Confucianism is also called Confucianism. Some people think it is a religion and call it Confucianism. Confucianism is an ideology that regards Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC) as its master, so it is also called Confucius' theory. It has had a significant impact on Chinese and Far Eastern civilization and continues to this day. Before the Confucian school, the aristocrats and free people of ancient society accepted the traditional six virtues (wisdom, faith, saintliness, benevolence, righteousness, loyalty) and the six lines (filial piety, friendship, harmony, marriage, and responsibility) through "teacher" and "Confucianism". T-shirt) and socialized education of the six arts (ritual, music, archery, imperialism, calligraphy, and mathematics). Judging from the content of teaching, social education in ancient China was entirely based on cultural elements such as values, habits, routines, behavioral norms and norms that the Chinese people had formed over a long period of time in a specific living environment. Confucianism fully absorbed these cultural elements and rose to a systematic theoretical level. Confucianism, referred to as Confucianism, is the mainstream ideological school in ancient China since the Han Dynasty. Since the Han Dynasty, it has been the official ideology of China in most historical periods. Confucius, the founder of the Confucian school, broke the monopoly of education by the old ruling class for the first time. The situation has changed from "learning in the government" to "education without distinction", allowing traditional cultural education to spread to the entire nation. In this way, Confucianism has a solid national psychological foundation, is accepted by the whole society, and gradually Confucianizes the whole society. However, the Confucian school insists that "the Tao cannot last more than three generations, and the law cannot last more than two queens" ("Xunzi King System").
Confucianism includes: Five Ethics, Ten Righteousness, Four Dimensions and Eight Virtues.
Confucian classics were formed in the era of Confucius, but the interpretation of Confucian classics in different eras is very different. Confucianism has had a profound impact on China, East Asia, Southeast Asia and even the world. After the Qing Empire, the last dynasty that adopted Confucianism as an official school, was replaced by the Republic of China, Confucianism was impacted to the greatest extent by new foreign cultures. However, after experiencing various impacts, catastrophes, and even attempts by the official regime to completely eradicate Confucianism, Confucianism remains The core values ??of ordinary people in Chinese society. At the same time, Confucianism is the basic cultural belief in East Asia.
Mr. Li Xueqin, leader of the national “Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Dating Project” and “Chinese Civilization Origin Discovery Project” chief scientist and expert group, has long pointed out: “Confucius not only created Confucianism, but also indeed created the Book of Changes.” Confucianism respects He followed Confucianism and was well versed in the Tao of Changes.
Confucianism "knows astronomy and knows droughts and floods" (Zhang Taiyan's words) is the most influential school of thought in China and the foundation of feudalism.
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1. An important school of thought that worships Confucius. Advocating "rituals and music" and "benevolence and righteousness", advocating "loyalty and forgiveness" and "the golden mean". It advocates "moral governance" and "benevolent governance" and attaches great importance to ethical relationships.
After the Western Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu proposed a theory that catered to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's supremacy of imperial power, making Confucianism gradually become the dominant school of thought in my country's feudal society. However, after Qin Shihuang "burned books to entrap Confucians" and the wars at the end of Qin and the beginning of Han, the Confucianism directly inherited from Confucius was no longer reliable. Confucianism
"Hanshu·Yiwenzhi": "Confucianists... wandered in the Six Classics, paying attention to benevolence and righteousness. Their ancestors wrote about Yao and Shun, the constitution was civil and military, and the master Zhongni." "Liang Liu Xie of the Southern Dynasties" "Wen Xin Diao Long·Zou Qi": "There must be principles and punishments, words and deeds, the style of Legalism, and the writing of Confucianism." Fan Wenlan, Cai Meibiao and others, Chapter 4, Chapter 9, Part 1, "General History of China" Section: "Confucius's teachings contain many aspects, so the Confucian school can always meet the needs of the ruling class in various periods throughout the feudal era, and various Confucian theories that suit the time can be deduced from Confucius's teachings."
2 . refers to a scholar’s ??family.
Tang Yuanzhen's "Gao Yungong taught the censor to know the system of miscellaneous affairs": "Yungong first entered the official position as a Confucian scholar who was able to write. When supervising the censor, he was divided into East Taiwan and had no worries." Song Luoye's "The Drunken Old Man" "Tanlu·Jinling Zhenshi has poetic talent": "In Yuanyou, there was a Zhenshi who was a Confucian in Jinling. He was beautiful and had poetic talent." Volume 10 of "Chu Ke Pai An Surprise": "The family is poor and dare not look up to him. If you want to get rich, you can get a Confucian daughter, which will be enough to provide you with an heir."
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The word "Confucianism" has two meanings: one. , that is, a wise man. "The Biography of Sima Xiangru in the Book of Han" says in an ancient note by Yan Shi: "Anyone with Taoism is called Confucian." Second, "Shuowen Jiezi": "Confucianism, soft, also known as magicians." However, generally the last meaning of "Shuowen Jiezi" is widely accepted. Thirdly, Mr. Zhang Taiyan said that Confucianism stemmed from the need for hexagrams (showing the image of water in the sky), which means that Confucianism knows astronomy and understands droughts and floods. "Confucianism" is what is called "scholar" today, and it is a very general name. In "The Analects of Confucius", Confucius said to Zixia: "You are a gentleman and a Confucian, not a villain." It can be seen that at that time, only those with knowledge and talent were called "Confucian", and there were gentlemen and villains among them. "Confucianism" originally referred to the master of ceremonies at weddings and funerals.
When examining the origin of Confucianism, "The Boy Asks the Book of Changes" published by the People's Publishing House concluded: Mr. Chen Lai traced the origin of Confucianism back to the Western Zhou Dynasty, which seems not enough. Mr. Hu Shi traced this origin back to the Shang and Yin Dynasties. It is said that Confucianism comes from the Yin people and inherits the blood and wisdom of the Yin people. In fact, Mr. Hu Shi placed the cultural genes of early Confucianism on the heads of the educated Yin people, which was subjective and short-sighted. No wonder he was scolded by Mr. Qian Mu. However, Mr. Qian Mu does not seem to have solved the problem of the source of Confucian resources. Mr. Fang Dongmei's research on the origin of Chinese culture seems to be limited to "Hong Fan Jiu Chou" in the late Shang Dynasty and early Zhou Dynasty.
The person who has explored the furthest in this area is Mr. Li Xueqin. Mr. Li pointed out in "The Last Words of King Wen of Zhou" that the thoughts of "Baoxun" have similarities with Confucianism and are worth exploring and studying. The ideological core of "Bao Xun" is the middle way and the way of rebirth. This idea can be traced back to the era of Yao and Shun.
Confucius transformed "weak Confucianism" into "strong and enterprising Confucianism". "Confucianism is a concept of development, a high-spirited group that keeps pace with the times. Confucianism does not study death. Confucianism does not have the end of the world. What Confucianism sees is not destruction, but renewal and glory. Confucianism actively engages with the world and thinks about perfection. Xingfang can be called the backbone of the nation.
The word "Ru" is originally an honorific title for scholars in ancient times. The meaning of the word is "elegance", "excellence" and "harmony". , meaning that their thoughts and knowledge can calm others, convince others, and be needed by others. Since the Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States, Qin, and Han Dynasties, Confucianism refers to the ideological system founded by Confucius that gradually developed with benevolence as its core.
Confucianism refers to the Confucian school of thought, founded by Confucius, a thinker in the late Spring and Autumn Period. The Confucianism founded by Confucius formed a complete system based on the summary, summary and inheritance of the traditional culture of respecting relatives and relatives in the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. Ideological system. Sima Qian said in "Historical Records: The Family of Confucius": "Confucius wrote the Spring and Autumn Period because of the Historical Records, from the 14th year of Yin Gong to the 12th Duke of Ai. According to Lu, it was close to the Zhou Dynasty, so the Yin Dynasty was the third generation of Yun Dynasty. Confucius, the founder of the Confucian school, once said: "Telling without writing, believing in the past" ("The Analects of Confucius·Shuer") is the true nature of his thoughts. Confucianism is basically divided into "inner sage" and "outer king", that is, There are two categories: personal cultivation and political opinions.
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In ethics, Confucianism pays attention to self-cultivation, and its central idea is "benevolence", which means that people should pay attention to each other. Harmonious relationship. Treat elders with respect and respect; be true to your word among friends; be honest and love the people; be self-aware and do your job well. "A gentleman should be based on his roots, and the ruler should be benevolent and care for the people." , "Government is based on virtue, like Beichen, who lives in his place and is surrounded by stars."; treat other people with fraternity, "I am young, and others are young." "I am as old as others." You must be loyal to your superiors, "The king should treat his ministers with courtesy, and the ministers should treat you with loyalty." You should be filial to your parents and relatives, "If your parents are around, don't travel far away, and you must travel well.", " Today's filial piety means being able to support. As for dogs and horses, they can all be raised; if they are disrespectful, why should they be different? "; People must have ambition and perseverance, "A scholar must be ambitious, the responsibilities are heavy and the road is long." Respect knowledge, "He who hears the Tao in the morning will die in the evening", be good at absorbing the strengths of others, "see the wise and think about them, "You should introspect yourself when you see a virtuous person", and the idea that "a gentleman is far away from the cook" and recommends himself to others.
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Confucian political thought is "benevolent government", "kingly way" and "ritual" "System", its ideal is "Great Harmony" and "Great Unification", and its politics mainly elaborates on the relationship between monarch and ministers, and the relationship between officials and people. Confucius "the king entrusts his ministers with propriety, and the ministers serve the king with loyalty", Mencius "the people are the most important, and the country is the second most important thing" , the king is despised.” Confucianism requires both the ruler and the ruled to assume obligations. Theoretically, the ruled have the right to resist the ruler who does not bear the obligations normally. "Benevolent government is easy to implement" advocates distinguishing between "cannot" and "not doing". The difference between "can't do it" and "don't do it" also reflects the people-oriented thinking in international politics. Confucianism advocates "the distinction between Hua and Yi". In ancient times, the distinction between Hua and Yi promoted the spread of advanced culture in the Central Plains, but in modern times it became an obstacle to China's modernization.
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Confucianism. There is a long tradition of attaching importance to the compilation of history. Confucius said: "Recounting without writing, trusting and loving the ancients, are like me, Lao Peng." " ("The Analects of Confucius·Shuer"). However, when Confucius compiled "Spring and Autumn Annals", he not only recorded historical events, but also expressed his own thoughts and opinions through the use of words, which is called "micro-statement and great meaning". Because Thanks to the efforts of Confucian scholars of all ages, China's chronicle has not been interrupted for a year since 841 BC (the first year of the Western Zhou Dynasty) until today. >
Confucianism values ??righteousness over profit, values ??officials over business, and is incompatible with the modern commodity economy. The Datong society described in the Confucian classic "Book of Rites" is a description of the path of Confucian thought. < /p>
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Confucianism does not attach importance to the study of specialized knowledge in specialized fields. Zhu Xi's interpretation is: "Utensils are each suitable for their own use but cannot communicate with each other." A virtuous person possesses all qualities, so he uses all qualities carefully. It is not just about one talent or skill. "This is the ideological root of Confucianism's contempt for specialized talents. Song Yingxing, who wrote "Tiangong Kaiwu" in the Ming Dynasty, also failed the imperial examination six times before turning to the study of scientific and technological expertise.
Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi Qing, Dong Zhongshu, Er Cheng, Zhu Xi, Lu Jiuyuan, and Wang Yangming represent different stages of Confucian development.
The schools of Confucianism include: Simeng School, Song and Ming Neo-Confucianism, Xinxue, Qixue, and Jinwen School. Gongyang Studies, Chenwei Theology, Ancient Literature School, Exegetical Studies
Confucius, the first teacher of Folding
Confucius deleted "Poems" and "Books", revised "Li" and "Music", and praised "Li". "Book of Changes", written as "Spring and Autumn", through the revival of the Zhou Dynasty's rituals and music to spread the teachings of kings. Confucius said: "Six arts are the basis of governance."
Rituals are used to restrain people, music is used to promote harmony, books are used to express Taoism, poems are used to express ideas, Yi is used to deify people, and Spring and Autumn are used to express meaning. "Confucius attached great importance to the Six Classics because he saw the way of the ancient kings contained in the Six Classics. Poems, books, rituals and music were the common learning subjects for the children of Guiyou in the Spring and Autumn Period. "Talking about rituals and music, and studying poetry and books, poems and books, Ritual and music are the basis of virtue, and virtue and righteousness are the foundation of profit." The aristocratic education "follows the poems, books, rituals and music of the previous kings to create scholars. Teach rites and music in spring and autumn, poetry and calligraphy in winter and summer. Teach the sons of the country with music and language: enlightenment, satirical recitation, and speech"; "teach three conducts: the first is filial piety, to care for parents; the second is to be friends, to respect the virtuous; the third is to be obedient, to serve teachers." And civilian education Then "Teach all the people with the three things of the village and make them prosperous: the first is the six virtues, knowledge, benevolence, saintliness, righteousness, loyalty, and harmony; the second is the six conducts, filial piety, friendship, harmony, marriage, responsibility, and compassion; the third is the six arts , etiquette, music, shooting, imperialism, calligraphy, and mathematics. Confucius believed that poetry, books, etiquette and music should be used for education. "When you enter a country, you can know its teachings: its people are gentle and kind, which is taught by "Poems"; when they are far away, they are taught by "Books"; when they are broad and knowledgeable, Yi Liang is taught by "Le" To teach; to be clean, quiet and subtle, is taught by "Yi"; to be respectful, frugal and respectful, is taught by "Li"; to compare words and things, is taught by "Spring and Autumn". Therefore, "Poetry" is a failure of foolishness, and "Book" is a failure of false accusation. The loss of luxury in "Le", the loss of trespass in "Yi", the loss of trouble in "Li", and the chaos in "Spring and Autumn". If he is gentle and honest but not stupid, he is deeper than "Poetry"; if he is sparse and far-reaching without making false accusations, he is deeper than "Book"; if he is broad-minded and easy-going but not extravagant, he is deeper than "Le"; if he is clean and knowledgeable, he is deeper than "Le". Those who are quiet and subtle but not arrogant are deeper than the "Yi"; those who are respectful, thrifty, solemn and respectful but not troublesome are deeper than the "Li"; those who are descriptive and compare things without being chaotic are deeper than the "Spring and Autumn". Confucius read "The Book of Songs·Xiaoya" and sighed: "In "Cai Zhou", I saw that it is not easy for ordinary people to hold on to their aspirations. In "Qi'ao", it is said that those who learn can become a gentleman. In "Kaopan", it is not boring to see people who are reclusive from the world. "Confucius compiled "Shangshu" with Yao as the starting point, "the ancestors recounted Yao and Shun, and chartered civil and military affairs." It explained the politics of the sage kings of Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, and Zhou Gong. On the one hand, Confucius advocated benevolent government, and on the other hand, he advocated virtue. Be cautious about punishment and use punishment to teach. Confucius said, "In ancient times, those who governed the world were governed by the six officials." The six officials are the ministers in charge of state affairs, the ministers in charge of education, and the ministers of rites (rituals, laws, and ceremonies). ), Sima who was in charge of military affairs (military affairs), Sikou who was in charge of punishment (litigation, punishment), and Sikong who was in charge of civil engineering. In addition, Confucius "aimed at the Spring and Autumn Period" and believed that there were "last words from the past" in the "Book of Changes".