Han Yu (768-824) was a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty. Zi Tuizhi, a native of Heyang (now Mengzhou City, Jiaozuo, Henan Province), Han nationality. His ancestral home is Changli, Hebei Province, and he is known as Han Changli in the world. In his later years, he served as the Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, also known as the Ministry of Official Affairs of Han. His posthumous title is "Wen", also known as Han Wen Gong. He was an advocate of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty, advocating learning the prose language of the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, breaking parallelism into prose, and expanding the expressive function of classical Chinese. Su Shi of the Song Dynasty called him "the rise and fall of eight generations of literary scholars." People in the Ming Dynasty regarded him as the head of the eight great writers of the Tang and Song Dynasties. The works are all collected in "Mr. Changli's Collection". Han Yu is also a master of language. He is good at using the words of his predecessors and pays attention to the refinement of contemporary spoken language, and is able to create many new sentences, many of which have become idioms that have been passed down to this day, such as "adding insult to injury", "easy to blame", "chaotic", etc. Ideologically, he is the founder of the concept of "Taoism" in China and a landmark figure who respects Confucianism and opposes Buddhism.

Han Yu was orphaned at the age of three and was raised by his brother and sister-in-law. He was homeless and poor in his early years. He had the ambition to study and manage the world. Although he was lonely and poor, he was hardworking and studious. At the age of 20, he went to Chang'an to take the imperial examination, but failed in three tests. Between the ages of 25 and 35, he first became a Jinshi, failed three attempts to pass the erudite and Hongci subjects, and went to Dong Jin in Bianzhou and Zhang Jianfeng in Xuzhou to serve in the shogunate. Later, he returned to Beijing and served as a doctor of Simen. 36-49 years old, he was appointed as the censor. He was demoted to the Yangshan Order because he wrote a letter to discuss the drought and hunger, asking for tax exemptions and reductions. During the reign of Emperor Xianzong, he returned to the north and became a doctor of the imperial family. He was promoted to the crown prince's right concubine, but failed to achieve his ambition. 50-57 years old, he first conquered Wu Yuanji from Pei Du, and later moved to the Ministry of Punishment. Because he remonstrated with the Buddha's bones, he was demoted as the governor of Chaozhou. Moved to Yuanzhou. Soon after he returned to the dynasty, he held the posts of Guozi Jijiu, Minister of the Ministry of War, Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, and Jing Zhaoyin. Politically more accomplished. The poem strives to be dangerous and novel, powerful and powerful.

Edit the chronology of this paragraph's life

In the second year of Tang Zhenyuan (786), Han Yu was nineteen years old. With the ambition of governing the world, he went to Beijing to take the Jinshi examination, but failed three times in a row until He passed the fourth Jinshi examination in the eighth year of Zhenyuan (792). According to the laws of the Tang Dynasty, after passing the Jinshi examination, you must also take the official examination of Erudun Hongci. Han Yu participated in the official election three times, but failed; he wrote to the prime minister three times, but did not receive a reply; he was rejected from the door of power three times. outside the door.

In July of the twelfth year of Zhenyuan (796), Han Yu was twenty-nine years old. He was recommended by Dong Jin and served as the observation and promotion officer of the Xuanwu Army. This was the beginning of Han Yu's political career. During the three years that Han Yu served as an observation and promotion officer, he guided Li Ao, Zhang Ji and other young people to study literature, while taking advantage of every opportunity to vigorously promote his own ideas on prose innovation.

In the winter of the 16th year of Zhenyuan, Han Yu took the civil service examination for the fourth time and passed the selection in the second year (801). The "Reply to Li Yi Shu" written during this period expounded his idea of ??closely integrating the ancient prose movement and the Confucian restoration movement. This is the representative work of Han Yu's initiation of the ancient prose movement. At the end of the autumn of this year, Han Yu was thirty-four years old and was appointed as the fourth doctor of the Imperial Academy. This was the beginning of Han Yu's appointment in the government agencies of the capital. During his tenure as a doctor of four disciplines, he actively recommended literary young people, dared to be teachers, and taught many disciples. He was known as the "Han Mendizi". In the 19th year of Zhenyuan (803), he wrote the famous work "Shi Shuo", which systematically proposed the theory of Shi Dao.

In the winter of the 19th year of Zhenyuan, Han Yu was promoted to the position of Supervisory Censor. He served for only two months. In order to show sympathy for the people and be loyal to his duties, he wrote a letter "On the Situation of Drought and Human Hunger". However, he was slandered by powerful ministers. Demoted to Lianzhou Yangshan Order. Han Yu served as the Yangshan Order for three years. He went deep into the people and participated in the mountain people's farming and fishing activities. He loved the people, benefited the government, was virtuous and civilized. Therefore, the "New Book of Tang·Biography of Han Yu" specially wrote: "If you love the people, the people's livelihood will be based on their surnames." "During the tenure of the Yangshan Order, a large number of young people came to Han Yu's disciples to recite poems and discuss Taoism with young students. They wrote a lot of poems and articles. There are more than 20 ancient poems and several articles in the "Collected Works of Changli" found today. The "Yuan Dao" and other chapters conceived and started to be written at this time constituted the "Five Origins" theory, an important treatise on Korean studies. This was the forerunner of New Confucianism in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and its theoretical achievements had a huge influence.

In the summer and autumn of the 21st year of Zhenyuan (805), Han Yu left Yangshan. In August, he was appointed as Jiangling Fa Cao to join the army.

In June of the first year of Yuanhe (806), Han Yu was recalled to Chang'an, and the official authorized him to know Dr. Guozi. In the third year of Yuanhe (808), Han Yu changed his name to Dr. Zhen. In the fourth year of Yuanhe, he was awarded the title of Wai Lang, the official of the capital, who was in charge of the Eastern Capital and also judged the temple department. In the winter of that year, he was demoted and transferred to the post of Henan Order. Later, he served successively as Fang Yuanwailang and Dr. Guozi.

In the eighth year of Yuanhe (813), he was promoted to Bibu Langzhong, the editor of the History Museum, and completed the compilation of the famous history book "Shunzong Shilu". In the ninth year of Yuanhe (814), Han Yu was appointed as a doctor of imperial examinations, Zhongzhi Zhigao, and in the second year he was promoted to Zhongshu Sheren. In the twelfth year of Yuanhe (817), he assisted Prime Minister Pei Du and quelled the Huaixi Rebellion as a marching Sima. He was promoted to Minister of Punishment for his military merits.

In the 14th year of Yuanhe (819), Emperor Xianzong sent an envoy to Fengxiang to welcome the Buddha's bones. A wave of belief in Buddhism arose in the capital. Regardless of his personal safety, Han Yu resolutely published "On the Table of Buddha's Bones". He denounced the Buddha's untrustworthiness and demanded that the Buddha's bones be "thrown into water and fire to permanently eradicate the root cause, end the world's doubts, and eradicate the confusion of future generations." Xianzong learned of this, and Long Yan was furious and wanted to be executed. Fortunately, Prime Minister Pei Du and the ministers in the court tried their best to intercede, so he was spared death and was demoted to Chaozhou Criminal History. Han Yu served as Chaozhou's criminal historian for eight months. In summary: he drove away crocodiles and eliminated harm to the people; hired teachers to set up rural schools; he planned to pay off debts and free slaves; he led the people to build water conservancy projects and drain floods for irrigation. For more than a thousand years, Chaozhou has become a regional culture with unique characteristics, and the Chaozhou area has become a state of etiquette and a famous cultural city!

In September of the 15th year of Yuanhe (820), Han Yu issued an edict to prepare wine for the emperor of the country. In July of the first year of Changqing (821), Han Yu was transferred to the post of minister of the Ministry of War. The next year, he went to Zhenzhou alone and risked his life to appease the rebel army. He was known in history as "winning the commander-in-chief of the three armies" without spending a single soldier. He died, turned the fighting into jade and silk, and quelled the chaos in Zhenzhou. In September, he was transferred to the position of Minister of the Ministry of Personnel.

In June of the third year of Changqing (823), Han Yu was promoted to Jing Zhaoyin and Yushi Dafu. The Jingzhao area was said to be complicated and difficult to manage. Under Han Yu's rule, the society was stable, thieves stopped, and the price of rice did not dare to rise. Later, he was successively transferred to the positions of Minister of the Ministry of War and Minister of the Ministry of Personnel.

In the fourth year of Changqing's reign, Han Yu took leave due to illness. On December 2, he died of illness in Chang'an at the age of fifty-seven.

Han Yu's thoughts originated from Confucianism, but he also had some deviant remarks. He regarded himself as Confucian orthodoxy and opposed the purity and annihilation of Buddhism and the superstition of theocracy, but he also believed in destiny, ghosts and gods; he praised Mencius for excluding Yang Zhu and Mozi, and believed that Yang and Mo were partial to the orthodox way, but he advocated the use of Confucius and Mozi; he advocated the mutual use of Confucius and Mozi. Zong Kong's family valued the king's way but despised the domineering one; at the same time, they respected the achievements of Guan Zhong and Shang Yang. He criticized the reforms of the two kings' group, but on major issues such as opposing the separatist rule of vassal towns and the monopoly of eunuchs, he was no different from the opinions of the two kings. These complex and contradictory phenomena are reflected in his works.

Edit this paragraph's literary achievements

Han Yu was an essayist and poet in the Tang Dynasty. Both Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan were advocates of the ancient prose movement. They advocated the study of ancient prose in order to rectify the old order and revitalize Confucian orthodoxy. , and wrote ancient articles in order to promote ancient roads. His requirements for the creation of ancient prose are that "it must be based on benevolence and righteousness," "the characters should be followed according to their duties" ("Nanyang Fan Shaosu Epitaph"), "only the state of affairs should be followed" ("Reply to Li Yishu" -, "Learn from Qi Qi") The meaning is not imitated by his words" ("Reply to Liu Zhengfu's Letter"). Because of his loyalty to ancient prose, he has made great achievements, such as "Yuan Rui", "Jinxue Jie", "Preface to Farewell to Li Yuan's Return to Pangu", "Preface to Farewell to Meng Dongye" ", "Miscellaneous Comments", "Essays on the Commemoration of Twelve Langs", "Postscript of the Biography of Zhang Zhongcheng", etc. are all excellent works. In terms of poetry, he admired Chen Zi'ang, Li Bai and Du Fu, and was one of the representatives of the Han and Mencius Schools of Poetry. , either reflecting current events, or writing about the political frustrations and personal experiences of middle- and lower-class scribes, all of which are distinctive, such as "Bianzhou Rebellion", "A Gift to Zhang Gongcao on the 15th of August", "Mountain and Stone", "Zuo Qian moved to Languan to Show his Nephew" Hunan", "Ci Tongguan first sent to the old envoy of Zhang Twelve Pavilions", "Sent to Zhang Shiba of the Water Department in the early spring", etc. Ancient poems are often grand in scale, talented and majestic in order to correct the mediocrity and familiarity of Dali poems. , he explored a new path for the development of poetry. However, works such as "Luhun Mountain Fire", "Nanshan", "Song of Stone Drums", "Lunar Eclipse", etc. deliberately collected strange things, overly scattered culture and discussion, and hurt the poetic flavor. . For details of his life, see Volume 176 of "New Book of Tang".

Du Mu juxtaposed Korean writing with Du's poetry and called it "Du's poetry and Hanbi"; Su Shi called him "the rise of literature in eight generations and the decline of poetry". The ancient prose movement advocated by Han Liu opened up the development path of ancient prose since the Tang Dynasty. Korean poetry strives for novelty, emphasis on momentum, and originality. Han Yu used text as poetry, introduced new ancient Chinese language, composition, and techniques into the poetry world, enhanced the expressive function of poetry, expanded the field of poetry, and corrected the mediocre poetry style since the Dali (766-780). But it also brought about bad habits such as talking about talents and learning, making comments, and pursuing danger and weirdness. In particular, the theory of using discussion as poetry, or even writing poems as rhymes through discussion, had a negative impact on poetry after the Song Dynasty.

Among the ancient versions of Han collections, Wei Huaizhong of the Southern Song Dynasty's "Collected Works of Mr. Changli" and "Waiji" by Wei Huaizhong of the Southern Song Dynasty are the best; Liao Yingzhong's version of "Collected Works of Mr. Changli", "Waiji" and "Collected Works" are the best; 》 (reprinted by Dongyatang of Xu family in Ming Dynasty) is the most popular. In the Qing Dynasty, Gu Sili and Fang Shiju each had separate annotated editions of their poetry anthologies. Qian Zhonglian's "Anthology of Han Changli's Poems in Years" by Qian Zhonglian is a separate annotated edition of "Han Changli's Poems". In addition, those who did collation or supplementary annotations for the Han Collection but did not list the main text included Fang Songqing and Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty, Chen Jingyun, Wang Yuanqi, Shen Qinhan, Fang Cheng and the modern Xu Zhen of the Qing Dynasty. The most detailed chronology is the Chronicle of Han Zi written by Hongxingzu of the Song Dynasty. The relevant parts of Zhao Yi's "Oubei Poetry", Fang Dongshu's "Zhao Mei Zhan Yan", and Lin Shu's "Research Methods of Han Liuwen" are representative works that comment on his poetry.

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Han Yu's prose is rich in content, diverse in form, clear and concise in language, novel and vivid, and has set a model for the classical prose movement. The Korean style is vigorous and unrestrained, with twists and turns freely. His prose works can be roughly divided into the following categories:

①Expositional essays can be divided into two categories. One is to promote Taoism and Confucianism, such as "Yuan Dao", "Yuan Xing", "Yuan Ren" "; the other type also has a tendency to be enlightened to a greater or lesser extent, but focuses on reflecting reality and expressing injustice. Moreover, many articles have an anti-conventional and anti-traditional power, and are mixed with strong emotional tendencies in their writing. , such as the most representative "Shi Shuo" and "Ma Shuo".

②Essays, compared with argumentative essays, are more free and casual. They may be long or short, solemn or humorous. The writing varies with the situation and each has its own purpose. For example, "Jinxuejie" uses the method of setting questions and answers to make irony and truth. The whole text uses the method of diction and poetry to arrange parallels and parallels, and the writing is relaxed and lively. The most noteworthy among the essays are those concise short essays that mock reality and have sharp arguments, such as "Miscellaneous Comments" and "Huolin Jie". They are lively and eclectic in form and have high literary value.

③Prefaces (i.e. gift prefaces) are mostly concise, concise and original, expressing various emotions about the real society, such as "Postscript to the Biography of Zhang Zhongcheng", "Preface to Farewell to Li Yuan's Return to Pangu", "Farewell to Mencius" "Higashi Preface" and so on. In addition, Han Yu also showed his outstanding ability to narrate objects in his biographies and epitaphs, such as "The Biography of Mao Ying" and "Epitaph of Liu Zihou".

④ Biography and lyrical prose. Han Yu's biography inherits the tradition of "Historical Records", depicts characters in the narrative, and discusses and expresses emotions appropriately and skillfully. "Postscript to the Biography of Zhang Zhongcheng" is recognized as a famous work. Among his lyrical essays, "Essay on Sacrifice to the Twelve Langs" is also a thousand-year-old unique tune in the memorial essays, with a strong lyrical color.

Edit the ideological characteristics of this paragraph

Han Yu’s thoughts originated from Confucianism, but there are also some deviants. He regarded himself as an orthodox Confucian and opposed the purity, annihilation and theocratic superstition of Buddhism, but he also believed in destiny, ghosts and gods. In his later period, he became very close to eminent monks and became fascinated by them. He praised Mencius for displacing Yang Zhu and Mozi, and believed that Yang, Mo was partial to abandoning the righteous way, but he advocated the use of Confucius and Mohism; he advocated the Confucian clan, valuing the king's way but despising the domineering; and he also praised the achievements of Guan Zhong and Shang Yang. He criticized the reforms of the two kings' group, but on major issues such as opposing the separatist rule of vassal towns and the monopoly of eunuchs, he was no different from the opinions of the two kings. These complex and contradictory phenomena are reflected in his works.

Educational Thought

1

Han Yu was a famous writer and thinker in the Tang Dynasty of my country, and he was also a very influential educator.

Han Yu was engaged in many activities throughout his life, and the three main ones that should be mentioned are:

The first is the anti-Buddhism and promotion of Confucianism activities of "Taoism for the benefit of the world". This was the political requirement at that time to consolidate centralization of power.

Han Yu lived in the mid-Tang Dynasty after the "Anshi Rebellion". He experienced the ruling years of five emperors, Dai, De, Shun, Xian and Mu Zong. The main social contradiction during this period was the contradiction between unified centralized power and the local forces separatizing feudal towns. The ruling class realized that only by vigorously improving the political status of Confucianism could it form an ideology that suited the requirements of the feudal ruling class and consolidate its dominance. Han Yu studied the Six Classics and hundreds of schools of thought since he was a child. The "Old Tang Book? Han Yu's Biography" records: "Yue was an orphan and studied Confucianism diligently at a young age..." "Reply to Li Yishu" said: "The first person did not dare to accept it unless he was a disciple of the Three Dynasties and Two Han Dynasties. See, those who are not saints dare not keep their ambitions." It shows that Han Yu's worldview was formed under the influence of Confucianism since he was a child, and he became a loyal believer in the teachings of Confucius and Mencius. Ouyang Xiu said: "The way of Han's literature has been revered throughout the ages and has been passed down all over the world." Su Shi said: Han's "literary work has been declining for eight generations, and his Taoism has helped the world drown" and "is powerful but exists alone." ("Stele of Han Wengong Temple in Chaozhou") Han Yu believed that he had made contributions in "repelling heretics, denounced Buddhas and elders" and reviving Confucianism in "restoring the once fallen".

Han Yu's political views are reflected in his articles such as "Original Way", "Original Man", "Talking about Xun", "State Confucius Temple Stele", etc. The articles express his loyalty to the emperor, Qing government, and A set of Neo-Confucian thoughts that combines etiquette and law with emphasis on tradition. This is the political theoretical basis and specific content of his educational thought. His critical spirit in the anti-Buddhist struggle had a positive impact on education at that time.

The second is the ancient prose movement that began with the "Eight Dynasties Decline". Han Yu advocated ancient prose for the purpose of "writing to convey the Tao". The ancient prose movement advocated Confucianism in terms of ideology. In terms of style, the ancient prose movement has set aside the obscene, empty and unrealistic clichés that have been popular since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and established a good style of study for ancient education and teaching. The classical prose movement is called retro, but it is actually innovation.

The third is educational and teaching activities that complement the above two activities. Han Yu dared to be a teacher in the ancient prose movement, paid attention to the way of teaching, and preached and taught. Supporting younger students also had a very good influence in ancient Chinese education, and played a positive role in forming a fine educational tradition in ancient my country.

In addition to teaching in person, Han Yu also criticized the imperial examination system and traditional education in his educational and teaching activities. He also put forward some very valuable views and pointed out that the shortcomings of the imperial examination system at that time were: "The likes and dislikes of those who have officials come from their sincerity." He realized that talents could not be selected by relying on imperial examinations. At the same time, he also put forward insightful theories on identifying talents and cultivating talents. For example, in his article "Four Miscellaneous Notes on Horses", he proposed that "there is Bole in the world, and then there is a thousand-mile horse; there are always thousand-mile horses, but there are not always Bole." point of view. That is to say, he believes that there are always talents, and the key lies in whether they can be identified and supported. As long as they are good at identifying and cultivating them properly, talents will emerge in large numbers.

Han Yu criticized the school education at that time. When he was a doctor of the Four Schools, he requested that the Imperial Academy be reinstated and the school should be used to cultivate talents; when he was a doctor of the Imperial Academy, he wrote "Teacher's Theory" and "Jin Xue Jie", advocating respecting teachers and pointing out the way to become talented; When the son was offering wine, he invited Confucian scholars to be carefully selected as academic officials to rectify Chinese studies.

Han Yu wrote "Ode to Zichan for Not Destroying Rural Studies", criticizing the lack of emphasis on local education at that time and praising Zheng Zichan for not destroying rural studies. He attached great importance to local education. When he was the governor of Chaozhou, he used his salary to establish state schools and develop local education.

2

Han Yu's educational thoughts can be generally summarized into the following aspects: the theory of educational purposes proposed to realize the "ancient way"; the role of education in connection with his views on human nature The theory of respecting teachers; the "Teacher Theory" of respecting teachers; the theory of teaching thoughts summarized in "Jinxuejie" and its long-term educational practice activities.

1. The theory about the purpose of education

The purpose of education mainly refers to the training goals, that is, the specifications of talents. The political views of an educator stipulate the standards and requirements for cultivating talents, and the political views are often the purpose of his education.

Han Yu’s political views are Confucian benevolence and righteousness as well as the “Three Cardinal Guidelines” and “Six Disciplines”.

His requirements for talent specifications are: loyalty to the emperor, clean government, respect for law, and inheritance of tradition. To this end, Han Yu elaborated on the viewpoint of "cultivating Qi Zhiping" in "The Great Learning" and further standardized the training objectives. "The Great Learning" is a chapter in the "Book of Rites". Since Han Yu, the status of "The Great Learning" has been improved. Han Yu quoted the program passage in "The Great Learning" in "Yuan Dao": "In ancient times, those who wanted to establish virtue in the world first governed their country; those who wanted to govern their country, first regulated their families; those who wanted to regulate their families, first If you want to cultivate your body, you must first rectify your mind; if you want to rectify your mind, you must first be sincere in your intention." However, "the ancient saying is that those who rectify their hearts and sincere their intentions will do so." The meaning of this passage is to regard cultivating the mind and nature as the foundation of all things. Emphasis: The purpose of "sincerity" and "righteousness" is to harmonize the family, govern the country and bring peace to the world. After the Song Dynasty, "The Great Learning" became an independent Confucian classic and was listed as one of the "Four Books".

The "clean government" that Han Yu refers to means that officials must be honest, politics must be clear and clear, and they must be able to eliminate abuses and suppress violence. The purpose is to consolidate the political power of a feudal country.

Regarding etiquette and law, etiquette here refers to the feudal hierarchy. "Benevolence" and "propriety" are two aspects that complement each other and are integrated with each other in Confucian thought. Han Yu combined ritual, music, punishment, and government as a way to govern the country. He followed the "Six Classics" and was familiar with hundreds of schools of thought. He was a scholar and a bureaucrat. He practiced literary and military affairs. Therefore, when it came to governing the country, he advocated taking both Confucian classics and law into account, and paying equal attention to punishment and education.

Ritual and music refer to the ideological, cultural and behavioral aspects, and criminal affairs refer to the political and legal aspects. Both are indispensable.

The "tradition" Han Yu mentioned is the Confucian "Tao", which is the feudal hierarchy, ethics and behavioral etiquette that embody the "Three Cardinal Guidelines" and the "Six Disciplines".

Among the above-mentioned standards, loyalty to the emperor is the core content. Clean governance, respect for etiquette and law, and emphasis on tradition are inevitable requirements for cultivating loyalty to the emperor and implementing the idea of ??loyalty to the emperor. If Confucian students possess these qualities, they can manage the family, govern the country, and bring peace to the world. .

According to the requirements of the educational purpose, the educational content is basically political, ideological and moral education, that is, first, moral education, including the entire set of Confucian theories of benevolence, righteousness, and morality; second, knowledge education, including Shu, Yi, and Spring and Autumn Annals; The third is political education, including etiquette, music, punishment and politics.

2. Theories about the role of education

The role of education mentioned here refers to the role of education in discovering human nature. Ancient Chinese educators and thinkers all talked about issues of human nature. As far as Confucianism is concerned, before Han Yu there were theories such as "good nature", "evil nature" and "three qualities of nature". Their purpose in talking about "human nature" is to explain that the ruling class is ordered by heaven and is born to "rule others", while the working people are born "foolish" and "evil" and are "rulers to others".

Han Yu is a theorist of "three qualities of nature". He wrote the article "Original Nature", which expressed his basic views on human nature. He believes that human nature is innate and has moral qualities such as "benevolence, righteousness, etiquette, wisdom, and trustworthiness"; "nature" is divided into three grades: upper, middle and lower. People of the highest grade are "good", people of the middle grade "can be guided up and down", while people of the lower grade are "evil"; he believes that there is emotion besides sex, and emotion is "born from things". It includes seven types: joy, anger, sadness, fear, love, evil, and desire. Emotions are also divided into three grades: upper, middle and lower. He believes that people with high qualities can have "moderate" expressions of the seven emotions; people with middle qualities are required to have moderate expressions of the seven emotions, but they often have "somewhat" or "somewhat". ", that is, it is too much or too little, but not just right; people with bad character "act according to their feelings" without any control.