The basic meaning of "what"

1, very, very: ~ ok. ~ come on.

2. Over: from one day to one day.

3. What: ~ What?

4. It means to go to the next floor: ~ Go. ~ or.

Extremely, most of them: ~ less. ~ honey. ~ make friends (girlfriends). ~ sincere. ~ supreme. ~ famous words.

To understand this word, the Oracle Bone Inscriptions glyph is like an arrow pointing to the ground, indicating arrival. The original meaning of "to" is to reach the extreme, which means to achieve completely. It also means to reach the extreme and extreme, and is used as an adverb. It also means to do another thing after one thing is finished.

Extended data:

Characteristics of classical Chinese: Classical Chinese is characterized by separation of speech and writing and concise writing. Compared with vernacular Chinese, the characteristics of classical Chinese are mainly manifested in grammar and vocabulary:

I. Grammatical features:

The grammatical features of classical Chinese are mainly manifested in parts of speech and word order. Generally speaking, classical Chinese uses parts of speech more flexibly than vernacular Chinese.

Second, the lexical features:

There are great differences in vocabulary between classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese. This difference must usually be listed in the form of a dictionary or dictionary in order to fully express it.

However, one feature can be observed in general: the vocabulary of classical Chinese is relatively simple, for example, compared with the vocabulary of vernacular Chinese, the vocabulary of classical Chinese is mainly monosyllabic.

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2. What are the expressions in ancient Chinese? There are five types: narrative, descriptive, lyrical, argumentative and explanatory.

First, narrative:

Narration is the most basic and common expression in writing. It is the author's narration and explanation of characters experience and events, and the transformation of scene and space. It is widely used and has many functions in writing articles.

Second, the description:

Description is the expression of the appearance and modality of the object (including psychological description, language description, action description, expression description, appearance description, environment description, etc.). ) and reproduce it to the reader. It is one of the main forms of narration, especially literary creation. It is sometimes used as an auxiliary means in general lyricism, discussion and elaboration. If the description is used well, it can be vivid and vivid, so that readers can see this person, hear his voice, feel at home, and get a strong artistic infection from it. ?

Third, lyricism:

Lyric is to express and express the author's feelings. Specifically, it refers to a literary activity that is organized in formal words and symbolically expresses one's inner feelings. It is subjective, personalized and poetic, as opposed to narrative. As a special way of literary reflection, lyric mainly reflects the spiritual level of social life, and realizes spiritual freedom through the aesthetic transformation of reality in consciousness.

Lyricism is the dialectical unity of individuality and sociality, as well as emotional release, emotional construction and aesthetic creation. It is the main expression in lyric style, and it is often used as an important auxiliary expression in general literary works and narratives. ?

Fourth, discuss:

Discussion refers to the author's comments on a discussion object to show his views and attitudes. Its function is to make the article clear and profound, with strong philosophical and theoretical depth. In argumentative writing, it is the main expression; It is often used as an auxiliary means of expression in general narrative, expository or literary works. ?

Verb (abbreviation for verb) description:

Description is an expression that clearly explains the shape, nature, characteristics, causes, relationships and functions of things in concise words. Some explained objects are physical things, such as mountains, rivers, plants, stationery, buildings, utensils and so on. Some are abstract truths, such as thoughts, consciousness, self-cultivation, viewpoints, concepts, principles, technologies, etc.

Extended data:

As the formal elements of an article, five expressions must serve the content expression. Writing something in different ways can produce different effects. This is the so-called expression function. ?

1. Expressions are divided into narrative, description, explanation, lyricism and discussion.

2. An article can be based on one expression and use other expressions; ?

3. There are also related expressions in the requirements of hot topic composition-you can choose one expression and use other expressions comprehensively. ?

4? Means of expression refers to various concrete methods used when the results of thinking in images are expressed through certain means, also known as artistic means. ?

There are only five ways of expression, but there are many ways of expression, such as narration, description, lyricism, discussion, explanation and so on.

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3. What are the characteristics of classical Chinese in expression? There are five kinds:

1, narrative 2, description 3, lyric 4, discussion 5, explanation

(1) narration. Narration is the most basic and common expression in writing. It is the author's narration and explanation of characters experience and events, and the transformation of scene and space. Widely used in writing articles.

(2) description. Description is an expression that describes the appearance and modality of the object of description and reproduces it to the reader. It is one of the main forms of narrative writing, especially literary creation. In general lyric, argumentative and expository writing, it is sometimes used as an auxiliary means. If the description method is used well, it can be vivid and vivid, so that readers can see this person and hear his voice, which is lifelike.

(3) lyric. Lyric is to express and express the author's feelings. Specifically, it refers to a literary activity that symbolically expresses one's inner feelings through formal discourse organization. As opposed to narration, it has the characteristics of subjectivity, individuality and poeticization. As a special literary reflection, lyricism mainly reflects the spiritual level of social life, and realizes the freedom of mind through aesthetic transformation of reality in consciousness. Lyricism is the dialectical unity of individuality and sociality. It is also the dialectical unity of emotional release, emotional structure and aesthetic creation. It is the main expression in lyric style, and it is often used as an important auxiliary expression in general literary works and narratives.

(4) discussion. Discussion refers to the author's comments on a discussion object to show his views and attitudes. Its function is to make the article clear and profound, with strong philosophical and theoretical depth. In argumentation, it is the main way of expression; It is often used as an auxiliary means of expression in general narrative, expository or literary works.

(5) description. Description is an expression that clearly explains the shape, nature, characteristics, causes, relationships and functions of things in concise words. Some objects to be explained are physical things, such as mountains, rivers, flowers, trees, buildings and utensils. Some are abstract truths, such as thoughts, consciousness, self-cultivation, viewpoints, concepts, principles, technologies, etc.

As the formal elements of an article, five expressions must serve the content expression. Different expressions can have different effects on a certain content, which is called expressive function. First, the expression skills mainly include:

(1) expression (narrative, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation * * *, the first four commonly used ancient poems);

(2) Expression techniques (holding objects, expressing ambition, writing scenes, lyrical narration, direct lyricism, suppressing desires first, suppressing recitation first, flashback, contrasting and setting off the symbol of pawn Zhang Xianzhi, using allusions, imagination, caring for feelings, setting off scenery, setting off objects, rendering reality and reality, combining positive description with direct lyricism and indirect lyricism, etc.);

(3) material selection and cutting;

④ Structural skills: transition, echo, etc.

⑤ Creation of artistic conception, characterization of characters and application of rhetorical methods (metaphor, analogy, metonymy, exaggeration, duality, parallelism, repetition, etc.). ), description of social natural environment, etc.

4. What are the expressions in classical Chinese sentences? The common sentence patterns in classical Chinese here refer to the corresponding sentences with different expressions in modern Chinese, as well as some rigid customary formats.

(1) Format of Judgment Sentences In classical Chinese, judgment sentences generally do not use judgment words, but directly use nouns or noun phrases as predicates to express judgments, and often use some auxiliary words, modal particles and adverbs to express or strengthen judgment mood. The main format is as follows: 1. The auxiliary word zhe is used after the subject, and the modal particle ye is used after the predicate.

Such as: ① General Lian Po and Zhao Zhiliang. ("Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru") (2) Teacher, so I preach and teach.

("Shi Shuo") 2. You can only use the "zhe" table after the subject. Millet is planted by the people.

(On Your Millet) 3. Only use "ye" after the predicate. This world is immortal.

("Shi Zhongshan Ji") (2) What exists in the Tao is what exists in the teacher. ("The teacher said >; ) 4. "zhe ~ ye" is not needed.

This man is a genius. Liu Bei is a hero in the world.

() 5. Use adverbs "nai", "namely", "must" and "then" before the predicate to strengthen the positive tone. I am a butcher in the street.

("The new thief saves Zhao") (2) Those who win the king's world are rewarded repeatedly. This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.

("Yueyang Tower") 6. Negative judgment with adverb "Fei" People are not born to know.

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1. Introduce the initiative of behavior with the preposition "Wei". The battery is called the disproof.

("Sanyuanli Anti-British") The rabbit cannot be recovered, but it is Song Ye. ("Wu Zhu") 2. Introduce the initiative of behavior with the preposition "Yu".

(1) Her husband Zhao Qiang is weak, but the prince is very lucky to the prince of Zhao, so the prince wants to marry him. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (2) Don't stick to time, learn the rest.

("Shi Shuo") 3. The preposition "Bei" is used to express passivity, and the object of "Bei" is often omitted. One of them said it was the head of a western soldier and was also killed.

("Anti-British in Sanyuanli") If you believe in it, you will be suspicious, but if you are loyal, you will be slandered. Can you have no complaints? (Biography of Qu Yuan) 4. Use the auxiliary verb "see" to express passivity. If you want to give it to Qin, Qin Cheng may not get it, but he will be bullied.

(2) Not only to see a doctor, but also to disgust my son. (Answer to Wei Zhongli's book On Teacher's Way) 5. The format used is "Wei"

"suo" is an auxiliary word, which is placed before the verb. Win the news that her father was killed.

("Xinlingjun Stole the Symbol to Save Zhao") The giant is a mortal. Being in a distant county, he will be annexed by others. ("Battle of Red Cliffs" 6. Use "see ... in ..." to indicate passivity.

"Jian" is an auxiliary verb; "Yu" is a preposition and the initiator of the introduction behavior. For example, I am afraid of being bullied by the king and losing Zhao, so I dare not return to the city.

(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) 7. Ideological passivity. The verb itself is used in the passive sense, without any help from the verb.

This passivity should be judged according to the context. For example: ① raise a well-off society, but it can't.

(Zhang Hengchuan) ── "Ju Xiaolian" was recommended as Xiaomi. (2) Lian Po for zhao will, cut qi, big break, take, worship for ShangQing.

(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) ── "Worship as Shangqing", named Shangqing. (3) garrison pawn call, letter valley.

(Epang Palace Fu) ── "Hangu Pass", Hangu Pass was captured. (3) There are two kinds of special double objects in classical Chinese, which cannot be understood as general double objects.

1. causes double objects. There is a causative relationship between verbs and objects.

For example: ① Both strategies are equivalent, and negative Qin Ge is the best. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) ── "Negative Qin" makes Qin negative.

"Negative Qin Qu" makes Qin Qu negative and makes Qin bear the responsibility of indefensible. (2) The peasants who came back from beating the people today are all based on this.

(on accumulation and sparse storage)-"return to it" and make it return. "Return to the farm" and make it return to the farm.

2. It is a verb and a double object. There is a passive relationship between verbs and objects.

For example, driving for it is better than driving under the door. (Feng Xuan Hakka Meng Changjun) ── "wéi", a verb, here means "preparation".

"For it", for (W Miao) is (wéi), for him. "Drive for it", drive for (wéi), and prepare horses and chariots for him.

(2) If a gentleman is ill, he will give up his desire. (Ji Shi will attack) ── "Wei", looking for.

"Speak for it" and make excuses for it. (4) Special order of sentence components There are several word orders in classical Chinese, which are different from those in corresponding sentences in modern Chinese.

1. The interrogative pronoun is the object and the preposition is used. What is the king doing here? (Hongmen Banquet)-This is a prepositional object as a verb.

(2) How do you know the prince? (.-This is inserted as the object of a preposition. 2. Negative pronoun preposition object.

From the book, there is nothing left. (Zhang Hengchuan) The adverb "Wei" is used in the sentence, which is a negative sentence and the object "Zhi" is a pronoun.

Placed before the predicate verb "you". (2) The ancients did not bully.

(The Story of Shi Zhongshan-ditto. 3. Preposition object, auxiliary words "zhi" and "shi" are placed between preposition object and predicate.

What are the merits and demerits of He Gong? (New Thief Zhao Rescues Zhao) Is it too much to ask for help? ("Ji Jianggong") 4. Attribute is placed after the head word in the form of "zhe" phrase. The auxiliary word "zhi" can be added between the head word and the post-attribute, or not.

For example, (1) stones are loud and everywhere. ("Shi Zhongshan Ji") (2) make officials ask people to pay for coupons.

("Feng Xuan Hakka Meng Changjun") (5) Omission of sentence components There are some components in classical Chinese sentences that are often omitted customarily and need to be supplemented when translated into modern Chinese. 1. Omit concurrent language.

Omitted adverbs must be seen above, otherwise there is no need to say it from the content. Call to make you admire your wife.

(Zuo Zhuan) ── Call (it) in and call (it) Mrs. Bai. (2) to phase as work, worship for ShangQing.

(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) ── Worship (Xiang Ru) as the supernatant. The above two examples of ellipsis adverbs have been seen above.

2. The pronoun object of the verb is omitted. There are two conditions for this ellipsis: first, the object of ellipsis must be able to be used as a pronoun.

5. How many ways are there to express "you" and "me" in classical Chinese?

1, I

Example: Sima Qian's Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru in the Han Dynasty: "Gu Wu thought he dared not send troops to Zhao."

However, the problem I consider is that the powerful State of Qin dare not send troops to attack our State of Zhao.

2. I

Example: Tang Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Tengting: "Dare to be sincere."

I dare to dedicate my heart wholeheartedly.

3. I

Example: Qu Yuan's Lisao in the pre-Qin period "Emperor Levin is a descendant of Miao, and my emperor called him Bo Yong. ：

I am a descendant of the ancient emperor Levin, and my dead father was Bo Yong.

Second, you

1, you

Example: the pre-Qin liezi "Yu Gong Yi Shan": "I am on an equal footing with you."

I tried my best to level two mountains with you.

2. If

Example: Liu Tang Zongyuan's "The Snake Catcher said": "If you are slave, you will get a reward."

Let him change your job and restore your taxes.