"Xue Ji" is a paper about ancient education in "Book of Rites". The following is the relevant content of the three classical Chinese translations I brought to Xueji. I hope it will be helpful to you.
Original text of "Three Principles of Learning"
Consideration of the Constitution. Seek kindness. Enough to flatter you. Not enough to move the crowd. The virtuous body is far away. Enough to move the crowd. Not enough to convert the people. A gentleman wants to transform the people into customs. It must be learned
Jade cannot be polished. Ineffective. People don’t learn. have no idea. He is the ancient king. The founding of the country by the king and the people. Teaching comes first. Fuli Ming said. Reading ends with learning. This is what it means.
Although there are delicious dishes. No food. I don’t know its purpose. Although there is a way. Fu Xue. I don’t know how good it is. This is why after learning, one does not know enough. Teach and then find out. Not enough knowledge. Then you can reflect on yourself and realize your difficulties. Then you can strengthen yourself. So it is said. Teaching complements each other. Fuli Ming said. Study and half. This is what it means.
The ancient teacher. There is a private school at home. The party has a stronghold. Techniques are orderly. State-owned education. Enrollment every year. Middle-aged school entrance examination. One year of Shili Jingjing. Three years of dedication and joy. Five years of experience as a personal teacher. Seven years of visual theory learning and making friends. It's called a small success. Nine years of knowledge and understanding. Be strong and not rebel. It's called great success. The husband will then be able to change the people and customs. Those who are near are convinced. And those who are far away cherish it. This is the way of a university. Remember. Moths are the best at times. This is what it means.
Start teaching at university. Pi Ben sacrifices vegetables. Show respect. Xiao Yaxue III. The beginning of the official career. Admission drum. Sun Qiye also. Xia and Chu two things. Receive its power. Unknown. Ignore learning. Traveling with his ambitions. Watching the time without saying anything. Keep it in mind. Young people listen but don't ask questions. There is no way to learn without waiting. These seven. The great ethics of teaching. Remember. Where to learn. Official first. Scholars’ first ambitions. This is what it means.
Teaching in universities. Timely teaching must be done correctly. After retirement, you must study abroad. Don't learn how to do it. Can't set the string. Don’t learn from Boyi. Can't place poems. Don’t learn miscellaneous clothing. Can't be polite. Not interested in his art. Not willing to learn. Therefore, a gentleman is good at learning. Hidden and repaired. How can I rest and travel? Fu Ran. Let him study and get close to his teacher. Enjoy your friends and believe in your ways. Therefore, although he left his master and assisted him, he did not rebel. Fuli Ming said. Respect Sun Wu Shi Min. Come and repair. This is what it means.
Today’s teacher. Moaning and taking over. Lots of news. Talking about numbers. And then regardless of its safety. It makes people unable to help themselves. You can't teach people to their full potential. It is also contrary to what he has given. The one he seeks is Buddha. Fu Ran. He hides his learning and discredits his teacher. It’s hard to suffer without knowing the benefits. Although he has finished his career. It must go quickly. Teach them without punishment. The reason for this.
The method of university. It is forbidden to say Yu before it is released. When it can be called. Those who do not give to the mausoleum festival are called sun. Looking at each other and being kind is called Mo. These four. The reason for teaching is to prosper.
Publish and then ban. Then it will be invincible. Time passes and you learn. It's hard work but hard to achieve. Miscellaneous gifts but not grandchildren. It will become messy and not repaired. Study alone without friends. Then he is lonely and ignorant. Yan Peng rebelled against his master. Yan Pi abolished his studies. These six. The reason for teaching is to abolish it.
A gentleman knows the reason for teaching. He also knows why teaching should be abolished. Then you can become a teacher. Therefore, it is also the teaching metaphor of a gentleman. The road is unstoppable. Strong but irrepressible. Open and Fuda. If the Tao does not lead, then there will be harmony. If it is strong but cannot be suppressed, it will be easy. Open and Buddha is thinking. And Yi Yisi. It's a good metaphor.
Scholars make four mistakes. Teachers must know it. Human learning is also. Or lose more. Or if you lose, you will be few. It's easy to lose. Or stop if you lose. These four. The hearts are not the same. Know his heart. Then you can save him from his loss. Those who teach. It is also good to save the lost ones.
A good singer. Let people follow his voice. A good teacher. Let people continue their ambitions. His words are also agreed upon. Micro and Zang. It’s rare to use an analogy. It can be said to be a successor of ambition.
A gentleman knows how difficult it is to learn. And know its beauty and evil. Then you can express yourself well. Able to express metaphors. Then you can become a teacher. Can be a teacher. Then it can grow. Can be long. Then I can do it for you. The old teacher is also the one. Therefore, learning is the king. This is why you should not be careless when choosing a teacher. Remember. Three kings and four generations were his only teacher. This is what it means.
The way of learning. Master Yan is in trouble. Master Yan and then Tao Zun. Tao Zun. Then the people know and respect learning. This is why the king does not submit to his ministers. Consider it a corpse. Then Fu Chen also. Consider him a teacher. Then Fu Chen also. University gift. Although he issued an edict to the emperor. No north. So respect your teacher.
Good scholar. The teacher escapes and the result is doubled. And thus mediocre. Bad scholar. The teacher is diligent but gets half the result. Then he complained about it. A good questioner is like attacking a strong tree. The one who changes first. Later the program. It's been a long time. Explain with explanation. Those who are not good at asking will do the same. Treating those who ask questions kindly is like ringing a bell. If you knock it small, it will make a small sound. If you knock it loudly, it will make a loud sound. Wait for him to take it easy. Then do your best. Those who are not good at answering questions will do the same. These are all ways to learn.
The study of remembering questions. Not enough to be a teacher. He must also listen to the words. I can't ask questions. Then say it. Say it without knowing it. Although it is okay to give it up. Liangye's son. You must learn to be Qiu. The son of Liang Gong. You must learn to be a Ji. The first person to drive a horse will do the opposite. The chariot is in front of the horse. The gentleman observes these three things. You can be determined to learn.
Ancient scholars. Ugly than anything. The drum is no match for the five sounds. The five tones are in harmony. Water is not equivalent to the five colors. The five colors are all indistinguishable. Learning has nothing to do with the five senses. The five senses cannot be treated without treatment. There is no teacher worthy of five services. The five clothes are worth noting.
The gentleman said. Great virtue is not official. The road is not a tool. Daxin does not make an appointment. Sometimes it's uneven. Observe these four. You can be determined to learn. The Three Kings offer sacrifices to Sichuan. They all start with the river and then the sea. Or the source. Or commissioned. This is called serving the foundation.
Being close to wise men and being close to people who are alienated from you can stir up the public's hearing, but it cannot play the role of educating the people.
If a gentleman wants to educate the people and form good customs, he must pay attention to setting up schools and teaching!
Without carving, jade cannot be turned into a good utensil; without learning, people cannot understand the truth. Therefore, when ancient kings established a country and ruled the people, they first established schools and taught people. It is said in the chapter "Shang Shu Dui Ming": "The main thing should always be to establish schools and teach people." This is what we are talking about!
Although there are delicious dishes, you won’t know its deliciousness if you don’t eat them; even though there are profound and perfect principles, you won’t understand its benefits if you don’t study them. Therefore, you can know your own shortcomings through learning, and you can feel confused by teaching others. Only when you know your own academic shortcomings can you be strict with yourself; only when you feel confused can you study tirelessly. Therefore, teaching and learning promote each other. The chapter "Dui Ming" says: "(In the teaching process) teaching and learning are two aspects of the same thing." This is the truth!
In ancient times, schools were organized and organized. Every twenty-five "houses" had schools called "shu", each "party" had its own school called "庠", and each "shu" had its own school. The school was called "Xu", and there was a university in the capital of the emperor or the princes.
The (school) recruits students every year and examines students every other year. In the first year, students are tested on their basic reading skills such as sentence segmentation and chapter breaking. In the third year, students are tested on whether they are focused on studying and getting close to their classmates. In the fifth year, they are tested on whether students are studying extensively and getting close to teachers. In the seventh year, students are tested on whether students discuss academic rights and wrongs and The ability to identify friends (passing this stage of learning) is called "small success". In the ninth year, students who can draw inferences from one instance, make inferences, have strong beliefs, and do not violate the teacher's teachings (reaching the learning standards of this stage) are called "dacheng". Only in this way can we educate the people, change customs, make people around us sincerely convinced, and people from far away will come to obey him. This is the purpose of teaching people in universities. An ancient book says: "(Those who are studying) should imitate the spirit of the little ants that hold the soil in their mouths and continue to build a mound. (Studying tirelessly can lead from "small success" to "big success")". That’s the truth!
When the university begins, the emperor (the emperor or officials) wears formal clothes and prepares sacrificial dishes to worship the sages to show respect for their teachers. Students should recite the "Book of Songs: Xiaoya" (Lu Ming, Four The three poems (Mu, Huanghuangzhehua) (narrating the harmony between monarchs and ministers) made them feel like they wanted to be officials as soon as they entered school; students were asked to unpack their school supplies according to the sound of drums, making them take their studies seriously; at the same time, they displayed the ruler, In order to maintain a neat and serious order; (students enroll in spring, instructors) do not test students unless there is a summer festival, so that students have ample time to study according to their own wishes. (During the learning process) Teachers should first observe rather than tell them anything in advance, so that they can think carefully; older students should ask the teacher for advice, and younger students should listen carefully and not interject, because learning should be gradual and cannot skip levels. These seven points are the outline of the teaching sequence. Ancient books say: "In teaching activities, teachers must first perform their duties, and scholars must first be determined." This is what it means!
The educational activities of the university are carried out according to the season, and each has formal homework; during breaks, there are also extracurricular assignments. If you don’t learn music outside class, you won’t be able to play the piano well in class; if you don’t learn music outside class, you won’t be able to learn poetry well in class; if you don’t learn the knowledge of sweeping and cleaning outside class, you won’t be able to learn etiquette well in class. It can be seen that if you don't learn various kinds of arts, you can't be happy with the main lessons you learn. Therefore, when a gentleman treats his studies, he must learn the main lessons well when doing homework in class; when resting at home, he must learn various miscellaneous arts well. Only in this way can we study with peace of mind, get close to teachers, be willing to make friends with the masses, and firmly believe in the principles we have learned. Even if we leave the guidance of teachers, we will not violate the principles we have learned. It is said in "Dui Ming" that "as long as you concentrate on studying with humility and respect, and study quickly and quickly, you will be able to achieve academic success." That's what it means!
Today's teachers can rely solely on Reciting texts, mass indoctrination, and blindly rushing to progress, regardless of students' ability to accept, prevent them from settling down to study. Teaching people cannot teach students in accordance with their aptitude, and cannot fully develop students' talents. The teaching method violates the principles of teaching. The requirements are not in line with the student's reality. In this way, the student will hate his studies and resent his teachers. He will suffer from the difficulties of study and not understand the benefits of it. Even if he graduates, he will forget what he has learned quickly. The purpose will not be achieved, and the reason is here!
The method of university teaching: preventing students from making mistakes before they occur is called prevention; educating at the appropriate time is called Timeliness; educating without exceeding the talents and age characteristics of the educated are called in order; learning from each other's strengths and weaknesses is called observing. These four points are the experience of successful teaching.
Revent mistakes when they occur. There is a tendency to be solid and difficult to break; if you miss the opportunity to learn and make amends afterwards, it is more difficult to succeed despite hard work; the teacher is disorganized and does not follow the rules, and the order is disrupted, and it is out of control; you can meditate alone. Thinking hard and not discussing with friends will lead to shallow knowledge and limited knowledge; associating with undecent friends will inevitably disobey the teacher's teachings; engaging in some unorthodox conversations will inevitably lead to the neglect of serious study. It is the reason for teaching failure.
A gentleman can be a good teacher if he not only understands the experience of successful teaching but also understands the reasons for teaching failure.
Therefore, when teachers teach people, they are inspiring and inducing: (to students) inducing but not pulling; encouraging but not forcing; guiding the way of learning, but not directly telling students the answers. (Teachers to students) If they induce but do not pull, teachers and students will be harmonious; if they encourage but do not force, students will find it easier to learn; if they inspire but do not do everything for them, students will delve into and think on their own. Being able to achieve harmony between teachers and students, making students feel that learning is easy and enabling them to think independently can be said to be good at inspiring and inducing.
There are four mistakes students make in learning, which teachers must understand: The reasons why people fail in learning are either because they are greedy for too much, or have narrow knowledge, or have a careless attitude. Or stop because of fear. These four points are caused by the different psychology and talents of students. Only when teachers understand the different psychological characteristics of those being educated can they help students overcome their shortcomings. The role of education is to enable educated people to develop their strengths and overcome their weaknesses.
A person who can sing not only has a pleasant and touching voice, but also makes people sing along involuntarily. A person who can teach not only imparts knowledge to others, but also induces students to learn from him consciously. Teachers' lectures should be simple, clear, concise and complete, with few examples but able to illustrate the problem. In this way, the purpose of making students consciously follow him can be achieved.
A gentleman should distinguish the students’ talents according to the difficulty they find when learning, and then be able to differentiate the situation and inspire and induce students in various aspects. Only by being able to inspire and induce in many aspects can one be a good teacher. Only one who can be a good teacher can be an official, and one who can be an official can be a ruler. Therefore, those who are teachers are those who teach the art of governing. For this reason, you must be careful when choosing a teacher. Ancient books say: "The ancient kings made the selection of teachers their first priority." That’s the truth!
In education, respecting teachers is extremely valuable. Only by respecting the teacher can we value the Tao he teaches. If the king above him can respect his teachers, his people will be able to concentrate on their studies. Therefore, there are two types of ministers who are not treated as ministers by the king: first, those who are receiving sacrifices on behalf of the deceased are not treated as ministers; second, teachers are not treated as ministers. According to the etiquette system, although (these two types of people) are summoned by the emperor, they are exempted from the etiquette of meeting the king. This is to show respect for teachers and morality.
Those who know how to learn can make teachers achieve good results with little effort, and are grateful to the teacher; people who cannot learn will still blame the teacher even if the teacher is very diligent but has little effect. People who can ask questions are like a carpenter who chops wood, starting with the easy parts first and then cutting the hard knots (ask the easy questions first, then the difficult ones). In this way, the problem will be easily solved; People are the opposite. When someone asks a question, you should answer it in a targeted manner, just like ringing a bell. Use less force, and the bell will sound smaller. If you use more force, the bell will sound louder. Ring it calmly, and let others finish the question before answering slowly; The answer to the question is exactly the opposite. The above are talking about methods of teaching.
You cannot be a good teacher by merely memorizing bits and pieces of knowledge. You must have profound knowledge and be ready to give satisfactory answers to students' questions at any time. If a student can't ask a question, then tell him that it's okay to delve into certain aspects. After telling him, if he still can't understand, don't continue talking.
(If he wants to learn his father's superb craftsmanship), the son of a skilled metallurgist must first learn to sew fur coats; the son of a skilled bowsmith must first learn to weave dustpans. The pony used to learn to pull a cart should be placed behind the cart and followed. A gentleman can do a good job in teaching if he understands these three examples of how to succeed in his career (by starting with the easier and then the more difficult, from the easy to the deep, through repeated practice, and step by step).
People who studied in ancient times were able to compare similar things and draw inferences about other cases. Drums are not the same as the five tones, and if there is no drum sound in the five tones, there will be no harmony; water is not the same as the five colors, but the five colors cannot be vivid and pleasing to the eye without being harmonized by water; learning is not the same as the five senses, but the five senses will not be the same without learning and training. Good functions will occur; the teacher is not the same as the close relationship between the five clothes, but without the guidance of the teacher, people cannot understand the intimate relationship between the five clothes.
A gentleman says that a person with high moral character is not limited to holding a certain official position; the universal law does not only apply to that one thing; a person with great faithfulness does not need to swear before he can be trusted. He: There are four seasons in the sky, and there is no need to keep them in time. Once you understand these four points (you can understand how to learn by doing), you must also grasp the fundamental truth. When the three kings in ancient times worshiped rivers, they always offered sacrifices to the river first and then to the sea. This is because the river is the source of water, and the sea is the destination of water.
This is called grasping the fundamentals!