The universe is the general name of the vast space and all kinds of celestial bodies and dispersed substances existing in it. The universe is a material world, which is in constant movement and development.
Huai Nan Zi. Original note: "The four directions are called Yu, and from ancient times to the present, Zhou is called heaven and earth." In other words, the universe is the floorboard of everything in the world.
For thousands of years, scientists have been exploring when and how the universe was formed. Until today, scientists are convinced that the universe was formed by a big bang about 654.38+0.5 billion years ago.
Before the explosion, all the matter and energy in the universe gathered together and condensed into a very small volume with extremely high temperature and density, and then a big explosion occurred.
The big bang dispersed the matter, expanded the space and lowered the temperature accordingly. Later, all the galaxies, stars, planets and even life in the universe were gradually formed in this process of continuous expansion and cooling.
However, the theory that the Big Bang produced the universe cannot accurately explain what existed before "stored matter and energy gathered at one point".
The Big Bang theory was founded by Gamov in 1946. It is the most influential theory in the modern cosmic system, also known as the Big Bang Cosmology. Compared with other models of the universe, it can explain more observational facts. Its main point is that our universe once had an evolutionary history from hot to cold. During this period, the cosmic system is not static, but constantly expanding, which makes the density of matter evolve from dense to sparse. This process from hot to cold, from dense to thin, is like a huge explosion.
According to BIGBANG's cosmology, the whole process of BIGBANG was in the early universe, and the temperature was extremely high, above 1000 billion degrees. The density of matter is also quite large, and the whole universe system is in equilibrium. There are only some elementary particles in the universe, such as neutrons, protons, electrons, photons and neutrinos. But because the whole system is expanding, the temperature drops rapidly. When the temperature drops to about1000 billion degrees, neutrons begin to lose the condition of free existence, and they either decay or combine with protons to form heavy hydrogen, helium and other elements. It was from this period that chemical elements began to form. When the temperature further drops to 654.38 0 million degrees, the early process of forming chemical elements ends.
The substances in the universe are mainly protons, electrons, photons and some lighter nuclei. When the temperature drops to several thousand degrees, the radiation decreases, and the universe is mainly gaseous. Gas gradually condenses into gas clouds, and then further forms various star systems, becoming the universe we see today.
Big bang cosmology
Big bang cosmology is the most influential theory in modern cosmology. Compared with other cosmological models, it can explain more observational facts. Its main point is that our universe once had an evolutionary history from hot to cold. During this period, the cosmic system is not static, but constantly expanding, which makes the density of matter evolve from dense to sparse. This process from cold to hot and from dense to sparse is like a large-scale explosion.
According to BIGBANG's cosmology, the whole process of BIGBANG was in the early universe, and the temperature was extremely high, above 1000 billion degrees. The density of matter is also quite large, and the whole universe system is in equilibrium. There are only some elementary particles in the universe, such as neutrons, protons, electrons, photons and neutrinos. But because the whole system is expanding, the temperature drops rapidly. When the temperature drops to about1000 billion degrees, neutrons begin to lose the condition of free existence, and they either decay or combine with protons to form heavy hydrogen, helium and other elements. It was from this period that chemical elements began to form.
When the temperature further drops to 654.38 0 million degrees, the early process of forming chemical elements ends. The substances in the universe are mainly protons, electrons, photons and some lighter nuclei. When the temperature drops to several thousand degrees, the radiation decreases, and the universe is mainly gaseous substances, which gradually condense into gas clouds, and then further form various star systems, becoming the universe we see today.
The Big Bang model can uniformly explain the following observations:
1. The Big Bang theory holds that all stars were born after the temperature dropped, so the age of any celestial body should be shorter than the period when the temperature dropped to today, that is, less than 20 billion years. The measurement of the ages of various celestial bodies proves this.
2. It is observed that there is a systematic red shift of spectral lines of celestial bodies outside the river, and the red shift is roughly proportional to the distance. If it is explained by Doppler effect, then the red shift is a reflection of the expansion of the universe.
Helium is quite abundant in various celestial bodies, most of which are 30%. The mechanism of stellar nuclear reaction is not enough to explain why there is so much helium. According to the big bang theory, the early temperature was very high and the efficiency of producing helium was also very high, which can explain this fact.
4. According to the expansion speed and helium abundance of the universe, the temperature of the universe in each historical period can be calculated. Gamov, one of the founders of the Big Bang theory, predicted that today's universe is already very cold, and the absolute temperature is only a few degrees. 1965 detected microwave background radiation with thermal radiation spectrum in microwave band, and the temperature was about 3K. This result is consistent with the prediction of the big bang theory qualitatively and quantitatively. However, in terms of the origin and isotropic distribution of galaxies, there are still some unsolved problems in Big Bang cosmology.
Introduction to the theory of natural selection in the universe
Why is the universe what we observed? Why does it have those basic constant values measured so far? In the early 1980s, the most popular expanding universe model was developed under the framework of the Big Bang: the universe expanded by about 1 0-30 times in less than1second after the Big Bang, about the size of an orange, and then began to expand at a relatively stable speed. Until now, it has become today's1500 million years. In this process, matter "bulges" gradually formed galaxies, stars and life. The length of the expansion period of this model is a key. A little shorter, the matter will all be scattered, and the original universe will collapse again from this as a starting point; If it were a little longer, the matter in the original universe would be too dispersed to form galaxies and stars, and there would naturally be no life and human beings. Therefore, the question of why inflation is so accurate arises. According to the current basic laws of physics, the "natural size" of the universe generated by the Big Bang should only be subatomic, that is, the Pockrone length is 10-35, and such a universe is short-lived. Linde, a former Soviet scientist, put forward the concept of "self-propagating universe"-"It is very likely that the universe we are studying was formed by several early universes." 1987, Hawking further proposed the "baby universes" model, in which two universes are connected by a thin "tube", which is called a "wormhole". The universe is the mother universe, and there may be wormholes branching from the mother universe, and the other end is free. Such a tube becomes a sub-universe and a baby universes. In other words, besides our universe, there may be many other universes connected by wormholes. 1992, Satsumahayashi put forward the theory of natural selection in the universe on the basis of predecessors. Mother Universe is enclosed in space, just like a black hole. After living for a period of time, the black hole collapses into a singularity, and the singularity will rebound and explode, expanding into a new next-generation universe. The main point of this theory is that the physical constants in the sub-universe will change randomly, small or strong or weak compared with the mother universe, and the newly born baby universes can expand to several times the length of Pockrone before it collapses into a singularity again. The physical constant of random mutation may allow a small expansion, and the sub-universe may be larger. When it is large enough, it can be divided into two or more different regions, and each region collapses into a new singularity. Novelty also triggered the next generation of sub-universe. According to the legend of the times, some small universes collapse again, and some universes with some basic constant values can produce many black holes more effectively, thus leaving more descendants than those with other basic constant values. Borrowing the term of biological evolution, they are "naturally selected", and through the "selection" effect, more and more black holes are produced and more universes are formed. If the universe is indeed produced by the previous generation of the universe through this "natural selection", then it should be expected that the universe we live in will have an observed appearance and just have the basic constant values measured at present. Another point of this theory is about the existence of stars. In many cases, stars are the precursors of black holes. Stars are still forming in clouds of gas and dust. The chemical reaction on the surface of carbon dust particles cooled the gas, causing the gas cloud to collapse. But where do carbon dust particles come from? Smolin pointed out that carbon is produced by nuclear fusion reaction, which only happens when the mass of protons is slightly greater than that of neutrons. If the difference between them is much greater than the binding energy of helium nuclei, protons and neutrons cannot stick together to form helium nuclei. Without helium, the fusion reaction chain will end in the first stage, and there will be no heavier elements at all, so there will be far fewer stars and naturally there will not be many black holes. Therefore, in any universe, if protons and neutrons have different masses,
The universe was originally an empty vacuum. At this time, the time is zero (positive and negative virtual time cancel each other, showing zero time); Space is zero (positive and negative virtual spaces cancel each other and appear as zero state space); Matter is zero (no positive and negative particles or positive and negative particles are produced); Energy is zero (but contains infinite positive energy and infinite negative energy); Information is zero (including all positive and negative information, but disorganized and informative); The spirit is zero (unconscious at this time, "unintentional is true"). This time is Tao, infinity, zero, emptiness and vacuum.
Because the positive and negative symmetry in vacuum was broken, that is, the "symmetry breaking" in physics, the universe began to breed an imaginary point (that is, the "cosmic singularity" in Big Bang cosmology). At this time, it is in a state of "Tao gives birth to one", "infinite gives birth to Tai Chi" and "emptiness".
The singularity of the universe exploded, releasing real-time space, positive and negative (or positive and negative) particles and positive and negative information waves at the same time, and the universe began to expand greatly. The outer layer of the universe rotates.
When the outward expansion speed of the universe is accelerating to superluminal speed, all substances are transformed into information waves with superhigh energy (wave-particle duality principle in physics: particles become waves after superluminal speed, particles become waves after subthreshold speed, and particles are all waves at the speed of light). At the same time, according to the principle that superluminal motion leads to time to go back, the universe begins to rotate from the outside to the inside of the time field. Represented by the great contraction of the universe.
When the universe shrinks to the singularity of its birth, positive and negative information waves begin to annihilate each other. Positive N+ negative N=O, and finally the whole universe is annihilated and disappears in the singularity.
The phenomenon of the diversity of the universe stems from the difference of melody. But it is rich and colorful in light, magnetism, sound, heat and electricity, in spring, summer, autumn and winter, in cold and heat, beauty and ugliness, good and evil, yin and yang, sports, life and death, reality and existence.
The same melody shows resonance, resonance, like-minded and so on.
The melody between man and heaven is similar, which is called the unity of man and nature.
The "twin phenomenon" in physics is telepathy and bizarre coincidence between twins due to the same or similar melody.
The fluctuation of the cosmic information field will inevitably have an impact on everything in the universe, which is the so-called universal holographic unified field.
Many problems can only increase our troubles. Since you won't go outside the universe, let's get to know what is outside the universe for a while. Let's look at the definition of the universe: "Yu" refers to infinite space, and "Zhou" refers to infinite time. The sum of all substances and their existing forms. It is also called "the world" in philosophy. Time is infinite, and so is space. Can we really understand its exterior?