NO.1 Wang Guowei
Reason for being on the list: A master in poetry, a pioneer in opera, and a leader in modern archaeology. He is of groundbreaking significance in many aspects and has great influence on future generations. It has a profound influence, and many of his works have become must-read classics in academic circles and enjoy high reputation at home and abroad.
Representative works: "Human Words", "Human Words", "History of Song and Yuan Operas", "An Examination of the Ancestors and Kings Seen in Yin Bu Ci", "Guantang Collection of Forests", most of which are included in "Wang Guowei" "Suicide Note". The notes he wrote while traveling in Japan were included in the book "Wang Guowei's Academic Essays".
Disciples: Gu Jiegang, Zhao Wanli, Jiang Liangfu, etc.
NO.2 Liang Qichao
Reason for the list: The founder of modern new history, active in politics for a long time, is A man of great influence on modern politics. He has made extensive achievements in the fields of philosophy, literature, history, classics, religion and other fields.
Representative works: "New Historiography", "Research Methods of Chinese History", "Academic History of China in the Past Three Hundred Years", "Academic Introduction to the Qing Dynasty", "Eighteen Chapters on Buddhist Studies", most of which are included in "Drinking" The Complete Works of Ice Room".
Disciples: Xu Zimo, Cai E, Hu Shi, Xie Guozhen, etc.
NO.3 Zhang Taiyan
Reason for the list: modern master of Pu Xue, master of primary school, master of Confucian classics , a master of history, devoted himself to the study of Buddhism in his later years. During his stay in Japan, he studied Sanskrit diligently and used Buddhism to explain Lao and Zhuang. It had a profound influence on later generations. In elementary school, he was good at exegesis and was unparalleled in ancient and modern times. Only Huang Kan could rival him among subsequent scholars. In terms of Confucian classics, he could recite the Four Books and Five Classics when he was young, and he could pick them up from hundreds of schools of thought. In particular, he is quite proficient in ancient books before the Tang Dynasty. He has a thorough knowledge and is feared by the academic circles.
Representative works: "New Dialects", "Chunqiu Zuozhuan Reading", "Book of Records", "Ji Lun", "Lunheng of the National Heritage", "Essays on the Equality of Things", "Wei Yan of the Han Dynasty" ", "Lectures on Chinese Studies", etc.
Disciples: Ma Yuzao, Shen Jianshi, Qian Xuantong, Huang Kan, Lu Xun, Zhu Jihai, etc.
NO.4 Chen Yinke
Reason for being on the list: A master of modern history, especially proficient in the study of Tang history. He is a recognized leader in the field of history. His father is Chen Sanli, a famous scholar in modern times. Chen Sanyuan, who is known as Chen Sanyuan, has "Sanyuan Jingshe Poetry" handed down from generation to generation. Chen Yinke was proficient in many languages. In addition to English, French, German, Italian, Latin, and Spanish, he was especially proficient in Sanskrit, Tibetan, Turkic, Xixia, and Khitan. At the same time, he was also proficient in many disappearing languages ??such as Asia Minor. Minor languages. According to Cao Juren's statistics ("Essays on the History of Chinese Academic Thought"), he knows about 18 languages, which is a miracle in the language world and is admired by the world.
Representative works: "Yuanbai Poems and Notes", "Liu Rushi's Biography", "A Brief Discussion on the Origin of Institutions in the Sui and Tang Dynasties", "The First Edition of Jinmingguan Series", "The Second Edition of Jinminguan Series" , "Review of the Political History of the Sui and Tang Dynasties", etc.
Disciples: Jiang Tianshu, Liu Jie, Ji Xianlin, etc.
NO.5 Huang Kan
Reason for being on the list: He is outstanding in all aspects of Confucian classics, literature, philosophy, etc. He has profound attainments, especially in the phonology, writing, and exegesis of traditional "primary schools". People call him, Zhang Taiyan, and Liu Shipei "Masters of Chinese Studies," and he and Zhang Taiyan are called "the masters of primary schools since the Qianjia period." ""Traditional language and philology serves as a link between the past and future generations." What is even more amazing to the world is that he did not publish any works during his lifetime. He once had a classic saying: "No books were written before fifty." This sentence is still widely circulated on the Wuhan University campus half a century later, becoming proof of its rigorous scholarship. During his lifetime, Mr. Zhang Taiyan repeatedly advised him to write books, but he remained unmoved. Although he has not published any works, he has become a recognized master of Chinese studies in China.
Representative works: "Notes on Literary Mind and Diaolong", "Explanation of Fanqie", "Records of Rizhilu", "Collection of Rhymes and Sounds", "Miscellaneous Works on Huang Kan's Theory", "Shuowen" "Four Kinds of Notes", "Zi Zhengchu Edition", "Mr. Huang Jigang's Posthumous Letters", "Selected Works of the Huang Family" (Note: Compiled and compiled for future generations)
Disciples: Xu Fu, Pan Chonggui, Pan Jin etc.
NO.6 Liu Shipei
Reason for being on the list: He was a man of influence in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. He not only had eye-catching performances on the political stage, but also became a revolutionary party member and an independent activist. A governmentalist served as an aide to the Qing court and one of the "Six Gentlemen" of the Security Council. He also made great achievements in the academic arena. He was even as famous as Zhang Taiyan and was called "Second Uncle" (Zhang Taiyan was nicknamed Uncle Mei, and Liu Shipei was nicknamed Uncle Shen).
He is a well-known figure spanning both political and academic circles. The things he has done with the most far-reaching influence and achievements in academic circles are the teaching of "Chinese Literature" and "History of Literature" courses and the "History of Ancient Chinese Literature". With the publication of "Lecture Notes", he enabled the "Selected Works" school to win in the dispute between literary schools, and laid a "model" for future generations in the teaching and research of literary history.
Main works: "The Essence of Chinese Folk Conventions", "Lecture Notes on the History of Medieval Chinese Literature", "On the Chronology of the Yellow Emperor", "On the Academic Similarities and Differences of Han and Song Dynasties", etc.
Disciples: Huang Kan, Chen Zhongfan, Hao Liquan, etc.
NO.7 Wang Li
Reason for the list: He has been engaged in teaching and research of language science, He has made important contributions to the development of Chinese language science and the cultivation of linguistics professionals. In 1936, he published an article "A Preliminary Study on Chinese Grammar", criticizing the traditional English grammar research situation in Chinese grammar circles since "Ma Shi Wen Tong", and also made a preliminary discussion on the characteristics and research methods of Chinese grammar. "Copulatives in Chinese Grammar" published in 1937 pointed out that copulas were not necessary in ancient Chinese, and Chinese sentences did not necessarily have verbs. This revealed a prominent feature of Chinese that is different from Indo-European languages. His works such as "Modern Chinese Grammar" (1943), "Chinese Grammar Theory" (1944) and "Outline of Chinese Grammar" (1946) took "A Dream of Red Mansions" as the main research object and established his own Chinese grammar system. In addition, he also made great achievements in phonology. His "Chinese Poetics" made an incisive study of the rhythm and language characteristics of ancient Chinese poetry, and made outstanding contributions to the research and development of Chinese phonology.
Main works: "Ancient Chinese", "Poetry Rhythm", "Grammar and Grammar Teaching", "A Brief Introduction to Cantonese Dialect", "How Cantonese Learn Mandarin", "A Summary of Poetry Rhythm", "Chu Ci" "Rhyme Reading", "Rhyme Reading in the Book of Songs", "How Cantonese People Learn Mandarin", "Chinese Poetry", "Chinese Phonology", "Dragon Chong Bing Diao Zhai Poetry Collection", "Chinese Poetry", "Ten Lectures on Poetry Rhythm" , "Chinese Phonology", "Wang Li's Poetry Theory", "Chinese Language Speech", "Chinese Modern Grammar", "Chinese Grammar Theory", etc.
NO.8 Ji Xianlin
Reason for being on the list: He is a famous contemporary linguist, essayist, and expert on Eastern culture. He is known as an "academic leader" because of his extensive knowledge of the past and present. His academic research scope covers ancient Indian languages, especially Buddhist Sanskrit. He is one of the few masters in the world who is proficient in Buddhist Sanskrit, Tocharian, ancient Indian literature, Indian Buddhist history, Chinese Buddhist history, and Central Asian Buddhist history. History of the Tang Dynasty, history of cultural exchanges between China and India, history of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, cultural differences and differences between China and the West, aesthetics and ancient Chinese literary theory, German and Western literature, comparative literature and folk literature, prose and essay creation, etc. And achieved outstanding results in these fields. In 2006, he became the first scholar to win the "Translation Culture Lifetime Achievement Award" and was also named "Moving China Person of the Year" that year.
Main works: "History of Sino-Indian Cultural Relations" (Collected Essays) 1957, People's Education; "A Preliminary Study of Ramayana" (Theory) 1979, Foreign Literature; "Shadow in the Heart of India" (Collection of essays) 1980, Baihua; "Selected Works of Ji Xianlin" (Collection of Prose) 198O, Hong Kong Literary Research Society; "Collection of Langrun" (Collection of Prose) 1981, Shanghai Literature and Art; "Collected Works of Ji Xianlin" 1986, Peking University Press
NO.9 Xu Fu
Reason for being on the list: He studied at Jinling University in 1929 and studied writing, phonology, and exegesis under Huang Kan. In 1935, he entered the Chinese Studies Research Class of Jinling University and then studied under Zhang Taiyan. He has taught at National Frontier College, Jinling University, Nanjing Normal College, Nanjing Normal University and other schools. He has successively served as associate professor, professor, honorary director of the Institute of Ancient Literature Collation of Nanjing Normal University, editorial board member of Cihai, one of the editors-in-chief of Cihai’s lexicon subject, one of the deputy editors of the Chinese Dictionary, director of the Chinese Linguistic Society, and director of Chinese Exegesis He is the president of the Chinese Phonology Research Association, the consultant of the Chinese Phonology Research Association, the president of the Jiangsu Linguistics Society, and the editor-in-chief of "Book Collection". His contributions in the field of language and writing are mainly reflected in exegesis, collation, Mongolian and Tibetan language research, word research, etymology research and dialect research.
In terms of comparison between Mongolian and Tibetan languages ??and Chinese, he is the author of "The Origin of the Word "Evil" in Tibetan" ("Oriental Magazine"), "An Examination of the Pronunciation of Yan Family" ("Oriental Magazine"), "The Origin of the Shouwen Alphabet and the Tibetan Alphabet" ", "The Phrase, Sound and Meaning of the Character "Evil" and the Age of its Production", etc. In terms of exegesis, he was the most diligent and wrote extensively. His representative works include "Linguistic Speculations on the Age of Writing of the Poetry "Peacock Flying Southeast"". "Han Changli's Poems", etc.
Representative works: "Xu Fu's Linguistics", "Guangya's Exegesis", "Shuowen Five Hundred and Forty Radicals", etc. < /p>
NO.10 Qian Zhongshu
Reason for being on the list: He has extraordinary talent since he was a child, and he has a photographic memory. He spent several years in the library of Oxford University, and then stayed in France for a year with his wife Yang Jiang. He is proficient in English, French, German, Italian, Latin and Spanish. He has unparalleled proficiency in Chinese and English. He has written four volumes of "Guan Zhui Bian" with more than 1.3 million words. It is written in classical Chinese, and has made detailed textual research, annotations and elucidations on ten classics such as "Mao Shi Zhengyi", "Laozi Wangbi's Commentary", "Shiji Huizhu" and "Taiping Guangji", citing 4000 ancient and modern Chinese and foreign scholars. The author has written more than 13,000 works, covering various disciplines such as classics and history, rhetoric, psychology, sociology, etc., with more than 90,000 pages of reading notes in multiple languages ??and tens of millions of words.
Representative work: " "Besieged City", "Humans, Beasts and Ghosts", "Qian Zhongshu's Prose", "Selected Notes on Song Poems", "Tan Yi Lu", "Guan Zui Bian", "Supplement to Song Poems", "Rong An Guan's Notes", etc. /p>
Disciples: Luan Guiming and others
Criteria for judging masters of Chinese studies
"Master"
The so-called "master" refers to people's knowledge of the subject Or a title of honor for those who have profound attainments in art. Anyone who can be called a "master" should be outstanding in his or her peers and professions.
In addition, the reason why a "master" is called a "master" is that he is a master. "Master" should not only look at knowledge and works, but also look at morality, that is, character and literary character, and whether literary character and character are unified, that is, whether it is a "moral article" that integrates character and literary character. As Professor Tang Yijie said: "Only those with good knowledge and noble personality can be called masters."
"Teachers are the ones who teach and solve doubts." A teacher should be a model by being upright. "Therefore, a "master" should be a model of knowledge and moral character.
If you are rich in knowledge, have great knowledge, and write excellent articles, but have poor character, In particular, literature and character are out of touch, words and deeds are inconsistent, and words and deeds are inconsistent; what is said and written in lecture halls and in writings is that "wealth cannot be fornicated, poverty cannot be moved, power cannot be subdued", "scholars can be killed but not humiliated", But when a foreign enemy invades, they will betray their country and surrender to the enemy, acting as traitors, "wealth and wealth will corrupt their hearts, poverty and lowliness will change their ambitions, and power will bend their moral integrity"; or they will blindly grovel in the face of power and follow the trend of inflammation, and "the academic style will change with the political weather." ", acting as a "trumpeter" who is "popular at all times"; or "talking about benevolence, justice and morality", but in action he behaves like men stealing women and prostitutes; or always talking about "being indifferent to fame and fortune", but in fact he strives for fame in the court and market, They are seeking fame and reputation, are not rigorous in their studies, are opportunistic, and are full of mistakes, but they still use their own minds as teachers, cannot listen to criticism, and even "refuse all criticism" and so on. Then, such "immoral" scholars who lack the conscience and conscience of Chinese scholars are definitely not worthy of being called "masters"!
What needs to be particularly emphasized is that the reason why "masters" can be called "masters" "He is not only distinguished by his profound knowledge and outstanding achievements, but also by his open mind and quiet heart, especially his tireless spirit of learning and teaching.
The right way is that "the perfect person has no self, the gods have no merit, and the saint has no name" ("Zhuangzi·Xiaoyaoyou"). A true "master" never regards this title in silence, let alone using it for his own purposes. When Mr. Zhang Dainian answered an interview with a reporter from Beijing Youth Daily in early 2003, he said frankly: "Some people say that I am a 'master of Chinese studies.' In fact, I only study a part of Chinese studies, mainly philosophical thoughts, and I study literature and history." There are not many, and ancient Chinese science has been studied even less." This shows such a master's style. There is also the famous study-type scholar Mr. Jiang Kongyang, who is also a model of today's "moral articles" that integrate noble character and literature.
He has always been indifferent, quiet, tolerant and generous, but he has always been "relentless in pursuit" of knowledge, but he also adheres to the academic attitude of "do not strive for the success of one family for the sake of learning, but write for the benefit of all schools of thought". He said: "Intellectuals should serve society with their profession. Scholars should serve society with academics, not with speeches or making money, but with ideas, knowledge and learning." When someone asked him: "You work hard and work hard." , what good can it do?" When asked, he replied calmly: "Doing learning is originally out of hobby, out of pursuit of truth, and out of wanting to make some contribution to society, not because of any benefits to myself. In terms of benefits, there is no need to take the path of learning. "He has made great achievements in aesthetic research and other aspects throughout his life, but he is still modest. He said frankly: "Life is developing, things are changing, and knowledge should also continue to develop and change. I think I have reached the "peak", I have the magic pearl in my hand, and everyone in the world has to listen to me. Faust made a pact with the devil to never be satisfied. Once he is satisfied, his soul must belong to the devil. In learning, we should also have the spirit of never being satisfied. Once we are great and satisfied, our souls will be captured by the devil. "(Yu Sheng: "Jiang Kongyang: Not in the Creation", "China Reading News". November 4, 1998)
Mr. Zhang Dainian and Jiang Kongyang, at least as "masters" in Chinese philosophy and aesthetics, are well-deserved!
There is also Mr. Ji Xianlin, in "The Sickbed" "Miscellaneous Notes" (New World Publishing House, 2006 edition), for the first time he clarified his views on the three laurels of "Master of Chinese Studies", "Leader in Academic Circles" and "National Treasure" that the world "added" to his head, especially " Tell the world, please take it off. He also said, "The picking of three laurel crowns gave me a free body. The foam on my body was washed away, revealing my true face, and everyone was happy." This further demonstrates his extraordinary virtues as a master!
The title "Master of Chinese Studies"
"Master of Chinese Studies" is a very weighty praise and a dazzling laurel crown that cannot be worn by just anyone. Many of the "masters of Chinese studies" praised by people today are actually historians, historians of philosophy, etc. at best. This is only in terms of knowledge. As for "teacher's ethics", many people are further away from "Masters of Chinese Studies".
How to define "Masters of Chinese Studies"?
Anyone who can be called a "Master of Chinese Studies" should naturally have his or her knowledge within the scope of "Chinese Studies" research and be considered outstanding. . Our "Chinese Studies" includes natural sciences, social sciences, ideological sciences, etc., and contains extremely rich titles. Therefore, the works of those who can be called "Chinese Studies Masters" should also reflect rich contents. , even according to the classification of Western disciplines, he should be a generalist, encyclopedia-type scholar, with both outstanding academic works and popular literary works, etc.
Even as the abbreviation of Chinese academic culture, "Guoxue" has extremely rich connotations. In the pre-Qin period alone, there were "hundred schools of thought". Although there have always been different opinions on the understanding of the "hundred schools of thought" in the pre-Qin period, they at least include Yin-Yang, Taoism, Confucianism, Legalism, Mohism, Ming, Za, novels, poetry, Zongheng, military, agriculture, medicine, arithmetic, astronomy, and geography. , water conservancy, Kanyu, numerology, textiles, architecture, pottery, smelting, transportation and other schools of thought.
After the Qin and Han Dynasties, many new schools and theories emerged due to the basic laws of "penetrating ancient and modern times, integrating internal and external, and comprehensive innovation" inherent in "Chinese Studies". A "master" is supposed to be a person who is proficient in the various schools of thought contained in Chinese studies and has "deep attainments"; even if you discount it, he should be someone who has "deep attainments" in more than half of the theories contained in it. "Who.
From Mr. Zhang Dainian's brief answer quoted earlier: "Some people say that I am a 'master of Chinese studies,' but there is less research on ancient Chinese science." We can get a glimpse of his views on "masters of Chinese studies": That is to say, it must involve at least several fields such as philosophy, literature, history, and ancient science, and have outstanding achievements. The scientific achievements of ancient China are universally recognized. Although Mr. Zhang Dainian did not talk about their specific connotations here, astronomy, calendaring, agriculture, medicine, health care, etc. are at least included in them. However, almost all of these have been long-term Excluded from the vision of "Chinese Studies" scholars.
Mr. Zhang Dainian actually pointed out the minimum standard for "Master of Chinese Studies", that is, the standard in terms of knowledge alone. However, look at the string of "Masters of Chinese Studies" listed by some famous universities. List of "Masters of Chinese Studies", look at the list of "Masters of Chinese Studies" listed on the Internet. How many people meet this minimum standard of "Masters of Chinese Studies"?
Besides, "Masters of Chinese Studies" must also be Have noble personality and moral character. From the perspective of the integration of knowledge and moral character, that is, literature and character, "masters of Chinese studies" are not worthy of ordinary people!