1. The most interesting story

Lord Mengchang and his disciples In order to break up the alliance between Qi and Chu, King Qin Zhaoxiang used two methods.

He used hard means against Chu State, and soft means against Qi State. He heard that the most powerful minister in Qi was Lord Mengchang, so he invited Lord Mengchang to come to Xianyang, saying that he wanted to worship him as prime minister.

Lord Mengchang is a nobleman of Qi State, named Tian Wen. In order to consolidate his position, he specially recruited talents.

He took in all those who came to him and provided for them. This kind of people are called hangers-on, also called diners.

It is said that the next generation of Mengchangjun’s family had three thousand diners. Many of them actually have no skills and are just making a living.

When Lord Mengchang went to Xianyang, he took a large group of followers with him. King Qin Zhaoxiang welcomed him personally.

Mr. Mengchang presented a pure white fox fur robe as a meeting gift. King Qin Zhaoxiang knew that this was a very valuable silver fox skin, so he happily hid it in his inner treasury.

King Zhaoxiang of Qin originally planned to ask Lord Mengchang to be the prime minister. Someone said to him: "Tian Wen is a nobleman of the Qi State and has many people under his command. When he becomes the prime minister, he must first plan for the State of Qi. If the State of Qin does not Is it dangerous?" King Qin Zhaoxiang said, "Then let's send him back." They said, "He has lived here for many days, and he knows almost everything about the situation in Qin." , How can we easily let him go?" King Qin Zhaoxiang put Lord Mengchang under house arrest. Lord Mengchang was very anxious. He found out that King Qin had a favorite concubine beside him, so he asked someone to ask for help from her.

The concubine asked someone to send a message and said: "It is not difficult for me to speak to the king. I only want a silver fox fur robe." Mengchangjun discussed with his retainers and said: "I just want to do this." It has been given to King Qin, how can I get it back?" One of the retainers said: "I have a way." That night, the retainer secretly entered the palace and found the inner treasury. , stole the fox fur robe. Lord Mengchang gave the fox skin robe to King Qin Zhaoxiang's favorite concubine.

The concubine got the leather robe and persuaded King Qin Zhaoxiang to release Lord Mengchang back. As expected, King Qin Zhaoxiang agreed and issued a customs clearance document asking Lord Mengchang and others to go back.

Lord Mengchang got the document and hurriedly ran to Hanguguan. He was afraid that King Qin would regret it, so he changed his name and surname, and also changed the name on the document.

It was midnight when we got to the gate. According to the rules of the Qin State, every morning, people are not allowed to be released until the rooster crows.

While everyone was looking forward to dawn with a gloomy look, suddenly a doorman pinched his nose and began to crow like a rooster. One after another, all the roosters nearby began to crow.

The gatekeeper heard the rooster crow, opened the city gate, checked the customs documents, and let Mengchang out of the gate. King Qin Zhaoxiang regretted it and sent people to Hangu Pass. Lord Mengchang had already gone far.

Lord Mengchang returned to Qi and became the prime minister of Qi. There are even more diners under his door.

He divided the diners into several classes: the first-class diners had carriages and horses when going out, the ordinary diners had fish and meat to eat, and the lower-class diners could only eat simple meals. There was an old man named Feng Huan (formerly Feng) who was too poor to survive, so he came to live in Mengchangjun's family as a diner.

Jun Mengchang asked the steward: "What skills does this man have?" The steward replied: "He said he has no skills." Lord Mengchang smiled and said, "Let him stay."

The person in charge understood Mengchangjun's intention and treated Feng Huan as a low-class guest. A few days later, Feng Huan leaned on a pillar and knocked on his sword and hummed a song: "Long sword, let's go back, there is no fish for dinner!" The steward reported to Lord Mengchang, who said: "Give him fish to eat, as per Let's take care of the food for the general diners!" Five days later, Feng Huan banged his sword again and sang: "Long sword, let's go back, there is no car when we go out!" When Meng Changjun heard this, he told the steward again. : “Prepare a car for him and treat him like a distinguished guest.

"Five days later, Mr. Mengchang asked the steward again if Mr. Feng had any other opinions. The steward replied: "He is singing again, saying that he has no money to support his family. "

Mengchangjun asked and found out that Feng Huan had an old lady at home, so he sent someone to give his old lady some food and clothing. As expected, Feng Huan stopped singing.

Lord Mengchang raised so many retainers and took care of food and housing. His salary alone was far from enough. He lent money to the people in his fiefdom of Xuecheng (now southeast of Teng County, Shandong) and collected interest. It was a huge expense to maintain his family.

One day, Mengchangjun sent Feng Huan to Xuecheng to collect debts. Before Feng Huan left, he said goodbye to Mengchangjun and asked, "What should I buy when I come back." Come? " Mengchangjun said: "You can do it as you see fit. Just buy whatever my family needs.

"Feng Huan arrived in Xuecheng, gathered all the people who owed debts, and asked them to take out the bonds and check them. The people were worried about not being able to repay the debts, but Feng Huan falsely reported Mengchang Jun's decision in public. : Those who have not paid off the debt will be forgiven.

The people were skeptical after hearing this, so Feng Huan simply lit a fire and burned the bonds. Feng Huan rushed back to Linzi and told the whole story about the debt collection. Lord Mengchang.

Lord Mengchang was very angry after hearing this: "If you burn all the bonds, what will the three thousand people here eat?" Feng Huan said calmly: "Didn't you say before I left that I would buy whatever is in short supply here?" I feel like you don’t lack anything else here, but what you lack is the friendship of the people, so I bought back the ‘friendship’. "Mengchangjun said unhappily: "Forget it! " Later, Lord Mengchang's reputation grew.

King Qin Zhaoxiang was very worried when he heard that Qi State reused Lord Mengchang. He secretly sent people to Qi State to spread rumors, saying that Lord Mengchang had bought people's hearts and was about to become the leader. The king of Qi. Qi? At this time, most of the more than 3,000 guests had dispersed. Only Feng Huan followed him and drove to Xuecheng for him.

His carriage was still a hundred miles away from Xuecheng. When I arrived, I saw the people of Xuecheng, old and young, coming to greet me. Mengchangjun was very moved when he saw this scene.

He said to Feng Huan: "The kindness you bought for me in the past." ', I just saw it today. ".

2. Talk about the common sense of ancient literature

The so-called ancient literature refers to the collective name of literature before the May 4th New Culture Movement. It includes poetry, ancient prose, novels, and biographies and history books. I mainly explain my own opinions from the perspective of representation.

Poetry: It can be said that ancient China was the paradise of poetry, and the achievements of poetry in the "Book of Songs" are unmatched. The first of its kind, "Li Sao" is a divine song of imagination. Han Fu is famous for its parallel style and gorgeous words; the Tang Dynasty was the period when poetry was the most comprehensive, and Du Fu wrote history with poems; By the Song Dynasty, poetry developed in the direction of lyrics, which was another peak of ancient Chinese literature. A large number of famous poets emerged, such as Liu Yong's gracefulness, Dongpo's boldness, Xin Qiji's heroism, etc. Shocking the world, since then, the three peaks of poetry have been formed, which will be difficult for later generations to surpass.

In terms of ancient prose: The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were the most prosperous periods of ancient Chinese culture, laying the foundation for various cultures for thousands of years. Keynote. Hundreds of schools of thought contend and bloom. If you don't see Lao Zhuang, you will establish a sect with "Tao" and pass it down through the ages; if you don't see Confucius and Mencius, you will cultivate yourself with "Confucianism" and rule the country and bring peace to the world; if you don't see Mozi, you will "love all" and "not attack". More "saluting the virtuous", appointing people on their merits and praising them all over the world... When it came to the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties, "Han Liu" advocated the ancient cultural movement and opened a new chapter in prose... "Guanzhi of Ancient Prose", a collection of beautiful articles from all over the world; "The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons", comments Articles from all over the world!

In terms of novels: A large number of famous novelists appeared during the Ming and Qing Dynasties and wrote many masterpieces that have been widely circulated for a long time. The four masterpieces represent the highest achievements of novels.

Biography: Biography, as a new subject matter, did not take shape until the Tang Dynasty, and there were many biographies in the Ming Dynasty.

In terms of historical books: there are countless excellent historical works, such as "Historical Records" which is "the swan song of historians", "Zizhi Tongjian" which is "the emperor's strategy for governing the country", "Twenty-Four Histories" and so on.

That's it in general. If you need more details, please read "Common Sense of Ancient Literature".

3. The poet’s interesting literary common sense stories

Wanglu Mountain Waterfall (Tang Dynasty) Li Bai The incense burner produces purple smoke in the sunshine, and the waterfall hangs in front of the river in the distance.

The flying stream falls three thousand feet, and it is suspected that the Milky Way has fallen into the sky. Presented to Wang Lun (Tang Dynasty) Li Bai Li Bai was about to travel in a boat when he suddenly heard singing on the shore.

The water in Peach Blossom Pond is a thousand feet deep, not as deep as Wang Lun’s gift to me. Thoughts on a Quiet Night (Tang Dynasty) Li Bai The bright moonlight in front of the window is suspected to be frost on the ground.

Look up at the bright moon and lower your head to think about your hometown. Qiupu Song (Tang Dynasty) Li Bai's white hair is three thousand feet long, and his fate is as long as his head.

I don’t know where to find Qiu Shuang in the mirror. Li Bai (701-762), Tang Dynasty, Han nationality, six feet six tall, named Taibai, nicknamed Qinglian Jushi, a native of Jiangyou, Sichuan, a great romantic of the Tang Dynasty ism poet. His poetic style is bold and elegant, his imagination is rich, his language flows naturally, and his music is harmonious and changeable.

He is good at absorbing nutritious materials from folk songs and myths to form his unique magnificent colors. It is a new peak of positive romantic poetry since Qu Yuan. Together with Du Fu, he is known as the "Big Li Du". The great romantic poet of the era, also known as the "Poetic Immortal". Quatrains [Tang Dynasty] Du Fu Two orioles sing in the green willows, and a row of egrets ascend to the blue sky. The window contains the snow of Qianqiu in the West Ridge, and the boat thousands of miles away from the East Wu is moored at the door. Du Fu (712-770), also known as Zimei, called himself Shaoling Yelao, he lived in the prosperous Tang Dynasty A great poet, known as the "Saint of Poetry".

Originally from Xiangyang, Hubei, born in Gong County, Henan. The grandson of Du Shenyi, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty.

During the reign of Emperor Suzong of the Tang Dynasty, official Zuo collected the artifacts. After he entered Shu, his friend Yan Wu recommended him to be a staff officer of Jiannan Jiedu Mansion and a member of the school's Ministry of Industry.

Therefore, later generations also called him Du Shiyi and Du Gongbu. Bai Juyi's spring trip to Qiantang Lake. North of Gushan Temple and west of Jia Pavilion, the water surface is initially flat and the clouds are low.

In several places, early orioles compete for warmth in the trees, while new swallows peck at the spring mud. The random flowers are gradually charming the eyes, and only Asakusa has no horse hooves.

My favorite part of the lake is the east side of the lake, where there is a white sand embankment in the shade of green poplars. Bai Juyi, whose courtesy name was Letian and also known as Xiangshan Jushi.

His ancestral home is Taiyuan [now part of Shanxi]. , when his great-grandfather arrived, he moved to Xiaye (now north of Weinan, Shaanxi).

Bai Juyi's grandfather Bai Huang once served as the county magistrate of Gong County [Gongyi, Henan] and was a good friend of the then magistrate of Xinzheng [belonging to Henan]. Seeing the beautiful mountains and rivers of Xinzheng and the simple folk customs, Bai Huang liked it very much, so he moved his family to Dongguozhai Village (today's Dongguo Temple) in the west of Xinzheng City.

On the 20th day of the first lunar month in the seventh year of the Dali calendar of Emperor Daizong of the Tang Dynasty (772 AD), Bai Juyi was born in Dongguo House. Wuzong died in Luoyang [belonging to Henan] in August of the sixth year of Huichang (846) at the age of 75.

In his later years, he became the crown prince Shaofu, with the posthumous title "Wen", and was known as Bai Fu and Bai Wengong in the world. In literature, he actively advocated the New Yuefu Movement, advocating that articles should be written according to the times and poems should be written according to the events. He wrote many poems that lamented the current times and reflected the people's sufferings, which had a great influence on later generations.

He is a very important poet in the history of Chinese literature. Summer Thoughts Su Shi The courtyard is deep and clear in summer, and pomegranates are blooming all over the curtains.

At noon in the shade of trees, I dream of a wandering oriole. Su Shi (1037-1101) was a writer, calligrapher and painter in the Song Dynasty. His courtesy name is Zizhan, his nickname is Hezhong, and his nickname is Dongpo Jushi.

A native of Meishan, Meizhou (now part of Sichuan). "Shi'er" Lu You After death, I know that everything is in vain, but I am not as sad as Jiuzhou.

Wang Shibei fixed the day of the Central Plains, and he never forgot to tell Nai Weng about family sacrifices! Lu You was a patriotic poet of the Southern Song Dynasty who devoted his life to the just cause of resisting the Jin Dynasty and regaining lost land. Although they have been repeatedly squeezed and attacked by capitulationists, their patriotic enthusiasm has never diminished.

There is no suitable vulgar charm, but my nature loves hills and mountains. I accidentally fell into the dust net, and I have been gone for thirteen years. The tame birds miss the old forest, and the pond fish miss the old abyss. I opened up the wilderness in the south, and returned to the garden in a humble way. The square house is more than ten acres, and the thatched house is eighty-nine. In the room, there are elms and willows on the back eaves, and in front of the peach and plum hall. The distant village is warm, and the smoke in the ruins is there. Dogs bark in the deep lanes, and roosters crow on top of the mulberry trees. There is no dust in the courtyard, and there is plenty of leisure in the empty room. After spending a long time in the cage, Return to nature. Tao Yuanming (365? ~ 427), also known as Qian, with the courtesy name Yuanliang and the nickname Mr. Wuliu. Tao Yuanming's representative works include "The Peach Blossom Spring" gt; With the remaining wine, I tried to ask the person behind the curtain, but I found that Begonia was still the same. Do you know, do you know, it should be green fat, red and thin.

Li Qingzhao (AD 1084-1151?), named Yi Anju, was born in Zhangqiu, Jinan, and was an outstanding female poet in the Song Dynasty. Li Qingzhao was born in a scholarly family. His father, Li Gefei, was proficient in classics and history and was good at prose. His mother, Wang, also knew how to write and write.

Under the influence of her family, she became outstanding in literary talent at a young age. Li Qingzhao was proficient in poetry, poetry, prose, calligraphy, painting, and music, and his achievement in poetry was the highest.

Picking mulberry seeds on the middle wall of Shubo Mountain Road. The young man does not know the feeling of sorrow and falls in love with the upper floors. Falling in love with the upper floors, I force myself to express my sorrow in order to compose new words.

Now that I know all the sorrow, I still want to say it. I wanted to stop talking, but I said it was a cool autumn. Xin Qiji (1140-1207), a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, died at the age of 67.

The original name was Tanfu, changed to Youan, and the name was Jiaxuan. He was from Licheng (now Jinan, Shandong) and of Han nationality. A great poet and patriot in the history of our country.

He is as famous as Su Shi and is known as "Su Xin". In history, he and Li Qingzhao are also known as "Jinan Er'an". He was sent to Du Shaofu and was appointed as Shuzhou Wang Bo. The city was built to assist the Three Qin Dynasties, and the wind and smoke looked to Wujin.

I want to say goodbye to you, both are eunuchs. There are close friends in the sea, and there are neighbors in the world.

Inaction is on the wrong road, and the children are in trouble. Wang Bo (649~675), a poet of the Tang Dynasty. The word is Zian.

A native of Longmen, Jiangzhou (now Hejin, Shanxi). Wang Bo is as famous as Yang Jiong, Lu Zhaolin and Luo Bin for their poetry and prose, and they are also known as "Wang Yang Lu Luo" and "the Four Heroes of the Early Tang Dynasty".

4. Looking for some interesting literary knowledge

Chinese characters are one of the oldest writing systems in the world, with a history of about 6,000 years. From the ancient legend of Cangjie's creation of characters to the discovery of oracle bone inscriptions more than 100 years ago, Chinese scholars of all ages have been dedicated to uncovering the mystery of the origin of Chinese characters.

Regarding the origin of Chinese characters, there are various theories in ancient Chinese literature, such as "knotting ropes", "gossip", "pictures", "book deeds", etc. Ancient books also generally record that the Yellow Emperor historian Cangjie made word legend. Modern scholars believe that a systematic writing tool cannot be completely created by one person. If Cangjie does exist, he should be the organizer or promulgator of writing.

Guo Moruo and Yu Shengwu, the older generation of historians and paleontologists in my country, once believed that the emergence of Chinese characters can be traced back to the Banpo Yangshao culture 6,000 years ago, and the formation of Chinese characters The process was in the middle of 3000 BC. A more eclectic opinion holds that Chinese writing "germinated among the people" in the late primitive society 6,000 years ago, and "formed a relatively complete writing system" in the middle and late Xia Dynasty 4,000 years ago.

In recent years, due to the rapid development of archaeological work, a large number of new clues have been provided to explore the origin of Chinese writing. The "Xi'an Banpo" excavation report published in 1963 initially pointed out that the engraved symbols on Yangshao Culture pottery may be related to the origin of writing. The absolute age of the Banpo type of Yangshao Culture is approximately 4000 BC.

From 1984 to 1987, three tortoise shells with symbols and one stone tool with symbols were unearthed from several tombs at the Jiahu site in Wuyang County, Henan. The shape of the symbol is very similar to the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty. The age of the site is earlier than 5500 BC.

In recent decades, the Chinese archaeological community has released a series of unearthed materials that are earlier than the oracle bone inscriptions of the Yin Ruins and related to the origin of Chinese characters. These materials mainly refer to the engraved or painted symbols on pottery that appeared in the late primitive society and the early slave society. They also include a small amount of symbols engraved on oracle bones, jades, stone tools, etc. It can be said that they all provide new basis for explaining the origin of Chinese characters.

Chinese characters are a writing system with independent origin. It does not depend on any foreign writing system for its existence. However, its origin is not single. It has gone through multiple and long-term adjustments. It probably entered the Xia era During this period, the ancestors creatively invented a system of written symbols for recording language based on their extensive experience in absorbing and using early symbols. At that time, the Chinese character system matured relatively quickly.

It is reported that, judging from the written materials unearthed from archaeological excavations, China already had formal writing at least during the Yu and Xia Dynasties. The written materials of the Shang Dynasty are mainly carried by the oracle bones and bronze ritual vessels used for divination in the Yin Ruins. It is the earliest mature writing discovered in China so far.

5. Interesting stories about literature

What is literature? Literature is human studies.

Literature is a reflection of people's daily life and a representation of the relationship between human beings and nature. Literature can not only reveal the essence of life, but also reflect people's emotions.

If human beings do not have literature, their lives will be dull and boring. Therefore, great writers are engineers of the human soul.

Lu Xun was a great writer, thinker, and literary giant of the 20th century. His influence and contribution to modern Chinese culture were huge. Lu Xun wrote a large number of essays and creative works throughout his life. He wrote a series of short and medium-sized novels such as "Diary of a Madman" and "The True Story of Ah Q". He revealed the "cannibalistic" nature of traditional society and various hidden diseases of modern society. Shakespeare was an outstanding poet and great playwright. His life was very rough, but it was also a glorious life.

The sonnets he created can be called the model of sonnets in the world. His plays pioneered drama, especially his famous four tragedies and four comedies.

Since "Hamlet" was put on the stage, it has enjoyed an unfailing reputation for hundreds of years! Shakespeare's dramatic art has influenced the world, and his works are considered treasures of human art. The million-word "A Dream of Red Mansions" is an unsurpassable peak of Chinese classical novels and occupies a place in the history of world literature.

As long as Chinese literature is mentioned, "Dream of Red Mansions" cannot be mentioned without mentioning Cao Xueqin. Cao Xueqin's life is a life of ups and downs.

No matter how poor he was, he never gave up the profound and sharp pen in his hand. It was with this spirit that Cao Xueqin left a treasure for Chinese literature - "A Dream of Red Mansions". There are many giants who have influenced world literature, and Goethe is one of the giants of world literature.

His poetic drama "Faust" has become one of the most influential masterpieces in the history of world literature with its profound thoughts and almost perfect artistic expression. Goethe was also a thinker and art theorist.

He participated in and led the "Hurricane Movement", which had a great influence and made an indelible contribution to the German "Renaissance". Balzac, France's greatest critical realist writer, used his pen to describe the entire French society in the 19th century. He created nearly a hundred novels in his life, which are called "human comedies."

The world-famous fairy tale master Andersen has created a large number of artistic treasures for children of all nationalities around the world, and his works have influenced generations of people. "The Little Match Girl", "The Ugly Duckling", "The Daughter of the Sea", "The Emperor's New Clothes", etc. are all famous works that will last forever.

Russia is a major country in world literature, and Russian literature has a great influence on world literature. Tolstoy is a peak of Russian literature.

He devoted his life to the propaganda of "Tolstoyism" and created the famous "War and Peace", "Resurrection" and "Anna Karenina".

As a master of short stories, Mark Twain left a wealth of artistic works to world literature.

Hemingway created the American "tough guy" literature style. Hemingway's famous saying is: "I would rather be destroyed than defeated." This idea is vividly reflected in "The Old Man and the Sea".

6. An ancient literary common sense

It is Zhong Wuyan who lived in the Spring and Autumn Period. His real name was Zhong Lichun. He was very ugly, with deep-set eyes and long knuckles. His skin is like paint and his voice is like that of a night owl, so he is still homeless when he is over 40 years old.

But don’t underestimate her. This girl with ordinary appearance and ordinary development seems to have no ambition. However, she can spend the most energy and time thinking.

When other folk women began to show off their flowers and put on makeup and makeup, she was idle; when other women were diligently serving their parents-in-law with dustpans and brooms, she was idle; when other women were running around and running around their children. , dancing, she was idle. Others have big projects in hand to capture men and manage the family, but she does not.

However, this girl is not weak. She has some private projects in progress. This is how steel is made. On this day, Wuyan mustered up the courage to go to Linzi to ask for an audience with King Xuan of Qi, and said shamelessly: "I admire the king's virtues, and I am willing to hold the broom and obey the orders."

In fact, if Wuyan was a beautiful woman, , she is dead. In the Spring and Autumn Period, all countries feared nothing but spies.

At that time, there was free movement of people, and there would be talented people coming from thousands of miles away every two days: don’t be afraid of trouble; be afraid of not being able to sleep if you want them. Among them, 1/3 are sincere defectors, 1/3 are spies, and the other 1/3 are double agents.

Among them, beautiful spies are the most dangerous. Once they fall into the trap, they will be turned into dregs by the enemy. Therefore, when King Xuan of Qi saw a beautiful woman recommending herself, he suspected that she had bad intentions and usually killed her.

But Wuyan is too ugly to be a spy. When King Xuan of Qi saw Wu Yan, he couldn't help laughing.

Wuyan said seriously: "Your Majesty, you are too dangerous, too dangerous." King Qi Xuan asked her to talk.

Wu Yan raised his eyes and looked around, gritted his teeth, waved his hands and touched his knees. Everyone was stunned, wondering what it meant.

Wu Yancai pretended to be silent and said: "Looking up is to look at the flames of war all around; gnashing teeth is to speak on behalf of the king, and constantly admonishing and blocking the way; waving is to remove the traitors and sycophants on behalf of the king; stroking the knees is to represent the king on behalf of the king. Dismantle the extravagant platform..." King Qi Xuan couldn't stand this kind of coaxing and deception, so he had to marry Wu Yan and make her his queen. Under Wuyan's guidance, Qi State became the most powerful "State of Thousands of Times", and Linzi became the cultural center of the Warring States Period.

Wuyan is a famous woman with no appearance but virtuousness. Huangdi, Xu Yun, Zhuge Liang, and Liang Hong also married such women, but I have never heard of any man envying them. Presumably the salt-free people are not really happy.

She is the logo, symbol, and symbol of Qi State. She is also King Xuan of Qi's wise helper, teacher, and courtier. She is not just a lover. Zhuge Liang dedicated his life to the country, but he had no family; Liang Hong and Mengguang spent their whole lives raising eyebrows and treating each other like guests, boring until death - even if you marry them, you will not necessarily be happy.

However, if you are born with deficiencies and cannot aspire to be loved by a man or a woman, you can only rely on acquired wisdom to win your destiny and realize your ambition.