Germany developed the revolution by relying on developed education. After Napoleon defeated Prussia, William III began education reform. First, it supported Humboldt to establish the first modern university in the world-Humboldt University in Berlin. Perhaps its most advanced idea is to spend almost all its money on hiring professors instead of building buildings. William III also donated his palace as a student dormitory. Later, this university graduated 26 Nobel Prize winners.
At the same time, Prussia also implemented compulsory education, and parents of school-age children were severely punished if they didn't go to school. Therefore, in the Franco-Prussian War, old Mao Qi famously said, "The victory of Prussia has long been decided on the desks of primary schools."
The United States is slightly different. It is different from the German reform promoted by * * *. The United States takes the liberal line, which is weak and unable to make overall plans, and can only weaken the support line. At that time, the United States had the most perfect patent law system and the most open market in the world, which gave the possibility of combining science with capital. Scientific research has become a profitable thing. For example, Edison founded the famous General Electric Company from DC.
Why didn't Britain decline after the Second Industrial Revolution? Because the British colony is so vast, even if its industrial products lag behind other capitalist countries later, there is still a market to export. In addition, Britain's financial and credit systems are particularly developed, and they can still increase their income by making money, so they are still strong even if they fall behind in the industrial revolution.
Time of the second industrial revolution: 19, from 1970s to early 20th century.
Results: Electric power is widely used.
A new poem on the invention of internal combustion engine vehicles: cars and planes
Establishment of chemical industry: synthetic dyes, plastics and man-made fibers.
Telecommunications: telephone, wireless telegraph, electrical products.
The difference from the first time:
1. electricity: (1) steam/coal energy.
(2) Electricity, internal combustion engine/electric energy, petroleum
2. Source: (1) Accumulated practical experience, and the inventors are mostly skilled workers.
(2) Scientific theory is closely integrated with science and technology, and the inventor is a scientist.
3. Sector: (1) Light industry
(2) This industry is developing rapidly and occupies a leading position in the national economy.
4. Scope: (1) first occurred in Britain and then spread to Europe.
(2) Appear in multiple countries at the same time.
5. Production organization form: (1) large machinery factory
(2) International joint ventures and multinational corporations
Impact: Promote the development of productive forces and bring mankind into the electrical age.
With the rapid development of emerging industrial sectors, heavy industry has become the dominant factor in the national economy.
Capital and production are highly concentrated, monopoly organizations appear and enter the period of monopoly capitalism.
Imperialist countries set off a frenzy to carve up the world.
The world market was finally established, pushing the world closer and closer.
Why did Britain begin to decline after the Second Industrial Revolution? ! Britain has a vast colonial and overseas market and can make huge profits. Therefore, capitalists export a lot of capital abroad instead of using it to update their equipment.
Germany's Second Industrial Revolution 1885, German karl benz successfully manufactured the first car driven by an internal combustion engine.
1866, Siemens of Germany manufactured a generator.
These two men have made the most outstanding contributions in textbooks.
Why didn't Britain take the lead in seizing the opportunity of the second industrial revolution? The education system has become increasingly corrupt politically, and the first industrial revolution took place in Britain. Important new machines and new modes of production were mainly invented in Britain, while the industrial revolution in other countries developed relatively slowly. The second industrial revolution happened in several advanced capitalist countries almost at the same time, and new technologies and inventions were beyond the scope of a country, with a larger scale and rapid development.
Why was the machine driven by steam before the second industrial revolution and then by electricity?
As a symbol of capitalist production, machine's efficiency and change are the most concentrated expression of productivity changes. There is no doubt that electricity is better than steam, so the production industry dominated by electricity is naturally more developed than the steam industry. Therefore, as the core element of new productive forces, electricity can naturally be divided into two industrial revolutions.
Why is the second industrial revolution also called "electrical revolution"? The second industrial revolution was also called "electrical revolution", and its era was the "electrical era" after the "age of steam" opened by the first industrial revolution. So, are the second industrial revolution and the "electrical revolution" exactly the same concept? /kloc-In the middle and late 20th century, many scientific research achievements were applied to production, and various new inventions and technologies emerged one after another, which were highlighted in the following aspects: First, the wide application of electricity. 1 82 1 year, Danish physicist Oster discovered the magnetic effect of current. 10 years later, British scientist Faraday discovered the electromagnetic induction phenomenon, which laid a scientific foundation for the innovation of motors (motors and generators) and all wired electrical devices. German physicist 1 888 discovered Hertz electromagnetic wave, which became the scientific basis of wireless communication. 1866, Siemens of Germany successfully developed the generator. In the 1970s, a practical generator came out. Since then, electricity has become a new energy source that affects people's production and life. Strong electricity can provide most of the energy for production and life, while weak electricity can provide the main means of communication (telegraph, telephone, etc.). Secondly, it is the creation and use of internal combustion engines. 1862, the Frenchman de Rocha put forward the four-stroke theory, which became the scientific basis for the invention of internal combustion engine. 65438+In the 1970s and 1980s of 2009, internal combustion engines fueled by gas and gasoline came out one after another, and soon internal combustion engines fueled by diesel were also developed successfully.
Why did China miss the first industrial revolution and the second industrial revolution? The first industrial revolution took place in Britain, when China was in the decline of feudal system, closed its doors to the outside world, and was ignorant and arrogant. The second industrial revolution began at the end of 19, but at that time, China was in danger of being carved up by imperialism, so it was impossible to carry out the industrial revolution, and imperialism would not see the strength of China. In the semi-feudal and semi-colonial era, China once again fell behind and did not carry out the industrial revolution.