Cultivating healthy personality and promoting students' all-round development
Cultivating students' healthy personality is the requirement of modern social development for education and human development. Through the analysis of personality with different characteristics, the basic characteristics of healthy personality are summarized. It is believed that the formation of healthy personality directly affects students' all-round development, is conducive to students' cognitive activities, can adjust students' emotions and motives, and enhance students' ability. It is proposed that we should establish a people-oriented educational concept, unify the cultivation of students' personality, the improvement of students' personality, the imparting of scientific and cultural knowledge and the cultivation of professional skills, and promote the all-round development of students.
Keywords education; Character; A healthy personality; all-round development
Personality is the overall mental outlook formed in the process of socialization, which is manifested in all aspects of psychological activities such as knowledge, emotion and will. Personality consists of cognitive ability, behavioral motivation, emotional response, interpersonal coordination, attitude and belief system, moral values and so on. Personality not only controls people's behavior, but also determines people's development direction. Cultivating healthy personality is very important for people's all-round development.
First, the formation and characteristics of healthy personality
Man is both a biological individual and a social individual. The formation of personality traits is not only influenced by congenital genetic factors, but also by acquired environment. Genetic factors play an important role in human intelligence and temperament, which is related to biological factors. The formation of people's values, beliefs, personality and other characteristics closely related to social factors is more influenced by acquired factors, mainly by social culture, family environment, childhood experience and natural environment. Different people will form different personality traits because of the different environment and conditions of their acquired life. As an individual, everyone's personality characteristics show individual characteristics. It is an important idea of modern education to carry out education according to the requirements of human personality development, cultivate healthy personality and promote students' all-round development.
Of course, the individual's psychological activity process and psychological characteristics are very complicated. Psychology believes that people's psychological activities go through the process of cognition, emotion and will, and individual psychological characteristics are mainly manifested in temperament, personality and ability. Personality runs through psychological activities and psychological characteristics. It is generally believed that personality consists of cognition, motivation, emotion and ability, and the self-regulation of personality includes self-cognition and self-experience. Automatic control three systems. Psychological research shows that a person's personality structure tends to be relatively stable with the increase of age. Second, the average level of each component remains unchanged. (2) Achieving a stable personality structure also marks a person's maturity.
In the study of personality, some factions and research results have been formed, and understanding them can help us deepen our understanding of personality characteristics. Freud's theory of id, ego and superego can help us understand the personality structure. Id, ego and superego are intertwined to form a complete personality. They each represent an aspect of personality. Id is biological instinct, ego is psychological society, and I am moral ideal. They pursue different goals: the id pursues happiness, the ego pursues reality and the superego pursues perfection. When the three are in a state of coordination, personality presents a healthy state; When the three do not give in to each other and have a hostile relationship, psychological obstacles or diseases will occur. ③ Eysenck put forward a four-level theoretical model of personality structure: the lowest level of the model is "special reaction level", which is a daily observed reaction and belongs to the wrong factor; The upper layer is the "habitual reaction level", which is formed by daily repeated reactions and belongs to special factors; The next layer is the trait layer, which is formed by habitual reaction and belongs to group factors; The top layer is the type layer, which is formed by characteristics and belongs to general factors. (4) It is precisely because of these different factors that different people have different levels of personality. After long-term efforts, Cartel put forward the theory of personality structure, and he tested 16 personality traits: gregarious, intelligent, stable, aggressive, optimistic, persistent, aggressive, sensitive, suspicious, imaginative, secular, anxious, experimental, independent, controlled and nervous. It is precisely because of these differences in personality characteristics that talents have differences and differences. From these personality structures and personality traits, we can see that personality can be divided into positive and negative, healthy and morbid, mature and naive, and the task of education is to cultivate people's positive, healthy and mature personality.
What is a healthy personality? Through the study of healthy personality, its models can be summarized as: allport's "mature person" model, Maslow's "self-actualized person" model, Rogers' "all-round person" model, Fromm's "creative person" model, Frank's "beyond self" model, Pierce's "here and now person" model and Eriksson's "self-integrated person" model. We can summarize a healthy personality into the following characteristics: first, we can consciously control our own life, control our own behavior, and grasp our own destiny, and not be driven by unexpected, uncontrollable and unconscious forces; Second, we can correctly understand ourselves, understand our actual situation, recognize our own advantages and disadvantages and treat them correctly; Third, we can base ourselves on reality instead of indulging in the past life. When we encounter failures and setbacks, we can quickly get rid of the shadow it brings, find a solution to the problem in reality and put it into action; Fourth, they have a tense and rhythmic work and lifestyle, are not satisfied with ordinary work and life, and are eager for challenges and excitement, and are eager for new goals and new experiences; Fifth, I can give and receive love, I love studying and working, I am willing to undertake obligations, I am mature and sound, I always maintain a happy attitude, and my life is full of vitality; Sixth, have independent needs, do not rely on others to get a sense of security and satisfaction, are willing to think and solve problems by themselves, have their own opinions and opinions, and do not care too much about other people's attitudes; Seventh, have good interpersonal relationship and social adaptability, not only admit oneself, but also respect others, understand their sufferings, and help others in various ways, and have the consciousness of sharing weal and woe with mankind.
Second, a healthy personality is conducive to the all-round development of students.
Students' all-round development is achieved by carrying out cognitive activities, cultivating emotions and enhancing their abilities in the learning process.
1. A healthy personality is conducive to the development of cognitive activities. Cognitive process is the most basic psychological process of human beings, the process of acquiring or applying knowledge, or the process of information processing, which includes feeling, perception, memory, imagination, thinking and language. People receive information from the outside world, which is transformed into internal psychological activities through brain processing, and then dominates people's behavior. This process is the process of information processing, that is, the cognitive process.
Cognitive process is controlled and influenced by personality. A healthy personality is conducive to the development of cognitive activities, while a bad personality will hinder the development of cognitive activities. For example, a student's acquisition or application of knowledge begins with feeling and perception, and what knowledge he acquires and applies is often closely related to his personality characteristics. Studying a major and a course at the same time, different students have different attitudes and methods and different learning effects because of their different personality characteristics. Students with healthy personality treat their majors and courses with a positive and serious attitude, actively remember, imagine and think, study hard, study hard, cooperate closely with teachers, read relevant books extensively in their spare time, broaden their knowledge and improve their knowledge structure, so that students are bound to achieve excellent academic results. And those students with unhealthy personality, because of psychological barriers, treat their majors and courses with a passive attitude in the process of cognition, and lack the motivation to learn. The result must be that they are in a state of coping with the acquisition or application of knowledge or their cognitive activities are not perfect, so the learning effect cannot be good.
Healthy personality can promote people's thinking and imagination. Thinking is an activity that people use the knowledge and experience in their minds to indirectly and generally understand things, reveal the essence of things and their internal relations, reason and judge the concepts of things, and solve various problems they face. Students' learning is closely related to their thinking and imagination. Students solve the difficulties and problems in daily life and study through thinking activities. Imagination is carried out by people with concrete images preserved in their minds, which is related to the activities of creating new images in their minds. Healthy personality can stimulate students' thinking and imagination space, promote the deepening of understanding and reveal the law of things changing.
2. Healthy personality can regulate students' mood or motivation. Emotion and motivation are formed on the basis of cognition. When dealing with the information input from the outside world, people can not only know the attributes, characteristics and relationships of things, but also have an attitude towards things, causing subjective experiences such as satisfaction, dissatisfaction, love, disgust and hatred. Is this an emotion or an emotion? The harvest of learning, the support of friends and the reunion of family members make people feel happy, excited and joyful; The failure of study, the sarcasm of friends and the quarrel of relatives all make people feel depressed, painful or angry. Emotion has a great influence on cognition and becomes an internal factor to regulate and control cognitive activities. A healthy personality can make people have positive emotions, be neither arrogant nor impetuous in victory, and be indomitable in failure. "Deep knowledge, deep love", deep and sincere feelings come from a true and profound understanding of people and things. Positive emotions can stimulate people's understanding enthusiasm, make people forge ahead and overcome the difficulties encountered in learning; On the contrary, negative emotions will make people depressed, stifle their enthusiasm for knowledge and creation, and make people helpless in the face of difficulties.
Students' cognition and behavior are not only influenced by emotion or emotion, but also controlled by motivation. Motivation refers to the internal motivation to promote people's activities and make them move towards a certain goal. Motivation comes from people's needs, that is, the individual's physiological and psychological imbalance. People have physiological needs, such as the thirst for food and drinks, as well as social needs, such as labor needs and interpersonal needs. People have material needs, such as housing and transportation; There are also spiritual needs, such as the need to be respected, the need to seek knowledge and beauty. It is on the basis of people's various needs that people have different motives. The nature and intensity of motivation are different, and people's attitudes towards reality and corresponding behaviors are also different with different motivations.
People can not only know the world and have positive or negative feelings about things, but also transform the world purposefully and planned in their own activities. This conscious initiative is the essential difference between humans and animals. Psychology calls this psychological process of consciously determining the purpose and consciously controlling and regulating behavior in order to achieve the purpose. Will is closely related to cognition and emotion. People's conscious adjustment and control of their own behavior is realized according to their own understanding and emotions. The strong or weak will of people, in turn, has a great influence on people's understanding and feelings. Only the will based on healthy personality can constitute the unremitting source of strength for human stability.
3. A healthy personality is conducive to enhancing students' ability. Ability constitutes the individual's psychological characteristics, which are formed in the process of acquiring and using knowledge or in the process of information processing, resulting in psychological differences between people. Some of people's psychological characteristics are temporary and accidental; Some are stable and frequent. These stable and frequent psychological characteristics are also called personality psychological characteristics, or personality. It is precisely because of the differences in people's abilities and personalities that people are differentiated. For example, some people remember quickly, while others remember slowly; Some people are good at imagining, while others are good at thinking. This is the difference in ability. Some people are gentle, others are rude; Some people are agile, others are slow; Some people are modest and prudent, while others are complacent; Some people are strong, others are timid, and so on. This is the difference in personality. It is these personality differences that distinguish one person's psychological activities from another's and make different people's abilities different in size and scope. A healthy personality can enhance people's various abilities in the learning process, such as reading ability, understanding ability, expression ability, comprehensive induction ability and so on.
Thirdly, cultivating students' healthy personality is the requirement of educational goals.
The cultivation of healthy personality is an important content of quality education, and cultivating students' healthy personality is becoming a hot spot of concern. Faced with the rapid development of science and technology, the collision and integration of world economy, politics and culture, and the increasingly frequent and extensive international exchanges and cooperation, people's lifestyles have undergone tremendous changes, which requires people to have healthy personalities to cope with the changes of the times and adapt to the requirements of real life. Therefore, while cultivating students' knowledge and skills, education should take cultivating students' healthy personality as an important task.
How can we cultivate students' healthy personality? As far as school education is concerned, it should be people-oriented, respect each student's independent personality, protect each student's self-esteem, and help each student fully tap his potential, develop his personality and realize his own value. In 1970s, humanistic psychologists put forward the reform of "selective schools", which is to cultivate healthy personality as much as possible. This reform proposes that teachers, students and parents jointly decide the curriculum and management of the school; The development of students should be the combination of expressive ability and cognitive ability; We should attach great importance to students' mental health; Teachers should make every effort to keep sensitive to students' psychological development; Attach importance to moral education formed by clarifying and developing values; Cultivate the ability to feel, feel and learn from kinesthetic experience; The evaluation of students' progress should not be guided by fixed standards and goals. Today, when we re-examine these viewpoints, we can see that attaching importance to the cultivation of healthy personality and giving full play to people's subjective initiative and creativity still have important guiding significance for realizing people's all-round development.
Of course, the all-round development of individuals emphasizes the degree of individuality, that is, the all-round development of individuals in material and spiritual life, world outlook, outlook on life and values, physical and mental quality, intelligence, ability, physical strength and creativity. Socialization and individualization are two inseparable aspects of people's all-round development. The formation of healthy personality, especially the all-round development of human personality and ability, depends on the all-round development of the whole society. Highly developed social productive forces and the social material and cultural living conditions created by them constitute the realistic basis for people's all-round development. At the same time, the all-round and free development of individuals is an important condition for the all-round development of society. Therefore, the formation and development of healthy personality is directly related to the economic, political and cultural conditions and development level of a certain society. Only when the whole society develops in an all-round way and the social productive forces are highly developed can we form a truly healthy personality and realize the all-round development of individuals. This does not deny that some people, especially the advanced elements of society, have achieved the perfection of their personality through their own efforts under the harsh social environment. Because of this, it has effectively promoted the progress and development of society.
Analyzing the function of education in the sense of modern social development, education should not only provide students with scientific and cultural knowledge that meets the requirements of modern scientific and technological development, but more importantly, cultivate students' ability to adapt to the requirements of social development and their innovative ability to change and transform society. Newman, a British educator, thinks that "knowledge is a mental state and condition" in his university ideal. Therefore, the pursuit of knowledge must be a spiritual pursuit, and the greatest purpose of spiritual pursuit lies in the spirit itself. This spiritual pursuit also means that the strength of personality is supporting and forming the internal power source of spirit itself. Healthy personality comes not only from the influence of social environment, but also from the process of knowledge accumulation and skill formation, that is, the process of education. Therefore, the cultivation and formation of healthy personality is not isolated, but the formation and perfection of personality traits in the process of education and teaching, in the process of students acquiring knowledge and mastering skills and participating in various activities. (About the author: Wang Huainan Normal University, Dean and Professor, Ph.D. student of Beijing Normal University)
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Cultivating students' sound personality and good personality through extensive reading
Having a sound personality and a good personality is a necessary condition for every pupil, and it is also a requirement for pupils in the new century and new era. Because society and the times need all-round people and high-quality people. All this inevitably requires everyone to have a sound personality and a good personality. And these two are not born in time and need to be cultivated.
Sound personality
What is personality? Fromm, an American humanistic philosopher, pointed out that personality is the sum of human innate endowment and acquired psychological characteristics, which really constitutes a person's characteristics, thus making an individual different from others.
We believe that personality is the sum of conscious tendencies and stable psychological characteristics that often appear in a specific person under certain social and historical conditions, including interests, hobbies, beliefs, personality, temperament, ability and so on.
Personality is a person's overall mental outlook, an important content of a person's comprehensive quality, and at the core of a person's quality. Practice has proved that a person's quality is closely related to his personality factors. If a person's personality is not perfect, his cultural, intellectual, moral, labor, physical and other aspects of quality is difficult to develop to the best level.
At present, the personality development of primary school students is generally sound. Relevant research shows that 90% of primary school students in China have sound psychology and personality. However, personality problems are also very prominent. First, the incidence of personality problems is relatively high, especially for some groups of children. Second, personality problems have various manifestations, such as inferiority, self-isolation, self-indulgence, narrowness, paranoia, depression, anxiety and indifference. , will lead to many behavioral problems, such as being tired of learning, seeking trouble, indulging in the internet and so on. Thirdly, morbid personality has become the main problem that hinders the development of a few students. A philosopher once said: "The first part of the herringbone is intelligence, and the second part is personality. Only by combining profound knowledge, noble character, excellent character and sound personality can a person become a real talent. "
Based on the cognitive level of primary school students, I think a sound personality should include the following contents:
1, have broad love, including strong patriotism, filial piety to parents and compassion for others.
2. Have a positive and realistic life goal.
3. Know yourself, accept yourself and experience the value of your existence.
4, kind-hearted, accepting others, good at coordinating and dealing with interpersonal relationships.
5. Have independent consciousness and don't depend on others.
6. Not superstitious, scientific innovation.
(2) Good personality
What is personality? In the west, the word personality comes from the Latin persona, which has two meanings: on the one hand, it initially refers to the mask that actors wear on the stage, and later it is extended to the role that a person plays on the stage of life; On the other hand, it refers to people who can think independently and have unique behavioral characteristics.
What we call personality refers to a person's relatively fixed characteristics formed under certain historical conditions and educational influence. In other words, by personality, we mean that a person is different from others in terms of thought, character, quality, will, emotion and attitude. This trait is manifested in his way of speech, behavior and emotion, etc., which is a person's whole mental outlook.
(C) Reading and the psychological needs of primary school students
Most pupils are about 8- 13 years old. Children's literature plays an irreplaceable role in "developing children's personality, intelligence and physical and mental abilities in an all-round way". It entrusts human's profound thinking on the ideal society and human nature. No matter from the content to the form, or from the emotion to the language, it presents the quality of "clearness, brightness, softness and beauty" that other literature does not have, and radiates the ideal brilliance from pure childlike innocence and pure humanity. Reading a lot of children's literature has a subtle influence on primary school students and plays an irreplaceable role in perfecting their personality and cultivating their good personality.
Reading plays an irreplaceable role in a person's growth. Language is thinking. The development of one's thinking, the maturity of one's mind and the growth of one's emotions are all inseparable from language activities with reading as the core means. Teenagers are in the golden stage of their life growth. A lot of reading can meet the needs of their physical and mental development and conform to their knowledge growth law.
Reading instruction
Extensive reading plays an irreplaceable role in cultivating students' sound personality and good personality. So how to effectively guide them to read and let literary works play a subtle and benign guiding role for them?
The author believes that we can start from the following aspects:
(1), stimulate interest and promote reading.
Modern psychological research shows that interest is the most direct, active and realistic factor affecting learning activities. Confucius, a great educator in ancient China, once said, "Knowing is not as good as being good, and being good is not as good as being happy." It can be seen that interest is the best teacher and the motivation for people to engage in any activity. Similarly, only when students are interested in reading can they have a positive demand for extracurricular reading from the bottom of their hearts. So we should try our best to stimulate students' interest in extracurricular reading and let them read happily. The general practice is as follows:
1, skillfully use story suspense to induce reading interest. Everyone loves stories, especially children who grew up listening to grandma's nursery rhymes and mom's fairy tales. When they heard the teacher say that they would tell a story, they were all full of energy, their ears pricked up and their joy was beyond words. They can't wait to hear. Under the teacher's full voice and emotion, the story has been strengthened and rendered, which has brought the children into an interesting, thrilling, strange, touching and suspenseful emotional world. Just as the children were listening attentively and depressed, expecting the end of the story, the teacher suddenly stopped and told the children that the story was complicated, but the following story could be more exciting. If you want to know the aftermath, please read the original text by yourself. At this time, the teacher lost no time in recommending relevant reading materials to the students.
2. Tell me about your reading experience to stimulate your interest. Teachers should always talk about their gains and experiences after reading books, and use "appearance statements" to arouse students' emotional singing and make them have a strong desire to read. At the same time, collect some famous aphorisms about reading in a planned and purposeful way, and comment and appreciate them; Tell the stories of famous people who have become successful in reading and conduct comparative education, so as to arouse students' admiration for scholars, their desire for books and their strong intention to make friends with books. In this way, students will take the initiative to make extensive reading attempts in their spare time.
3. Introduce the outline of reading materials to stimulate reading desire. We should always introduce some characters, content outlines or wonderful fragments to students purposefully and systematically to stimulate students' desire to "see the original for details". For example, after teaching The Little Match Girl and The Emperor's New Clothes, Andersen's fairy tales can be introduced. Combining the teaching of He He and Battle of Red Cliffs, we can present the outline of some wonderful contents in the introduction book of Romance of the Three Kingdoms (children's edition). In this way, students will be inspired by interest and ask to borrow books to read, so as to feel the charm of famous books and the art of splendid culture in reading.
(2) Teaching methods and reading guidance.
Although interest is the motive force for people to engage in any activity, it is not clear that students only have interest in reading. In the vast ocean, there is no purpose and meticulous method to read Race with Cattle, and its significance and effect are unknown. Therefore, we should further guide them not only to love reading, but also to read better and more effectively. We should introduce some effective reading methods to students. There are many ways to read. Here are some common and effective reading methods:
1, selective reading method. The application of this method is generally to selectively read relevant chapters or parts of relevant books and newspapers according to some needs of students in classroom study or writing, so as to apply what they have learned.
2. intensive reading. The so-called intensive reading method is to concentrate some key articles in books and newspapers and read them word by word from the outside to the inside. It is the most important and basic means to cultivate students' reading ability. Some articles are meaningful in language, quoted from classics and vivid in plot. Based on these works, teachers can guide students to intensive reading, require students to devote themselves wholeheartedly, mobilize a variety of senses, do their mouth, eyes, heart, hands, read, think and note, and gradually develop the good habit of reading carefully.
3. Speed reading method. The speed reading method is not to pronounce, distinguish or divert attention when reading, but to look at the general situation quickly. This requires students to concentrate and process and digest information quickly in the process of fast browsing.
Read different books and adopt different reading methods; The purpose of reading is different, and the method of reading is also different. Attention should be paid to teaching students to choose appropriate reading methods and use them flexibly according to different reading habits, reading purposes and nature.
(3) Create conditions to promote reading.
Efforts should be made to create conditions for students' extracurricular reading, make use of various opportunities, strengthen the guidance of students' extracurricular reading, and organize students to exchange extracurricular reading in a form that students like.
1, tidy up the corners. In order to make up for the shortage of students' books, students are mobilized to temporarily store personal books in the class, and students are organized to manage their own borrowing. The book corner is located in the corner of the classroom, which is very convenient to borrow and return at any time after class.
2. Ensure reading time. According to the needs of teaching, recommend appropriate reading materials or articles in time to realize the communication inside and outside the class. At the same time, reduce written exercises and increase reading assignments to provide space and time for students to read after class. In addition to allowing students to read aloud the texts taught or read extracurricular books and newspapers during "morning reading" or "self-study", one or two class hours can be set aside every week to ensure planned extracurricular reading and guidance.
3. Carry out reading activities. Schools and classes often carry out related activities, such as organizing reading parties, book festivals, story meetings, etc. It is necessary to create conditions for students to "read" extensively and "read" a lot.
The new era, new society and new ideas put forward new requirements for primary school students and future national talents. Reading a large number of literary works suitable for primary school students will certainly have a far-reaching impact on their body and mind, and will also have an impact on the perfection and cultivation of their personality and individuality.