Hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once. (time adverbial = When they heard their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once.) As soon as they heard their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once. .

Not knowing how to work out the difficult problem, he asked the teacher for help. (Adverbial of reason, = Because he didn't know how to work out the difficult problem, he asked the teacher for help. ) Because he didn't know how to solve this problem, he asked his teacher for help.

Studying hard, you'll succeed. (Conditional adverbial, = If you work hard, you'll succeed. ) If you work hard, you'll succeed.

Studying hard, you'll succeed.

Weighing almost one hundred jin the stone was moved by him alone. (Adverbial adverb of concession = Although the stone weighted almost one hundred jin, it was moved by him alone.) Jin, he moved it alone.

Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. (Adverbial of result, = Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus it caused the delay.) Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. Hence the delay.