a famous saying: "In the unknown universe, my heart is too lazy to beat."

His words represent the voice of all physicists, who are glassy-eyed and want to cry. So I don't know how long it took, rockett suddenly broke the silence:

"I have a way to get a unified model without violating the principle of knowledge sealing."

The troubleshooter nodded to him: "Tell me about it."

"You tell me the ultimate mystery of the universe and then destroy me."

"Give you three days to think about it." The troubleshooter said that his answer was very quick without thinking, followed by Rockett's words.

Rockett was ecstatic: "You mean this is feasible?"

The evacuee nodded.

The altar of truth

This is what people call a huge hemisphere. Its diameter is 50 meters, with the bottom facing up and the sphere facing down. Seen from a distance, it looks like an upside-down hill. This hemisphere is made of sand by risk eliminators. At that time, there was a huge tornado in the desert, and the tall sand pillars in the wind finally condensed into this thing. No one knows what he used to aggregate a large amount of sand into such an accurate hemisphere. This shape is very strong and will not disintegrate if placed face down. However, this placement of the hemisphere makes it very unstable and has obvious shaking in the gust of wind in the desert.

According to the troubleshooter, in his distant world, this hemisphere is a forum where scholars gathered to discuss the mysteries of the universe in the ancient times of that civilization. Because the hemisphere placed in this way is unstable, the scholars on the forum must carefully distribute the positions evenly, otherwise the hemisphere will tilt and everyone on it will slide down. The troubleshooter never explained the significance of this hemispheric forum. Speculation may imply the imbalance and instability of the universe.

On one side of the hemisphere, there is a long ramp made of sand, through which you can walk up to the altar from below. In the world of risk eliminators, this ramp is unnecessary: in ancient times before the emergence of pure energy, his race was a creature with transparent wings that could fly directly to the forum. This ramp is specially built for human beings, and three of them will go to the altar of truth through it and exchange their lives for the mysteries of the universe.

Three days ago, when the troubleshooter agreed to Ding Yi's request, the development of things made the whole world panic: in just one day, hundreds of people made the same request. These people include other scientists from the world nuclear center and scholars from all over the world. At first, only physicists. Later, the applicant's major went beyond physics and cosmology, and scientists in other basic disciplines such as mathematics and biology appeared, and even scholars in non-natural sciences such as economics and history. These people who want to exchange their lives for truth are all at the forefront of their disciplines and elites in the scientific community, of which half are Nobel Prize winners. It can be said that the essence of human science has gathered in front of the altar of truth.

In fact, before the altar of truth, it is no longer a desert. The grass planted by the evacuees three days ago has spread rapidly. The grass belt has doubled in width, and its irregular edge curve has reached the bottom of the altar of truth. Thousands of people gathered on this green grass. In addition to these dead scientists and journalists from major media around the world, there are also relatives and friends of scientists. After two days and nights of endless dissuasion and pleading, they were exhausted and on the verge of collapse, but they still decided to make a final effort at this last moment. They were accompanied by a large number of government representatives.