Get close to seafarers, understand seafarers and pay attention to seafarers. 600 years ago, the fleet led by Zheng He, a great navigator in China, brought the good wishes of the people of China to all countries in the world ... There is a saying: "Without the contribution of seafarers, half of the people in the world would freeze to death and the other half would starve". Sailors are an ancient profession. In the underdeveloped past, maritime exploration and maritime trade created seafarers, and seafarers promoted human civilization and progress. Sailors are an eternal profession. With the development of science and technology today, seafarers will move towards the future with the development of the world economy and create a better tomorrow for mankind. Seafarers have a broad mind, indomitable perseverance, a lively and cheerful personality, and a hard-working spirit. Sailors know the weather, know the stars, control machinery and instruments, welcome the sun and the moon, face the wind and waves, and sail the ocean. Seafarers are noble occupations in human economic activities. Seafarers have made great contributions to the development of the world economy and the progress of shipping! "Seafarer means any person who is employed or employed or works in any capacity on board a ship to which this Convention applies". -Quoted from the 2006 International Maritime Labour Convention adopted in 2006. I. Occupation of seafarers 1. Professional characteristics Sailors are a special profession when driving seagoing ships and crossing the ocean. Its professional characteristics have something in common with other occupations, but there are also many differences. Driving and managing ships requires professional knowledge, which determines the technicality of seafarers' occupation; In the process of driving and managing a ship, each sailor plays a different role, which determines the professional independence of seafarers. Sailing and managing ships is a systematic work, which requires the cooperation of seafarers, which determines the professional teamwork of seafarers; Sailors are far away from the land, take the ship as their home, steer in a relatively closed environment and sail at sea for a long time in various sea conditions, which determines the hardships and risks of seafarers' careers. These characteristics determine that seafarers should not only have strong physique and skilled professional skills, but also have good psychological quality, strong adaptability to the environment and contingency ability to deal with emergencies. Seafarers' occupation requires quite high professional quality of employees. 2. Seafarers' jobs There are many different jobs on board. Different jobs have different job contents and requirements, and qualified seafarers are needed to complete the work. Seafarers' occupations are divided into two categories: senior seafarers and ordinary seafarers. Senior seafarers are engaged in high-tech jobs such as ship driving and management, with long training period, high cost and high treatment; Ordinary seafarers are engaged in general technical work, with short training period and quick results. According to the professional nature, it is divided into two professional positions: navigation technology specialty (also known as ship driving) and marine engineering technology specialty (also known as marine engineering). Navigation technology major is responsible for the maintenance of ship navigation and deck machinery, and marine engineering technology major is engaged in the maintenance and maintenance of ship main engine and other mechanical equipment. Seafarers majoring in navigation technology (ship driving) can be divided into captain, pilot (first mate, second mate and third mate) and sailor on duty. The "captain" is the commander and person in charge of the ship and is fully responsible for the safe navigation and operation of the ship. The first mate, the second mate and the third mate are respectively responsible for ship navigation, daily work of the deck department, cargo loading and unloading, lifesaving and fire fighting. "Sailors on duty" perform their duties or participate in maintenance work under the leadership of the driver on duty and the boatswain. The occupations of marine professional seafarers can be divided into: chief engineer, marine engineer (big tube wheel, second tube wheel and third tube wheel) and mechanic on duty. "Chief Engineer" is the technical director of the ship, responsible for ensuring the normal operation of all mechanical equipment and main engine systems of the ship. The "Big Tube Wheel", "Second Tube Wheel" and "Third Tube Wheel" are responsible for the daily management of the ship's engine room personnel, especially the operation and operation of the main engine and auxiliary engine, the maintenance and storage of engine room equipment and the maintenance of other mechanical equipment on board. Under the leadership of the engineer and foreman, the "mechanic on duty" performs the duties of the engineer and participates in the maintenance of mechanical and electrical equipment. Considering the characteristics of seafarers' work when ships are sailing, the general working hours are divided into four-hour intervals, namely: 0400-0800,0800-1200, 1200- 1600,1600-2000,2000. 3. The work of seafarers with different professional knowledge positions needs the support of different contents and levels of professional knowledge. The major of navigation technology should master the main course knowledge of theory and practice such as navigation, ship freight, ocean transportation, marine meteorology, ship communication, navigation instruments, sailor craft, shipping regulations and so on. Marine engineering majors should master: marine and marine engineering, electrical engineering, marine engineering materials, marine main propulsion power plant, marine auxiliary equipment, marine electrical equipment and system control, marine maintenance and repair, marine automation and other knowledge. In recent years, new technologies and equipment applied to ships have emerged in an endless stream, the management mode and concept of shipping have been constantly updated, and the degree of ship automation has been continuously improved, which requires seafarers to have higher subject knowledge, such as management science, computer science and network knowledge. 4. Professional quality Mastering the above professional knowledge can only show that employees have the necessary conditions for driving and managing ships. However, driving a ship and transporting people and goods is a complicated job, which requires seafarers to have a high comprehensive quality. Only in this way can the conditions of being a sailor be sufficient. The requirement of seafarers' comprehensive quality is to ensure the safe navigation of ships and the rapid and economical arrival of passengers and goods. The characteristics of seafarers' occupation determine that seafarers need to have high comprehensive quality, which generally includes: corresponding scientific and cultural knowledge and professional knowledge, good physical and psychological quality, excellent language expression ability, excellent adaptability, unity, cooperation and team spirit, appropriate interpersonal skills and keen observation. There is a famous saying in ancient times: driving a boat risks three points. Shipwreck accidents are inevitable, but despite the influence of natural factors such as storms, typhoons and tsunamis, people find that there are deeper human factors hidden behind the shipwreck accidents. According to statistics, about 80% of shipwrecks and pollution damage accidents are caused by human factors, while in accidents such as hitting rocks, fires and explosions, the proportion of human factors is as high as 90%, and the proportion of human factors in collision accidents is even higher than 95%. The influence of human factors on ship safety can be seen from this. The Titanic, the Dashun sailing from Dona to China and the sinking of the Red Sea in February, 2006 all have the factors of low comprehensive quality of seafarers. The human factors that cause maritime accidents are often: sailing at inappropriate time, sailing in unseaworthy conditions, overloading or improper loading of passengers and goods, poor crew safety and accident awareness, improper ship handling, improper emergency plans for dealing with fires and other accidents, etc. 5. Decent Work In February 2006, the 94th General Conference of the International Labour Organization held in Geneva adopted the International Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, which stipulated seafarers' working environment, medical care, welfare, social security, wages, vacations and living conditions to ensure that seafarers can work with dignity. Like other countries in the world, China provides many guarantees for seafarers' decent work. People's Republic of China (PRC) Crew Regulations, which came into effect on September 6th, 2007, provides a powerful guarantee for strengthening crew management, improving crew quality, safeguarding crew's legitimate rights and interests, ensuring water traffic safety and protecting water environment. Most of China's seagoing ships can meet the requirements of international conventions, and the wages of seafarers are far higher than the average wages of other types of jobs on land. Sailors. Com q&a team, if you are not clear, you can ask online waiting.