First of all, we must have relevant historical knowledge. As the saying goes, literature and history are not separated. Everyone lives in an era, and the politics, economy and culture of this era will certainly have an impact on him. Therefore, only by understanding the era of this person's life can we understand the connotation of his works. For example, Qu Yuan advocated reform and hoped that Chu would be strong, but the king of Chu was "confused by Zheng Xiu at home and bullied by Zhang Yi abroad", alienated Qu Yuan first, and then exiled him to the Miluo River, which made his reform ambition impossible and buried him in the river. Knowing this history, it is much easier for us to understand Li Sao.
Second, have relevant cultural common sense. China's ancient culture is profound and rich in connotation, and many contents are constantly evolving with the development of history. Such as name and title, official position and imperial examination, geographical knowledge, patriarchal manners and customs, clothing and utensils, calendar criminal law, ancient book annotation style, etc., are greatly different from ancient times to modern times. Although students don't need to master all these contents, they should also accumulate what they encounter in their studies as their own knowledge reserves, so that they can call them at any time in classical Chinese learning and exams.
Third, learn to "solve the belly of the ancients with the heart of the present." We live in today's society, and in the face of disasters, we will unite as one. In the face of ugliness, they will attack and lash; We will work together to resist external humiliation. In fact, this kind of thoughts and feelings are in the same strain. In the face of external humiliation, Wen Tianxiang wrote: "Since ancient times, no one has died, keeping the heart of Dan to shine in the history of history." Facing the sufferings of the people, Du Fu wrote: "The wine in Zhumen stinks and the bones on the road freeze to death." Therefore, when we study ancient Chinese, we should be good at comparing and associating the feelings of the ancients with those of today, so as to try to figure out the thoughts of the ancients and accurately understand the essence reflected by classical Chinese.
Fourth, grasp the teaching materials and lay a solid foundation for classical Chinese. When learning classical Chinese, we must master the knowledge points that appear in textbooks: ① Phonetic sounds, including polyphonic characters and different reading characters. ② Meaning, including ancient and modern different meanings, polysemy and flexible use of parts of speech. ③ Sentence patterns in classical Chinese, including special sentence patterns and complex sentences in classical Chinese.
Fifth, to learn a classical Chinese, we should do the following: first, grasp the article as a whole and understand its main contents; Secondly, put the understanding of paragraphs into the overall grasp of the text; Third, in the specific language environment, we can further understand the words in the context; Finally, on the basis of the first three conditions, further understand the deep meaning of the article. In short, if you can do the above in your usual study, you will
2. How to understand the classical Chinese * * *
Step 1: Browse the topic quickly. There is a characteristic in the extracurricular reading questions of classical Chinese: some topic options show the meanings of some keywords in the text; Some topics hint at the main content of classical Chinese. Browsing topics helps students understand the general meaning of classical Chinese. Therefore, after receiving the extracurricular classical Chinese reading essay, we should first quickly browse the topics after the essay. Step 2: Analyze the topic carefully. Generally speaking, reading classical Chinese paragraphs after class will give you questions. Teachers should guide students to pay attention to and carefully analyze paragraph titles. Because most of the topics themselves summarize the main content of classical Chinese. For example, in an exam, I took an extra-curricular reading article in the classical Chinese "Chu People Learn to Boat". The title of this subject-predicate structure summarizes the main content of the paragraph, and we can know the main content of the paragraph after reading the title. In short, a careful analysis of the title of a paragraph can help us quickly understand the main content of classical Chinese. Step 3: Read the full text with notes quickly. Read articles in classical Chinese after class, and some difficult words in classical Chinese are generally annotated. These notes help students understand the main content of classical Chinese accurately. Therefore, teachers should remind students not to ignore these notes, but to read the full text quickly with them. In addition, it should be noted that teachers should remind students that when they encounter obstacles in the process of reading the full text, they should never stop and think hard, but should continue reading. In short, read the full text quickly, not completely, but understand the main idea of the article.
Step 4: Answer the question with the right medicine. There are three types of reading problems in extracurricular classical Chinese, namely, word interpretation, sentence translation and content understanding. Use different methods to solve different problems: (1) Word explanation questions: This kind of questions mostly examine the phenomenon of polysemy of words in classical Chinese, which are basically learned by students in classical Chinese in class. When solving problems, we should first apply the meaning of the content words in classical Chinese that we have learned, and then contact the context test. Fluency after the exam is the correct answer. (2) Sentence translation: The translated sentence should be translated freely on the basis of literal translation. First, explain the meaning of the key words in the draft (literal translation); Then, write the general meaning of the sentence (free translation). When translating sentences, we should pay attention to the following questions:
(1) Proper nouns such as year number, person name, place name, official name, physical name, book title, country name, etc. remain as they are and will not be translated. (For example, in the spring of four years (year number), Teng (name) lived in Baling County (place name). In the spring of Li Qing's fourth year, Teng was demoted to Baling County Order. )
Words that have no practical meaning in the sentence should be deleted. (For example, "Chen Shengsheng is also from Yangcheng". "Zhe ... also" means meaningless and should be deleted. Chen Sheng is from Yangcheng. )
③ Some special sentence patterns in classical Chinese (such as verb inversion, preposition object and adverbial postposition). ) Different from the word order of modern Chinese, appropriate adjustments should be made in translation. (For example, "Sorry, you don't like it!" "Your mental deficiency is too serious. )
(4) If the translated sentence is an ellipsis, the omitted elements should be supplemented. (For example, "Uncle Naidan said' Chen' (omitting the subject)." They wrote the word "Chen" on the silk with vermilion. (3) Content comprehension questions: There are three ways to solve this kind of questions: one is to quote the original sentence to answer; Second, extract keywords from the original text to answer; Third, organize written answers in your own words. Among the three methods, the first and second methods have higher accuracy.
3. How to understand classical Chinese review: 1? Special memorization of classical Chinese requires more memorization and writing. Take PEP as an example, students can basically recite every classical Chinese (including poems, words, songs, etc. ), but it is not so easy to do without missing words, adding words, changing words, reversing word order and writing typos.
Therefore, in order to meet the requirements of senior high school entrance examination, dictation should be meticulous, accurate, word for word, profound in understanding and flexible in application. Step 1: Read aloud.
Reading is really a good way to recite. In your own Xiaotian, you might as well read ancient poems aloud for more than five times in a row. On the one hand, reading can strengthen your familiarity with the article. On the other hand, with the increase of reading times, you will gradually deepen your understanding of the content of the article, that is, your own feelings and experiences about the article, and have a deeper understanding of the author's purpose in writing this article. This is what the ancients said: "Reading a hundred times is self-evident".
In addition, with the deepening of reading, you will better understand the meaning of each sentence. Some students will immediately understand the meaning of an ancient Chinese sentence, which is the result of being quite familiar with ancient Chinese. This step is well done and lays a good foundation for the translation of the following sentences. Step 2: Recite aloud.
On the basis of reading aloud in front, you can now forget the book completely and recite it aloud. You will find that the first and second times are a bit stiff, and the third and fourth times are quite smooth. By the fifth and sixth time, you have completely mastered the full text, and there will be no missing words, adding words or reversing the word order. It's hard for you to recite wrong at this time. In these two steps, reading aloud is the key, because reading aloud is the repetition of human memory function, which can play a dual role in memory, and reading aloud also enables students to find and check their mistakes at any time.
Especially for some students with poor reciting accuracy, reciting aloud is the best solution. The third step: after reciting the article, it is to ensure the correct rate of words.
At this time, you can pick up the book again, read it line by line, and practice the words that are easy to write mistakes several times to ensure that you don't change your words or write typos. This step is the crowning touch. If you can't do it well, your previous efforts will be in vain and you should take it seriously. Step 4: Sketch out every famous sentence of China's ancient poems (such as "Worry before the world, happiness after the world"), reveal the key sentence of the theme and center (such as "I am humble, but I am virtuous and fragrant"), and describe the landscape environment (such as "trees and vines, swaying and swaying").
In order to understand the need of memory, recite these sentences and understand their functions in the text. Step 5: Do some understandable reciting questions, chew the requirements of the stem carefully, grasp the key words and think about what to answer, and pay attention to the possibility of making some subtle changes when answering questions.
For example, the sentence "An refused to ask for relocation" is different from the sentence "Tang Ju refused to ask for relocation", and students are easily confused. This question should be answered by grasping the word "reason". The answers should be "I am willing to stick to it, but I dare to change" and "An Lingjun is afraid of changing, but not right." Other words are not reasons, so I won't write them.
Step 6: It is relatively simple to understand the comprehensible recitation of an ancient China poem; It is much more difficult to find sentences that meet the stem requirements in all articles. This can only require students to accumulate more and be more proficient. For example, accumulate some sentences describing scenery, cruelty of war, peace-loving, carefree mood, natural environment, friendship and so on. Classify, consciously and gradually expand your collection, think more about a few poems when answering questions, and then choose the sentence that best meets the requirements of the topic, so as to ensure foolproof.
In addition, forming a good habit of accumulating poems is also one of the necessary lessons to form your rich cultural accumulation. These poems can also be quoted in writing to add color to the article. 2. Mastering the notional words of classical Chinese has always been an easy part of the classical Chinese exam. Some students have mastered most of the content words, but the accuracy will be discounted. You might as well sort it out yourself.
First of all, sort out some special notional words: common words, typical ancient and modern different meanings, flexible use of parts of speech, and polysemy, so that one can broaden one's thinking and improve one's migration ability, and the other is to master them firmly and remember them deeply. Secondly, sort out some content words that are not special but very important: the content words that are still alive and in use in modern Chinese and the content words in the notes under the book.
The arrangement of this part is very important, because the mastery of content words is not only necessary for reading classical Chinese in class, but also necessary for reading classical Chinese outside class. Only by mastering the exact meaning of each notional word and understanding its polysemy can our consciousness of classical Chinese be gradually formed, so that we can draw inferences when reading classical Chinese after class and lay a solid foundation for further study of classical Chinese in senior high school. In addition, it is worth mentioning that when sorting out the explanations of content words, the notes in the textbook should prevail and should not be ambiguous.
3. Translation of classical Chinese sentences The translation of classical Chinese sentences is actually based on the understanding of the whole article, so when reading the article, it lays a good foundation for sentence translation. At the same time, sentence translation should pay special attention to the understanding of key notional words in the sentence, so that the arrangement of notional words the next day lays a foundation for it, so sentence translation is much easier.
On the basis of comprehensive translation of the text, students may wish to focus on sorting out these classical Chinese sentences lesson by lesson: first, sort out the famous aphorisms in the text to reflect the key sentences with the central theme. Secondly, sort out sentences with sentence transformation in the text, such as inverted sentences and ellipsis sentences.
Third, sort out sentences with ambiguity and flexible parts of speech. Finally, the sentences with fixed format and common format are sorted out.
It is worth mentioning that sentence translation is based on the mastery of content words in classical Chinese. Understanding the meaning of several key content words in a sentence will solve the translation of this sentence easily.
4. How to read classical Chinese, understand its meaning and solve problems? Master some commonly used function words, and content words are the foundation; In addition, you can find skills in the topic, such as the first one, the explanation of substantive words, the explanation of some uncommon words is generally correct, but those commonly used words are changeable, nouns are verbs, or the business of expecting words, speaking modern Chinese. These are all places that confuse us. In short, don't panic then, and you can't escape the method of classical Chinese translation: classical Chinese translation is a comprehensive exercise. It can not only examine the application of the basic knowledge of classical Chinese, but also improve the reading ability of classical Chinese and students' written expression ability. Classical Chinese translation requires that every word should be implemented, with literal translation as the main and free translation as the supplement. We should try our best to keep the language style of the original text. For the steps of classical Chinese translation, we should first read the full text, grasp the main idea of the article, and be aware of it, so as not to be in a hurry to translate from the beginning. When we encounter difficult words in translation, we can temporarily put them down until the context is finished. After the full text is translated, read it again and check the corrections to prevent mistranslation, omission and mistranslation of songs. The basic methods of classical Chinese translation are literal translation and free translation. The specific methods of classical Chinese translation include: retaining, deleting, supplementing, changing, adjusting and changing the requirements of classical Chinese translation. "Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance" means that the translation should be "faithful" and true, and the original text should be properly translated in modern Chinese. "Vivid" means that the translation should be fluent, that is, it should conform to the grammar and usage of modern Chinese, and the words and sentences should be fluent without language defects. "Elegance" means that the translation should be beautiful and natural, that is, it should make the translation vivid and vividly express the writing style of the original text perfectly. In the process of translating classical Chinese, the principle of translating classical Chinese must follow the principle of "every word should be grounded and straight" and the principle of "literal translation is the mainstay". This requires us to implement every word in a sentence as long as it has a certain real meaning, and to occupy the right position. In translation, according to the meaning and word order of the original text, the corresponding modern Chinese should be used directly to replace the classical Chinese, so that the words can not be separated from the sentence. If the meaning of literal translation is not smooth, we should also use free translation as an auxiliary means. Perfect the meaning of the sentence as much as possible. Classical Chinese translation is a comprehensive exercise, which can not only examine the application of basic knowledge of classical Chinese, but also improve students' reading ability and written expression ability. Classical Chinese translation requires that every word should be implemented, with literal translation as the main and free translation as the supplement. We should try our best to keep the language style of the original text. The steps of classical Chinese translation should first read the full text, grasp the main idea of the article, and be aware of it. Don't rush to translate from the beginning. When you encounter difficult words in translation, you can put them down for the time being and weigh them again when the context is translated. After you have translated the text completely, read it again and check the changes to prevent mistranslation, omission and mistranslation of songs. The basic methods of classical Chinese translation are literal translation and free translation. Literal translation refers to the translation of the original text with modern Chinese vocabulary. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the meaning of the translated sentence is difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough. The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns. The advantage of free translation is that the meaning is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages. It is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text can't be realized literally. These two translation methods should be literal translation, supplemented by free translation. Second, the specific methods of classical Chinese translation: leaving, deleting, supplementing, changing, adjusting and changing. "Leaving" means retaining. Words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places and things, can be translated. That is, delete. Delete function words that do not need to be translated in classical Chinese. For example, "Pei Gong joined Fan Kuai"-Fan Kuai, Pei Gong's bodyguard. "Zheye" is an ending auxiliary word, and "complement" is addition. (1) Turn monosyllabic words into disyllabic words; (2) make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence; (3) Make up the omitted sentences. Note: Fill in the omitted components or sentences with brackets. "Change" means replacement. Replace ancient words with modern words. For example, replace "I" with "I" and "er, such as" with "you". "Adjustment" means adjustment. Invert ancient Chinese. In order to conform to the expression habits of modern Chinese, "change" means flexibility. On the basis of being faithful to the original text, related words can be enlivened, such as "calm waves" and "calm on the lake". Classical Chinese Translation Quartet In the past two years, the investigation on classical Chinese translation in college entrance examination has changed from choosing right and wrong to translation, which has increased the difficulty of answering questions, and all the questions have been given, as if there is no trace to be found. Play a wonderful Classical Chinese Translation Quartet from the following four aspects: 1. Attention should be paid to supplementing omitted sentence elements in translation. Ellipsis exists in classical Chinese, such as omitting the subject, omitting the predicate verb, omitting the preposition and omitting the object. When doing translation questions, we must pay attention to supplement the omitted sentence elements in the original text first. Otherwise, the meaning of translation is unclear and unreasonable. 2. Pay attention to adjusting the word order when translating. Variant sentences often appear in classical Chinese, including subject-predicate postposition, attribute postposition, preposition postposition and preposition object. Only by adjusting the word order in translation can translation be convenient, otherwise it will be easily disrupted. It gives the impression that "the monks in Zhang Er are at a loss". 3. Pay attention to flexible use in translation. Some notional words in classical Chinese can temporarily change their parts of speech and usage in a certain language environment, which is flexible use. There are mainly verbs, adjectives and nouns, nouns as verbs and nouns as adverbials. We should grasp the temporary meaning of words in translation. Key breakthrough. In classical Chinese reading, some sentences often affect the understanding of the whole sentence because of individual words. This word is the key word. We should understand and comprehend it in the context. To sum up, as long as you work hard at ordinary times and pay attention to the above four points, you can master it flexibly and translate it correctly.
5. How to learn Chinese reading comprehension and classical Chinese 1? Learning classical Chinese, the most important thing is the knowledge of classical Chinese words and sentence patterns. Only by accumulating certain knowledge of classical Chinese can we read classical Chinese fluently.
Pay attention to preview and learn to teach yourself.
Be sure to translate word for word with the help of notes before class, and don't wait for the teacher to explain. Pay attention to find out difficult words and submit them to class for discussion, and ask teachers and classmates for advice. It is necessary to classify keywords, highlight key points and break through difficulties. There are quite a few notional words in classical Chinese with multiple meanings, so we should be good at memorizing, comparing, summarizing and sorting them out, and learn the words vividly.
Follow the principle of "word for word"
Whether it is a notional word or a function word, its meaning and usage are always displayed in a specific language environment. To accumulate classical Chinese vocabulary, we should not memorize it by rote, but try to figure it out in combination with "context"
Remember the main classical Chinese sentence patterns
There are five kinds of Chinese classic sentence patterns: judgmental sentence, interrogative sentence, passive sentence, ellipsis sentence and inversion sentence, and each sentence pattern has several different forms. Remember the form that is easy to remember and understand.
Second, Chinese textbooks emphasize the reading and reciting of classical Chinese, which is intended to enable students to master the knowledge of classical Chinese, understand the meaning of the text and cultivate their language perception ability through more reading and reciting. Reading can be divided into four steps:
Read the text roughly with the help of notes
Finish the task of rough reading in preview. The primary task of rough reading is to dredge the text, and then perceive the text on this basis, and grasp the structure of the text as a whole. Combined with the notes, read it two or three times according to the context, guess it again, and cover it. You should be able to understand 60% to 70% of the text. In rough reading, you should draw difficult words for discussion in class.
Question, solve problems and read the text carefully.
Through intensive reading in class, we should be able to correct pronunciation, orthomorphism and sentence break accurately, solve difficult problems encountered in rough reading, analyze the structure of the article and improve our understanding of the content of the article.
Understand and read the text deeply
In intensive reading, we should try our best to read tones, intonations and rhythms. Through intensive reading, we can deeply feel and understand the works, understand the emotions of the articles and grasp the characteristics of the articles.
Familiar with the text
This step mainly depends on the initiative of students after class. They should be familiar with it, strengthen the learning effect of classical Chinese words, deepen their understanding of the content and structure of the text, and consciously improve their literary appreciation and evaluation ability.