Composition on the topic of prose about entering the history of the pre-Qin Dynasty, compiled by Deng Zhongxiang. Poetry is the crown of language, and prose is a very poetic text. However, as one of the four major literary genres, prose has a longer memory than poetry. They sit quietly in the aging time and exude a fragrance - refreshing. As the founder and foundation of Chinese culture, pre-Qin prose has inherent nobility and superiority. After half a year of study and research, in addition to stepping into the corner of the green forest, I was more shocked and impressed. Walking into ancient history and reading the beautiful words of the ancients, I have begun to have a dialogue with the words. Only at this moment can I feel relaxed and happy like never before. It was as if the rain suddenly fell in the desert of the soul, and everything turned from yellow to dark green in an instant. I also found the exact color of life. The prose of pre-Qin scholars is one genre of pre-Qin prose, and the other branch is occupied by the equally brilliant and dazzling pre-Qin historical prose. Due to the author's limited talent and limited ability, this article only uses the prose of pre-Qin scholars as a starting point to peek into the broad, holy, kind and scorching thoughts of the ancestors. First of all, let us understand some basic common sense of Zhuzi and Baijia. "Confucian scholars": The fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty broke the belief in "the way of heaven" and caused people in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods to turn more to the discussion of the gains and losses of personnel management. The concept of "common people being disrespectful" was broken, and an active atmosphere of "unofficial discussion" arose. In the discussion of how to unify the world and govern the people, schools of thought with different opinions gradually formed. The founders and representatives of these schools are called Zhuzi. "One hundred schools of thought": Mainly the ones with the greatest influence such as Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, and Legalism. Around some major social issues, hundreds of schools of thought expressed their opinions and lobbied everywhere to write books and theories, forming a situation of contention among a hundred schools of thought, which became China's An era of unprecedented prosperity in cultural history. The views of various schools of thought are reflected in their works, forming different academic and literary factions, mainly prose genres. Understanding the representatives and works of various schools of thought allows us to experience the feeling of harmony without difference. What we often see now are prose works from Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, Legalism, and Yin and Yang. These masterpieces fundamentally embody the enduring charm of literary art in the prose of various scholars. Confucianism: Representative figures: Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi. Works: "Confucius", "Mencius", "Xunzi". Confucianism was one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States Period. It took Confucius as its teacher in the Spring and Autumn Period, took the Six Arts as its method, advocated "rituals and music" and "benevolence and righteousness", advocated "loyalty and forgiveness" and the impartial "gold mean", and advocated " "Government by virtue" and "Government by benevolence" are an academic sect that attaches great importance to moral and ethical education and people's self-cultivation. Confucianism emphasizes the function of education and believes that emphasizing education and light punishment is the only way to achieve national stability and people's prosperity and happiness. He advocated "education without distinction" and educated both the rulers and the ruled so that everyone in the country could become morally noble people. Politically, he also advocates governing the country with etiquette and persuading people with virtue, calling for the restoration of "Zhou Rites" and believing that "Zhou Rites" is the ideal way to realize ideal politics. By the Warring States Period, Confucianism was divided into eight schools, the two most important ones being Mencius and Xunzi. Taoism: Representative figures: Laozi and Zhuangzi. Works: "Tao Te Ching", "Zhuangzi". Taoism was one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States Period, also known as "moralists". This school of thought is based on Laozi's theory of "Tao" in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and uses "Tao" to explain the nature, origin, composition and changes of all things in the universe. It believes that the way of heaven is inactive and all things come into being naturally. It denies that God and ghosts dominate everything. It advocates that Tao follows nature and lets nature take its course. It advocates quietness and inaction, keeping the feminine and soft, and using softness to overcome hardness. The political ideal is "a small country with few people" and "governing by doing nothing". After Laozi, Taoism internally divided into different sects, the famous four major sects: Zhuangzi School, Yang Zhu School, Song Yin School and Huanglao School. Here we mainly further explain the characteristics of Zhuangzi's prose. The profound philosophical thoughts contained in Zhuangzi's prose are not expressed through direct judgments and reasoning, but are expressed implicitly and clearly through unique images. of. Taking the inner chapters of "Zhuangzi" as an example, looking through each chapter, we can easily see that Zhuangzi's prose is almost all-encompassing. From ancient times to modern times, his eloquence is amazing. The wild horse of thought, galloping freely in boundless time and space, may seem absurd, but in fact there are traces to be found. To sum up, Zhuangzi's thoughts always revolve around the word "virtual", so he used a series of images to develop it from different aspects, forming his romantic style that is both real and illusory. Zhuangzi invented many animals and plants to serve his thoughts, and they all have human temperaments. In "Xiaoyaoyou", the Kunpeng moves by the wind, the short-sighted Xiao, the learning dove and the scolding bird; in "The Theory of Equality of Things", the "chaos and evenings" are hidden in name and reality, and in "The Master of Health", he pecks and drinks freely. Ze Pheasant, the overestimating mantis in "The Human World", the oak tree that knows the use of futility, the fish that cares about each other in "The Grand Master", etc. These images became a medium for Zhuangzi to clarify his philosophy, and they gave off a strange brilliance in Zhuangzi's prose, as if everything in nature had a soul. This is rare in other pre-Qin classics and cannot but be called Zhuangzi's creation. Characters in myths and legends are often portrayed and painted vividly, and they also account for a large proportion in the image system of Zhuangzi's prose.

Liezi "walked on the wind", which was extremely light and wonderful, but "returned after five days in ten days"; Xu You was not allowed to accept Yao's abdication, and was of no use to the world. He used the metaphor of not wanting to go beyond his duties to express his ambitions; especially the imaginary ones. The "god man" of Miaogushe Mountain has "skin as ice and snow, as graceful as a virgin. He eats no grains, inhales wind and drinks dew, rides on clouds, rides on flying dragons, and travels across the four seas. His divine concentration makes things flawless." "When there is drought, the grain will be ripe." Moreover, "the sky is soaked but not drowned, and the earth and mountains are scorched but not hot when there is a severe drought." This image and realm are purely fictional, but they entrust Zhuangzi's ideal of leisurely travel; although the words are mysterious, the meaning is far-reaching. Mohism: Representative figure: Mozi. Work: "Mozi". Mohism was one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States Period, and its founder was Mo Zhai. This school of thought takes "loving each other and benefiting each other" as the basis of its theory: mutual love means treating others as oneself; universal love means loving others as oneself. "The world loves each other" and the goal of "mutual benefit" can be achieved. Politically, we advocate respecting the virtuous, advocating for unity, and non-aggression; economically, we advocate strengthening the local government; and ideologically, we advocate respecting heaven and serving ghosts. At the same time, he also put forward the idea of ??"non-fate" and emphasized that he should rely on his own strength to do it. The Mohist family had a strict organization, and most of its members came from the lower classes of society. According to legend, all of them were able to endure hardships and endure hardships to inspire others. Those who engage in debate are called "Mobian"; those who engage in martial arts are called "Moxia"; their leaders are called "Juzi". Its discipline is strict, and it is said that "the Mohist's law is to kill those who kill and punish those who injure others" ("Lu Shi Chun Qiu: Qu Si"). After Mo Zhai's death, he split into three factions. In the late Warring States period, they merged into two branches: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics and other disciplines, and was called the "Moist School" (also known as the "Late Mohist School"); the other branch was transformed into the Qin and Han Dynasties. Social Ranger. Legalists, representative figures: Han Fei, Li Si. Work: "Han Feizi". Legalism was one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States Period. It was called Legalism because it advocated the rule of law and "no distinction between relatives and strangers, no distinction between high and low, and one that is based on the law." During the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong and Zichan were the pioneers of Legalism. In the early Warring States period, Li Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai, Shen Dao and others founded the Legalist school. By the end of the Warring States Period, Han Fei integrated Shang Yang's "method", Shen Dao's "power" and Shen Buhai's "technique" to assemble the culmination of Legalist thought and doctrine. Economically, this school advocates the abolition of well fields, focusing on agriculture and suppressing commerce, and rewarding farming and warfare; politically, it advocates the abolition of feudalism, the establishment of counties and counties, the use of autocratic monarchy, the use of power, and the use of severe punishments to rule; in terms of ideology and education, it advocates Forbid the theories of various schools of thought, use the Dharma as the teaching, and use the officials as the teachers. His theory provided theoretical basis and action strategy for the establishment of a unified monarchy. "Hanshu Yiwenzhi" records 217 legalist works, nearly half of which are extant today, the most important of which are "Shang Junshu" and "Han Feizi". Yin Yang family, representative: Zou Yan. The Yin Yang School was one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States Period. It was named after advocating the theory of Yin Yang and the Five Elements and using it to explain social and human affairs. This school of thought should have originated from the ruling class in charge of astronomy and calendars in ancient times. Its representative figure was Zou Yan, a native of Qi during the Warring States Period. The theory of Yin and Yang believes that Yin and Yang are the positive and negative opposing and transforming forces of things themselves, which can be used to explain the laws of development and change of things. The Five Elements Theory believes that all things are composed of five elements: wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. There are two laws of mutual generation and mutual victory (蜜) among them, which can be used to explain the origin and change of all things in the universe. Zou Yan synthesized the two and interpreted the attributes of the five elements as "five virtues" based on the theory of mutual generation and mutual victory of the five elements. He created the "theory of the beginning and end of the five virtues" and used it as the law for the rise and fall of dynasties in the past, and for the emerging unified dynasty. Provide theoretical basis for its establishment. In short, pre-Qin prose (including history and prose by various scholars) had reached a fairly mature stage by the end of the Warring States Period. It has appeared in many genres; it has gradually accumulated more mature artistic expression methods such as narrative, lyricism, description, argumentation, analysis, factual records, fiction, etc., and a number of writers and model works of different styles have emerged. These achievements laid a solid foundation for the development of literature in later generations.

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