Biography and Fu influence and compete with each other. The opening inscription of Tudor's works is written to the Duke, which is different from the letter to colleagues (dean or bishop) that is common in previous biographies. At the beginning of the biography, Tudor briefly tells the origin of the ethnic group, and combines the biblical knowledge and the story of barbarian migration in Caroline era into the new ethnic legend.
After exposing the crimes of the first Danes, he changed his pen and began to praise the ancestors of the Duke of Normandy. This is naturally related to the fact that Tudor was commissioned by the Duke to write, and he wrote an official biography. Because the authors of biographies of laymen and saints are mostly church people.
Therefore, the two biographies are more and more similar. Although they mainly talk about the secular achievements of the preacher, they are ultimately praised or criticized on the basis of whether the preacher's religious attitude is sincere or not. This religious attitude is not abstract theological speculation, but is judged by whether the missionaries are friendly to the church.
Whether to give land and wealth to the church or deprive it; Respect bishops and deans, or belittle clergy. Because smart and talented princes often need to obtain the resources of the church, or even deprive the church of resources to expand their territory, which has offended the church invisibly.
Therefore, their images in history books are often not so positive, such as/kloc-Henry II of England in the second century; And those kings who rule weakly often give a lot to the church and treat the clergy well. Therefore, although they were incompetent in governing the country, they were highly praised by the church and became "wise kings" or even "holy kings".
This evaluation method adds religious standards to the secular standard of "judging heroes by success or failure", which is conducive to evaluating historical figures from a new angle and warning kings not to go their own way. With the accumulation of biographies of princes, it is easy to write a history of kings. "Angus? The Chronicle of Saxony is similar to the Biography of Alfred in content and form.
This rare history book of dialects was originally compiled in the 9th century AD, covering the period from 449 when Saxons landed in England to about 890. This book was later copied by different English monasteries, and each of them continued to write, forming many versions, reflecting historical events in different regions.
Among them, peterborough Ben is the latest narrative, and the Anjou Dynasty began when Henry II came to power in 1 154. "Angus? The value of The Saxon Chronicle is that since 900 years? From 65438 to 0066, the Norman conquest 100 years, except Ninius's A Brief History of Britain (active in the middle of the 9th century).
Historical works on the British Isles are very rare. After the Norman conquest, the history of the dynasty gradually prospered. William's king of England and Matthew? The "big times" in Paris and so on. In France, after the middle of 12 century, the royal family entrusted the monastery of Saint-Denis to write an official biography for them.
In chronological order, these official biographies began with the king's accession to the throne and described the important events that took place in the kingdom territory until the king's death. /kloc-In the middle of 0/3rd century, saint-denis Monastery began to compile these biographies, systematically arranged them, and compiled them into the famous Big Border Old Man.
In the Holy Roman Empire, Otto Auferil Sin (about 1 1 14? 1 158), as a bishop, a friar, a scholar and a relative of the royal family, on the one hand wrote "Gesta Freiderici Imperatoris" and on the other hand wrote "Chronical historia deubas civilatibus".
As mentioned above, there are generally two ways to write general history in the Middle Ages, which adopt the writing framework of church history and popular history respectively. Write the history of the church, with six or seven times as the clue; Writing folk history takes the four empires as the framework. On the basis of fully absorbing the achievements of predecessors, Otto successfully combined the two themes into one and wrote a General History of Mankind.
It includes eight times (after modern times, the doomsday judgment, after the doomsday judgment), from Romans to Greeks to Franks (or Germans). The chronicle is concise, with extensive materials and no lack of textual research. It is the most famous history book in the Middle Ages in the West, which not only hides the characters from the perspective of religious morality, but also summarizes the political experience from the perspective of kingdom governance.
Church leaders are mostly laymen, so there is a "chronicle-style" biography similar to that of the emperor. Their biographies are generally in the form of biographies, written by clergy of monasteries or churches, such as Gesta Abbatumonasterii Sanctialbani of St. Alban Monastery.
A biography of the bishop includes the anonymous author's "Gai Shi Innocenti III". In addition to the famous biographies of the Pope, famous biographies also include Gesta pontificum Anglorum written by William of Mamsbury in the12nd century. Similar to the biographies of kings, this kind of biography can easily evolve into a chronicle and become one of the church history after a certain period of accumulation.
In the late Middle Ages, more personal biographies began to appear, such as Gibel's Autobiography of Nojean. Gibel is good at writing history. In addition to this autobiography, he also wrote The God of Betrayal, which describes the first Crusade.
Other masterpieces include Abaelard (1079? The History of Pain (1 142) seeks readers' understanding and comfort by telling their bitter experiences, which not only defends themselves, but also helps readers learn from them and relieve their pain. So unlike Augustine's monologue, it can be regarded as an autobiography in the modern sense.
In addition to his own memoirs, other people's memoirs also appeared in the13rd century. The famous work is naturally Anvill (about 1224? 13 17) tells the story of St. Louis from three aspects: spirit, body and subjects, which proves that St. Louis is the most devout layman from beginning to end.
The materials on which the author is based are basically what he has seen and heard as a housekeeper of Louis in the past six years. The main purpose of narration is to repay kindness and educate future generations, including the current kings and crown princes. This biography is full of details and vivid descriptions, which makes readers feel as if they are following the author's personal experience.
This kind of works seems to have a tradition in France. /kloc-at the end of 0/6, Philippe de Comenes (1447? 15 1 1) Write a memoir (m? Moires), "At the request of the Archbishop of Vienna, I wrote the achievement of my master and benefactor Louis Xi, so I tried my best to complete it faithfully".
Another example is William Roper (about 1498? 1537) Is his father-in-law Thomas? Biography written by Moore, and so on. Generally, this kind of works praise the virtue of passing on the Lord through memory, which has the same origin as Einhard's Biography of Charlemagne. During the Renaissance, diaries and autobiographies of ordinary people appeared. /kloc-In Florence, Italy in the 0/4th century, many citizens began to keep diaries.
According to statistics, from14th century to16th century, there were more than 100 diaries. These diaries are mainly records of the author's business, but also include descriptions of his own property. BuonaccorsoPitti (active in 65438+early 5th century) mentioned in his diary that in 14 12, when he went to ask his relatives to return his ancestral property, he asked to consult "the records of his father's family documents".
After the other party replied that he didn't know, he said, "I have to ask for help from my grandfather's certificate." This shows the positive influence of the Renaissance on writing and archives. Most of these biographies are not published. During this period, the classical biographies of celebrities revived, competing with the biographies of saints.
Early representative works include Peterak's De Villisil Tribus and Boccaccio's Illustribus of Ribs, Demier. On the one hand, these works transcribe biographies of ancient people, on the other hand, they supplement biographies of famous people in the Middle Ages. Inheritance and innovation, also known as. The prosperity of the Renaissance is fully reflected in the biographies of artists. Autobiography of cellini boasted about his working experience in various places in chronological order with exaggerated pen and ink.
Vasari's Biography of Italian Art Gardens first introduces the clues of the revival of art history since the decline of the Roman Empire with a preface, and then writes biographies for architects, sculptors and painters who promoted the Renaissance in chronological order and factions. The arrangement of characters draws lessons from the mode of biographies of ancient philosophers, aiming at explaining the artistic style of artists, according to the relationship between teachers and students, in chronological order, combined with the collection and appreciation of their works.