I hope some book friends can guide me to read Adler and Maslow. Reading has been very boring these days.

The human heart: good and evil nature

Human nature is a process of people’s active choice and self-shaping.

Because humans are part of nature, but there are fundamental differences between humans and animals. Humans have rationality and self-awareness. On the one hand, human rationality and self-awareness enable people to transcend nature and animals and engage in creative activities. On the other hand, human rationality and self-awareness destroy the unique harmony of animal survival. Humans lose their inherent balance and enter an unstable and unfamiliar state. When human life realizes itself, it realizes the past, present and future, realizes its own insignificance and incompetence, cannot control life and death by itself, and realizes that it is a helpless existence separated from nature. Therefore, people are in loneliness, pain and fear. Naturally, people cannot bear this prison-like life, and they try their best to escape from the pain of separation and loneliness, and to find the lost harmony. This constitutes an inherent contradiction in human existence, and thus shows a person's orientation toward good or evil

Violence orientation: Violence can be divided into two categories: non-pathological violence and pathological violence. Non-pathological violence is a normal form of violence that contributes to life. It includes game violence and reactive violence. The purpose of the former is to seek to express skills (such as fencing, competition in sports, etc.); the purpose of the latter is to Defend life, liberty, dignity and property when threatened (e.g. self-defense). Pathological violence includes retaliatory violence, compensatory violence and primitive "desire for blood." The purpose of retaliatory violence is to prevent others from causing further harm to oneself, so its pathological degree is relatively mild. Compensatory violence and primitive "desire for blood" are forms of violence with severe pathological levels. The former indicates the incompleteness and emptiness of life and transcends life by destroying it (such as abuse); the latter has a murderous passion and To transcend life in a way that kills, to affirm life on an animal level.

The distinction between various types of violence is based on the difference between their respective unconscious motivators; because only by understanding the unconscious dynamics of behavior can we understand the behavior itself, its roots, processes and its The energy loaded.

The most normal and non-pathological form of violence is game violence. We can find this kind of violence in those forms of violence that seek to express skill and seek destruction rather than being motivated by hatred or destruction.

Reactive violence means violence used to defend life, liberty, dignity and property whether the person's own or that of others. It is rooted in fear, which may be real or imagined, conscious or unconscious, and is designed to protect rather than destroy.

Often, the feeling of being threatened and the resulting reactive violence are often not based on the reality of the situation but are due to mind manipulation; political and religious leaders convince their followers that they are being targeted by their enemies. Threat, thus evoking a subjective response of reactive hostility.

Another type of reactive violence is that caused by frustration. We find that animals, children, or adults behave aggressively when their wishes or needs are thwarted. This type of aggressive behavior constitutes an attempt to achieve a frustrated end through the use of violence, although the attempt is often in vain

Reactive violence is designed to prevent threatened harm, so it has Contribute to the survival function of living things. In the case of retaliatory violence, by contrast, the harm has already been done and therefore the violence no longer serves a defensive function.

Closely related to retaliatory violence is the root cause of destructiveness, which arises from the "broken trust" that often occurs in children's lives

The disappointment of those who believe in life and those who love life Later, they become cynical and destructive. Such acts of destruction are a sign of despair; disappointment in life leads to hatred of life.

All these forms of violence, in any case, contribute to life, whether in a real way or in a fantastic way; at least, they are caused by damage to life or disappointment in life. of.

Compensatory violence: Used by incompetent people as a substitute for creative activities

Treatment of compensatory violence: The only way to compensate for the destructive power is to unleash one's creative potential, that is The ability that man possesses to make constructive use of his human abilities.

Compensatory violence does not contribute to life like reactive violence; it is a pathological replacement of life, indicating its incompleteness and emptiness.

The true nature of evil. We will discuss three types of orientation: necrophilia (love for life), narcissism, and biological fixation with the mother.

Love of death and love of life orientation: Love of death represents a sad emotion, the desire to kill, the worship of violence, and the interest in dead bodies and abuse. People who love death hate life, hope to return to ignorance and the primitive life of animals, and regard the value of people as the value of things. Love of life represents the overall orientation and complete way of existence, its purpose is to maintain life and appreciate life and all manifestations of life. He who loves life is a healthy person, for whom joy is virtue and the purpose of life is to devote himself to all living things.

People with necrophilia are attracted to and obsessed with all inanimate and dead things

Necrophiles live in the past and never live in the future. Their emotions are sentimental in nature, and their values ??are exactly the opposite of those we associate with normal life: it is not life, but death that excites and satisfies them.

He who loves death must love violence. For him, the greatest achievement of man is not to give life, but to destroy life; the use of violence is not a short-term action forced by the environment, but a way of life

In the eyes of necrophiles Come, there are only two "genders": the capable and the incompetent, the murderer and the murdered. He loves the murderer to despise the slain. "

Necrophiles are driven by a desire to transform organic matter into inorganic matter, and view life in a mechanical way, as if all people are objects, and all living changes, emotions and Thoughts are transformed into things. Memory rather than experience, possession rather than existence, become the important thing

He is essentially facing the past rather than facing the future. He hates the future and fears the future. . This is related to his desire for certainty. Life has always been uncertain, unpredictable and uncontrollable; in order for life to be controlled, life must be transformed into death. Indeed, death is the only certain thing in life. < /p>

A person with a high degree of necrophilia can often be seen through his appearance and posture. He is cold and tasteless, his skin looks deathly, and he often has an expression as if he smells a bad smell

Love of life, its essence is love of life compared to love of death, love of corpse

Love of life does not consist of a single characteristic, but represents an overall orientation and completeness of existence. Way. It is expressed by a person's physical changes, emotions, thoughts and postures; the most basic form of love orientation is expressed by the tendency of all living things.

Survival is an inherent attribute of all living things;

The tendency to maintain life and resist death is the most basic form of biophilia, representing the driving force toward life

Another On the one hand: living things have a tendency to integrate and unify; they often fuse different or opposite entities and grow in a structural manner. The most basic manifestation of this tendency is the fusion of organisms between cells, starting from asexual cells. Fusion between animals or sexual fusion between humans

Biophiles have their own principles of good and evil, and everything that contributes to life is good. Everything that contributes to death is evil; the appreciation of life is good, everything that enhances life, growth and development is good, and everything that inhibits life, diminishes life and divides life is evil. Good, and sadness is evil

These pure forms are of course rare in real life. Pure necrophiles are madmen, while pure biotic lovers are just saints. A specific blend of necrophilia and biophilia, what matters is which of the two tendencies prevails.

Specific conditions for the development of love for children: warm, loving contact with others in infancy and early childhood; freedom and the absence of threats; teaching about principles that contribute to the inner harmonious power of the person - through Illustration rather than preaching; guidance in the "art of living"; stimulation to accept and respond to the influence of others; a truly meaningful way of life.

The conditions that promote the development of necrophilia are just the opposite: growing up among people who love death; lack of motivation; terror, conditions that make life routine and meaningless; mechanical and rigid order, rather than an order determined by direct and humane connections between people.

Ideal social conditions: security, the basic material conditions necessary to maintain a dignified life are not threatened; justice, no one can become an end for the sake of another; freedom, Everyone has the potential to become an active and responsible member of society. The last point is particularly important. If a society cannot promote the creative self-activity of individuals, even if there is security and justice in this society, it may not be conducive to loving life. It is not enough for people not to be slaves. If social conditions promote machine-like human existence, the result will not be love of life, but love of death.

Narcissistic orientation: It is characterized by a lack of real interest in the external world, replacing reality with one's own personality, and thus oneself is "God and the world". Narcissism can be divided into three types: benign narcissism, pathological narcissism and malignant narcissism. Benign narcissism makes people focus on their own activities and achievements, and therefore has an important biological function, that is, protecting themselves and engaging in activities needed for their survival; pathological narcissism conflicts with reason and love, making people unable to evaluate things correctly and others, thereby limiting and distorting rational judgment; malignant narcissism makes people become hypocritical egocentrists, making people's actions contrary to the group's survival principles

Incest fixation tendency: fixation on mother Love is not the "Oedipus complex" as Freud understood it, but only represents the boy's incestuous desire for his mother's sex. In his view, both boys and girls have an incestuous connection to their mothers, but this connection is not a sexual one. Incest fixation involves a desire for maternal love, protection, and fear of the mother, resulting in a lack of independence, freedom, and responsibility. Liangbi's attachment to his mother only manifests in his need for comfort, love, praise, support and care from a mother-like figure. Malignant maternal fixation is a result of incest. It manifests itself as a desire to always be loved like a baby and a desire to return to the womb. This not only leads to a misunderstanding of reason, the inability to objectively evaluate oneself and others, but also the loss of all human beings. Independence and integrity.

If love for death, malignant narcissism and incest are gathered in one person, this person will have a decay syndrome, which will form the most dangerous and vicious personality orientation. If the corresponding love of life, love and independence are gathered in a person, this person has growth syndrome, which is a productive or creative personality orientation.

These opposite psychological orientations potentially exist in people. These potentials will manifest themselves in the process of people deciding on their own inherent contradictions. In Fromm's view, people can solve their own existential contradictions through regression and development. The way of return indicates that man strives to return to the life of animals and nature in order to escape separation and loneliness. The abandonment makes him become a human being, but it tortures his rationality and self-awareness, and achieves original harmony with nature. The way of development means that people can transcend nature, relieve separation and loneliness, and achieve a new harmony by fully developing their abilities and comprehensive development of humanity. People governed by the decay syndrome must use a primitive regression method to solve the inherent contradictions of human beings, and thus behave as evil; people governed by the growth syndrome must use a developmental method to solve the inherent contradictions of human beings, and therefore behave as good.

There are two opposite potential orientations in human beings. These potentials specifically appear and unfold in history, and can be expressed as either primitive return or development. For people, these two potentialities are real possibilities. Therefore, people have the freedom to choose among these real possibilities. It is up to them to decide whether to be a good person or an evil person. People are not born evil. People who are ruthless have the possibility of becoming good people when they first start their lives. However, when people make decisions freely, their hearts become more and more cruel because they continue to make wrong decisions. Heartless and evil. On the contrary, if a person continues to make correct decisions, his heart will become more and more gentle, lively, loving and kind.

Therefore, human beings have no innate attributes of good or evil at all, and human nature is ultimately determined by free choice. He believes that human goodness lies in constant transformation, progress and development, and in making human existence closer to complete humanity. Evil is man losing himself in the tragic attempt to escape the burden of his humanity; the greatest evil is opposition to life, love of death and incestuous life, followed by lack of love, lack of rationality, lack of interest, and lack of courage.