In your daily study, you must have come into contact with classical Chinese, right? Classical Chinese is the refinement and sublimation of vernacular. In order to allow more people to learn the essence of classical Chinese, the following is an appreciation and translation of the original classical Chinese text that I have compiled for everyone. It is for reference only. Everyone is welcome to read it.

The Ji family will attack Zhuan Yu

Pre-Qin Confucius and his disciples

The Ji family will attack Zhuan Yu. Ran You and Ji Lu met Confucius and said, "The Ji family will have something to do with Zhuan Yu."

Confucius said, "Please! Isn't that what you are doing? Zhuan Yu, in the past, the former king thought that he was the lord of Dongmeng. And it is within the realm of the state. Why should we attack it?"

Ran You said: "Master wants it, but neither of us wants it."

< p> Confucius said: "Please!" Zhou Ren said: "If you can do it, you can do it. If you can't, stop." ’ If you don’t hold on to danger, and don’t support you when you’re knocked upside down, how can you use each other? And you have said it too much. If the tiger comes out of the coffin, and the turtle and jade are destroyed in the coffin, whose fault is it? "

Ran You said: "Today Zhuan Yu is solid and close to expenses. If you don’t take it now, you will worry about your descendants in future generations. "

Confucius said: "Ask! A gentleman says something to a sick man, but he must do what he wants. Qiu also heard that those who have a country and a family are not worried about being few but about inequality, and they are not worried about poverty but about insecurity. There is no poverty in Gaijun, there is no widowhood in harmony, and there is no inclination in peace. If this is the case, if people from far away are not convinced, then they should cultivate their virtues and come here. Once it comes, make peace with it. Now, because of Yu Qiu, Xiangfuzi, people from afar are not convinced and cannot come; the country is falling apart and cannot be defended; and they plan to start war within the country. I am afraid that Ji Sun's worries are not in Zhuan Yu, but within Xiao Qiang. "

Translation

Ji Sun is about to attack Zhuan Yu. Ran You and Ji Lu met Confucius and said, "Jisun is going to use troops against Zhuan Yu. "

Confucius said: "Ran You! I'm afraid you should be blamed. As for Zhuan Yu, the late king once regarded the monarch of Zhuan Yu as the person in charge of the sacrifices in Dongmeng Mountain. Moreover, it was located in the territory of Lu State and was a vassal state of Lu State. Why did he attack it? "

Ran You said: "If Ji Sun wants to do this, neither of us, as ministers, are willing. "

Confucius said: "Ran You! Zhou Ren has a saying: 'If you can display your talents, you should take up that position; if you are not qualified, you should resign. ’ If the blind man is shaking and about to fall but does not support him, and the trembling man is about to fall but does not support him, then why should he use the supporter? Besides, what you said is wrong. The tiger and rhinoceros escaped from the cage, and the tortoise shell (for divination) and the jade (for sacrifice) were destroyed in the box. Whose fault is this? "

Ran You said: "Now the Zhuanyu city wall is strong and close to the Jisun family's fiefdom. If we don't seize it now, we will definitely become a worry for our descendants in the future. "

Confucius said: "Ran You! A gentleman hates people who refuse to say (they) want that but make excuses. No matter the princes or officials, they are not worried about the lack of wealth, but they are worried about the uneven distribution of wealth; they are not worried about too few people, but they are worried about the instability in the territory. If the wealth is average, there will be no need for poverty; if the territory is peaceful and united, there will be no shortage of people; if the territory is peaceful, the country will not be in danger. If you do this, people from far away will not surrender, so you will cultivate politics and religion of benevolence, justice, etiquette and music to attract them. When they come, you have to make them feel at ease. Now the two men, Yu and Qiu, are assisting the Jisun family. People from far away do not submit, but they cannot make them submit; the country is divided but cannot maintain its stability and unity; instead, they plan to start wars within the country. I'm afraid that Ji Sun's worries are not with Zhuan Yu, but within Lu. ”

Notes

Ji family: Ji Kangzi, a senior official of the Lu State in the Spring and Autumn Period, controlled the government affairs, and was named Fei. Zhuan Yu (zhuān yú), a small country, is a vassal state of the Lu State, and the old city In the northwest of present-day Fei County, Shandong Province, it is said that the Ji family was greedy for Zhuan Yu's land and they attacked it. According to the text, the Ji family had a deep conflict with the Lu king. This article criticizes the Ji family's attempt to annex Zhuan Yu, and elaborates on Confucius's idea of ??governing the country with etiquette and virtue.

Ran You and Ji Lu were both Ji at that time. Kangzi's retainers. Ran You, whose surname was Qiu, whose given name was Ziyou. Both of them were disciples of Confucius.

This refers to military operations. In ancient times, sacrifices and wars were regarded as national affairs. At that time, the Ji family was autocratic in state affairs and had great conflicts with Lu Aigong. He was worried that Zhuan Yu would help Lu Aigong weaken his own strength, so he attacked Zhuan Yu first.

Wu Nai Er means fault and: I'm afraid you should be blamed, right? "Wunai...and" is equivalent to "I'm afraid..." in modern Chinese. It means criticizing the other party for failing to fulfill their responsibilities. Is: structural particle, Teabin symbol. (In the Jiangsu version, "Shi" refers to "er" and is used as a pronoun) Guo: blame.

Xianwang: refers to the previous king of Zhou

Dongmeng Lord: refers to the person who was entrusted with Dongmeng, the name of the mountain, and Mengshan, in the south of Mengyin, Shandong Province.

He is also the minister of the country. : Yes: Pronoun, this refers to Zhuan Yu. She Ji: She refers to the God of Earth, and Ji refers to the God of Grain. She Ji is an altar to worship the God of Grain and Earth. If the country is destroyed, She Ji will be covered. Abolition, so Sheji is the symbol of the country, here refers to the state of Lu.

The free translation of Shejizhichen means a small country attached to a big country.

Why attack it: Why attack it? Why, why, why. For: To express the tone of rhetorical question.

Master: Ji Kangzi. In the Spring and Autumn Period, elders, teachers, nobles, ministers, officials, etc. could all be respectfully called Master

Zhou Ren: a historian in ancient times.

Those who can't do it should stop: If you can display your talents, you should accept the position; if you can't, you should resign. Chen: Show. Just: responsible. Column: Position. Stop: Don’t go.

Danger: noun as verb, encountering danger (swaying and about to fall). Hold: protect.

Bian: Fall. Fu: support.

xiàng: A person who helps a blind person walk (helper).

Si (sì): one-horned rhinoceros. Zhen (xiá): a cage for wild beasts.

Turtles and jade are all treasures. Turtle: Turtle version, used for divination. Jade, in: refers to jade and jade. Jade is used to express noble title, and jade is used for sacrifice. 椟(dú): box.

Solid: refers to the solidity of the city. Near: close. Fei (old bì): the private town of the Ji family, and today's Fei County, Shandong Province. When it is pronounced as fèi, the local people call it Fei (fèi) County.

A gentleman hates those who refuse to say (he) wants that but make excuses for it. Disease: Hate. Husband: Pronoun, that kind. Shen: abandon, put aside. Ci: excuse, excuse.

Those who have a country and a family: princes who have land and officials who have fiefdoms. Country: a political region ruled by princes. Home: The political area ruled by Qing Dafu.

Don’t worry about scarcity but worry about inequality; don’t worry about poverty but worry about unrest: It means “not worrying about poverty but worrying about uneven distribution; not worrying about the lack of people (things) but worrying about social instability”. Suffer, worry, worry. Widow, few.

There is no poverty in everyone: If wealth is distributed fairly and reasonably, and everyone above and below gets their share, there will be no poverty.

He Wuwu: With peace, the population will not decrease.

An Wuqing: When the country is stable, there is no danger of overturning.

Husband: Modal particle at the beginning of the sentence. As it is: so.

Wen: Wenjiao, referring to rituals and music. Lai: to make... come (to surrender).

An: Make... stable.

Phase: (xiàng) assistant.

Falling apart: The country is divided and cannot be kept intact. Shou: defend the country, preserve the country.

Stem: Shield. Ge: A long-handled weapon used for assassination in ancient times. Gange: refers to military affairs.

Xiao Qiang: The small wall inside the palace gate to welcome the king, also called the screen. Because in ancient times, when courtiers met their king, they would stand in awe when they came here, so it was called "Xiao Qiang". Xiao: Gutong means "su". Here it refers to the palace.

Appreciation

Ji's expedition to Zhuanyu took place under the special background of the Lu State, which "accompanied ministers to govern the country". "Accompanying ministers" refer to the three families of Mengsun, Shusun and Jisun. Their ancestors, namely Qingfu, Shuya and Ji You, were all sons of Duke Huan of Lu (reigned from 771 BC to 694 BC) and younger brothers of Duke Zhuang of Lu (reigned from 693 to 662 BC). They were known as the "three Huan". By the time of Confucius, the "Three Huans" had been in charge of the state affairs of Lu for 1670 years. During these more than 100 years, the main struggles between the public family (Lu Jun) and the private family (Sanhuan) were as follows: ① In 594 BC (the fifteenth year of Duke Xuangong of Lu), the "tax acres" system was promulgated in response to the expansion of land division among the three families. ; ② In 562 BC (the eleventh year of Lu Xianggong), the three families "organized three armies and divided into three public offices, each with its own one"; ③ In 517 BC (the twenty-fifth year of Duke Zhao of Lu), when they wanted to kill Ji, the three Huan jointly attacked, and Duke Zhao was forced to escape. This struggle continued until the early years of the Warring States Period. "Historical Records: The Family of Duke Zhou of Lu" said: "At the time of mourning for the Duke, Sanhuan was victorious. Lu was like a small marquis and humbled by the family of Sanhuan."

The Ji family There is no mention of the general's attack on Zhuanyu. Later commentators thought that it was Zilu and Ran You who conveyed Confucius' opinions to Ji, who feared the disaster and stopped. "Historical Records Confucius Family" records: "Zhong You was the Prime Minister of the Ji family" in 497 BC (the 13th year of Dinggong); Ji Kangzi Zhao Ranyou was in 492 BC (the 3rd year of Lu Aigong), when Zilu was in Chen with Confucius. It is unknown when the two became Ji family retainers. "Historical Records: Biographies of Zhongni's Disciples" records that Ji Kangzi asked Confucius about Ji Lu and Ran's talents, but the date is not clear. It is speculated that it was in the early years of Duke Ai of Lu.

Confucius has always opposed "accompanying ministers to govern the country", and many of his accusations against Sanhuan are recorded in the Analects.

The article mainly records three paragraphs of comments made by Confucius on the Ji family's attack on Zhuan Yu. The first paragraph explains his reasons for opposing the Ji family's attack on Zhuanyu; the first is that "in the past, the king was considered the lord of Eastern Mongolia", that is, Zhuanyu has always had a justifiable political status in the state of Lu; the second is that "he is in the territory of the state" "That is, Zhuan Yu's geographical location is within the territory of the Lu State and has never posed a threat to the Lu State; the third is "he is a minister of the state", which means that Zhuan Yu has always respected the relationship between monarch and minister and has no reason to attack. Confucius His words reflected his political views of governing the country with propriety and virtue, and opposed force and hegemony and resorting to force. In the second paragraph, Confucius quoted Zhou Ren's famous saying: "Chen Li will set it out, and those who can't will stop" to criticize Ran You and Ji Lu's attitude of shirking responsibility. In the third paragraph, Confucius positively explains his political views.

This article is a refutation. It is carried out in the form of dialogue. It is powerful and uses historical materials. "In the past, the kings were considered the masters of Eastern Mongolia"; as a real-life example, Zhuan Yu was in "the territory of the country". ", "He is the minister of the country"; a famous quote from a famous person, "Zhou Ren said: 'Chen Li will be listed, and those who can't will stop. '" The three arguments are solid and reliable, and the refutation is also well-founded.

The metaphorical sentences in the article vividly express Confucius's views. "If you don't support someone in danger, if you don't help them when they are knocked upside down, how can you use each other?" The dereliction of duty of a blind supporter is used to describe Ran You and Ji Lu's failure to fulfill their responsibilities as retainers of the Ji family. The metaphor of "the tiger's crocodile comes out of the coffin, and the turtle jade is destroyed in the coffin" has two metaphorical meanings: first, it compares the Ji family to the tiger si and Zhuan Yu to the turtle jade. Ji's attack on Zhuanyu is like a tiger that breaks out of its cage and hurts people; Zhuanyu's being destroyed is like a tortoise shell and jade destroyed in a box. Secondly, Ran You and Ji Lu are compared to the guardians of tigers and turtles. If a tiger comes out of the coffin and hurts someone, and if a turtle or jade is destroyed in the coffin, it is the caretaker's dereliction of duty. If Ran You and Ji Lu, as retainers of the Ji family, could not persuade the Ji family to give up force, which would lead to Zhuan Yu's destruction, they would be derelict in their duties.

There are three places in the article where rhetorical sentences are used, "Why attack?" "How can we use the other side?" "Whose fault is it?" The use of rhetorical sentences makes the sentences more emotional and refuting. It also makes the affirmative answer embedded in the rhetorical question, making the affirmation more powerful and the tone more implicit and thought-provoking.

Lesson Plan for Ji's General to Defeat Zhuan Yu

Learning Objectives:

1. Study the third paragraph;

2. Organize and summarize classical Chinese Knowledge points.

Important and difficult points in learning:

1. Study paragraph 3;

2. Organize and summarize knowledge points in classical Chinese.

Learning process

1. Study the third paragraph of the text

When Ran You once again tried to find excuses to avoid responsibility, he was refuted by Confucius. This was the third dialogue between Confucius and the two students, and he put forward his own opinions head-on.

1. What did Confucius advocate?

2. What do these sentences indicate the content of Confucius’s basic political propositions?

3. What words indicate that the two violated these principles.

4. Through analysis, what does Confucius think is Ji's current "worry"?

2. Organizing and summarizing knowledge points in classical Chinese

1. Different meanings in ancient and modern times

(1) In the past, the kings thought they were the masters of Eastern Mongolia

Ancient meaning:; modern meaning: think.

(2) Those who have a country and a family

Ancient meaning:;

Modern meaning: "Guo" refers to the country, and "Jia" refers to the family.

2. Phenomenon of inflection of parts of speech

(1) When a gentleman is sick and his husband leaves his house, he will say what he wants, but he must do it:

(2) Future generations will worry about their descendants. :

(3) Today, Zhuan Yu, solid and close to the fee:

(4) Then cultivate literature and virtue and come here/Once you come, you will be at ease/Far people will not accept it, and Can't come:

(5) Once you come, make peace with it:

3. Polysemy of one word

(1) Past

Whose fault is it:

No one is at fault:

(2) An

Don’t worry about poverty but worry about insecurity:

Once it comes, make peace with it:

(3) Xiang

Then how can you use that Xiang?

Xiangfuzi:

4. Special sentence patterns

(1) He is the minister of the country

Sentence pattern: xx

Translation: xx

< p> (2) The Ji family will have something to do in Zhuan Yu

Sentence pattern: xx

Translation: xx

(3) The tiger comes out of the tree, the turtle comes out The jade was destroyed in the coffin

Sentence pattern: xx

Translation: xx

(4) And plotting war in the country

Sentence pattern: xx

Translation: xx

(5) Wu Naer Shi Guo and

Sentence pattern: xx

Translation: xx

(6) Why cut it?

Sentence pattern: xx

Translation: xx

In-person test:

< p> Analyze the different meanings of the following punctuated words

① In the past, he thought he was the leader of ASEAN:

② He is a minister of the country, so why should he attack:

< p> ③If you don’t take it now, you will worry about your descendants in the future:

④The gentleman who is sick says that he wants it but he must do it:

Homework: 1. Review this study plan Content; 2. Recite the third paragraph.