1. I am looking for an article about the impact of context on communication.
The purpose and significance of the research
All human activities take place in a certain environment. It is carried out in the environment and is restricted by the environment, and verbal communication is no exception. The environment in which language is used during verbal communication is called context. Context is a basic concept in speech communication theory. Speech communication is a cognitive process, and its communicative effect is related to the speaking subject's recognition of contextual factors. Context plays an important role in the transmission of verbal information in communication.
Context can be divided into narrow sense and broad sense. The context in the narrow sense refers to the environment within the discourse, mainly referring to the occasions when speaking and listening, as well as the preface or context when speaking. In addition to the context within the discourse, the broad context also includes the environment outside the discourse, such as the social environment, the natural environment and the specific situation of speaking. As long as verbal communication exists, there will be context. The production of any discourse is inseparable from a specific context. Discourse information only has practical value in a specific context. In interpersonal communication, only by correctly understanding the context of the discourse information can the communicative information be faxed, otherwise it will be false; only by making full use of the context of the discourse can the communication activities be successful, otherwise it will fail. This topic mainly summarizes and categorizes common contextual situations in the process of speech communication, and analyzes the impact of context on the transmission of discourse information, providing theoretical assistance for the rational use of context to ensure accurate and smooth transmission of discourse information.
The main content of the results, important viewpoints or countermeasures and suggestions
The understanding of discourse must follow certain rules, and speaking depends on the occasion and the context. The meaning of the words is just the literal meaning under normal circumstances, but many times it has implicit meaning. "Implication" must be conveyed through context to express the true message that the speaker wants to convey. In the process of speech cognition, people are interested in the true meaning of the utterance. Failure to capture true information may lead to misinterpretation, misunderstanding or even misinterpretation. The understanding of discourse is formed by the specific context in the communication process.
Differences in discourse cognition and context restrict the choice of discourse. The speaker's choice of words affects the listener's cognitive process and the listener's understanding of the words to a certain extent. That is to say, the nature of the society in which a person lives, as well as his cultural upbringing, knowledge level, life experience, language style and dialect foundation, etc., will lead to information value-added and ambiguity in language communication. Therefore, the speaker's choice of words must adapt to different communication objects and communication contexts.
Context has a great impact on language analysis, language understanding, and language communication. In the process of discourse transmission, context participates in information transmission and communication. It is a specific communication language and plays an intervening and restrictive role in the content and form of communication; at the same time, it also plays an indispensable supplementary role. In the process of using language to transmit information, both parties in communication must make full use of context. The transmission of information must conform to the context, and at the same time, pay attention to the impact of context on the transmission of language information.
Context not only restricts the use of language, but also plays a participatory role. It directly penetrates into every link and process of discourse activities, participating in the formation of discourse meaning and the composition of discourse strategies. Integrate into an integral part of discourse expression and understanding activities. Therefore, context runs through the process of discourse communication from beginning to end, and discourse communication can only adapt to the context. "Sing what song you go to in which mountain, and what words you say to whom" are the basic principles of discourse expression.
Context not only limits the choice of discourse content, but also limits the choice of discourse form. As the saying goes: "One word speaks a hundred things." "Said in all kinds of ways" is the choice of discourse form. For the same content, if the choice of discourse form does not fit the context, it will lead to the failure of information transmission. Context is the specific environment in which language is used. When delivering words, the speaker can omit some words by using specific contextual meanings. The listener can automatically supplement and understand the omitted words of the other party by using the hints and help of specific contextual meanings.
Context is the basis and basis for understanding the content of speech. Reasonable use of context can effectively improve the effect of discourse expression and enable the discourse to convey real information; clever use of contextual factors can make discourse expression concise, implicit and appropriate. Therefore, context is a tool, a means, and a bridge to communication and communication of information. If you use context correctly, you can grasp the true information of the speaker and avoid misunderstandings and even mistakes. 2. Urgently looking for a communication article Thesis materials on the relationship between pragmatics and context
1. Proposition of the topic "Emotions change at will", "Times change", "Who says what people say", "Which mountain you go to, what song you sing"... …The importance of context has long been seen by predecessors.
As one of the three major contents of the Chinese communication circle, context is the place where people complete pragmatic communication with the help of language and characters. When studying the teaching of Chinese communication circles, the study of context should be the first priority. The "Chinese Curriculum Standards (Trial)" (hereinafter referred to as the "Standards") also have requirements and explanations on context in many places, taking the reading section as an example: Among the stage goals, the fifth reading in the first semester: "combination" Understand the meaning of words and sentences in the text through context and life, and accumulate words in reading.
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Reading 3 of the second stage of school: “Be able to connect with the context, understand the meaning of words and sentences, and appreciate the role of key phrases in the text in expressing affection. "Reading Part 4 of the Third Stage of Learning: "Contact the context and your own accumulation, infer the meaning of relevant words and sentences in the text, and experience its expression effect. ”
Reading Part 4 of the Fourth Stage: “On the basis of reading the text thoroughly, clarify the ideas, understand the main content, and appreciate and deliberate the meaning and function of important words and phrases in the language environment. "Reading 8: "Be able to make your own evaluation of the ideological and emotional tendencies of the work in conjunction with the cultural future. ”
Among them, “context”, “life reality”, “cultural background”, etc. are all content involved in context research. So what is context? Context is the specific environment in which language exists. , in the Chinese communication circle, this concept is expressed as a specific time and space range, that is, under a certain social background, the time when Chinese communicators with different occupations, personalities, cultivation, habits and other characteristics use language to communicate. , place, occasion, object, and the context of speaking, etc.
In a certain context, Chinese communicators cultivate their language sense, acquire Chinese knowledge, and form and develop their own Chinese through pragmatic learning or practice. Literacy. Language is a unique information transmission tool for human beings. When people use language to transmit information, they must have their own specific language environment. Regardless of the context, simple technical training will not only frustrate. Students' enthusiasm for learning Chinese is more serious, and it is very likely to cultivate "people who cannot communicate", which is contrary to the task of Chinese education. If a word is separated from the sentence, it is difficult to determine its meaning. ; A sentence often cannot be correctly analyzed if it is separated from the paragraph; if an article is not first clarified about the specific environment such as its writing background, it is impossible to understand its true meaning.
A large number of research results show that context plays an extremely important role in the theoretical research and applied research of language, and the formation and development of Chinese communicators’ Chinese literacy. However, the real research on context has not attracted the attention of the majority of Chinese communicators. Teachers attach great importance to it, and so far we have not been able to summarize a systematic scientific theory of context.
We believe that context research is complex and systematic, and there are rules to be found. There is no irregular existence, only the existing laws are not recognized.
Context is an objective situation set and controlled by humans. Context is divided according to the degree of optimization, which can be divided into optimized context and relatively optimized context. , do not optimize the context, the classroom is a highly optimized context. Generally speaking, context generally refers to the time, place, place, object, and context of speaking, etc. It is mainly the place for language activities, usually called in a narrow sense. Context.
In addition, the era in which the language is used, the nature and characteristics of the society, the user's occupation, personality, cultivation, habits, etc., also belong to the category of context, which corresponds to the narrow context, usually It is called the context in the broad sense. The context in the narrow sense has a great impact on the understanding, pragmatics and expression of language.
In oral communication, the context in the narrow sense, coupled with the context during conversation. It is not difficult to express and understand some auxiliary non-verbal means such as expressions, gestures, attitudes, etc. However, the interpretation of the meaning of the text is different. If an isolated word, sentence or even an article is left out, it is not difficult to express and understand it. It is difficult to get a correct interpretation without the specific context.
Language is a social phenomenon, and pragmatic behavior is a social activity. Therefore, the use of language is always inseparable from a certain context. Just like plants cannot grow without soil, air and water. When we learn a language, we must not only understand as much language knowledge as possible such as pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, etc., and master as much as possible the pronunciation and meaning of words, etc., but more importantly, we must also be good at accurately speaking according to a certain context. Understand language and use language accurately in a specific context. Therefore, the initiation, occurrence, persistence and transformation of pragmatic behaviors are inseparable from context.
The formation and development of Chinese literacy are realized in a certain context. We know that Chinese literacy is not a knowledge point or a concept. It has extremely rich connotations.
The formation of a student’s Chinese literacy with his own unique personality mainly depends on his “understanding” of language and characters in the pragmatic process. Without the student’s own “understanding”, he will not be able to have an understanding of language and characters. control ability. Students' understanding of language can only be realized through the implementation of pragmatic behaviors in a certain context.
Pragmatic behavior is not about segmenting, summarizing, and talking about the central idea, but in a specific context, through the occurrence of pragmatic behaviors of "listening, speaking, reading, and writing", through students and teachers Creative dialogue with text enables students to actively recognize and understand themselves and social life with the help of language and characters, transfer their language sense, and then form their own language habits and language style. The standards also point out: "Chinese is the most important communication tool and an important part of human culture.
The unity of instrumentality and humanism is the basic feature of Chinese courses." Chinese as a communication tool It can only be mastered in the process of communication, and students' unique Chinese literacy can only be formed in communication.
Based on the above analysis, we can see that Chinese communication circle teaching attaches great importance to the creation of context.
How should we create different contexts for different texts to most effectively guide students to learn and use language to communicate? How should we combine the context with the words, sentences, and articles in the text to understand their true meaning? Are there any rules to follow in creating context? ...These all need to be solved in our experiments.
2. Experimental principles 1. The principle of harmonious development. By creating a certain context, teachers, students and the text can have a "natural and harmonious" dialogue; through the interpretation of words, sentences and articles, it can be realized. 3. How to write a propositional composition in a smooth and orderly manner
"Writing in an orderly manner" is a basic requirement for writing. It reflects the writer's ability to control written language (i.e. words).
"Wen Congzi Shun" has two meanings: first, the wording is appropriate and appropriate. The author is thinking of such a thing, feeling such a situation, and the words used It can express such a thing and such a situation, and the reader's feelings after reading are completely consistent with the ideas that the author hopes to express; secondly, the sentences are smooth and smooth, and the style is coherent, which can well convey the author's thoughts and feelings in an orderly and orderly manner. Expressed in an orderly manner without any ambiguity, confusion or awkwardness.
In order to be fluent in words, the most important thing for beginners is to develop a good sense of language. Language sense is people’s keen sense of language. It is gradually formed through repeated exposure to listening and reading in long-term language practice.
Language sense plays an extremely important role in writing. The writer thinks about "meaning" when writing, but what he writes is "wen". The transformation from "meaning" to "wen" depends entirely on the writer's sense of language.
So, what specific content does language sense include?
1. Words must be fluent
Through long-term practice of speaking, people can judge how to speak fluently and how to speak awkwardly, and awkward words are not only difficult for others to understand. , I felt uncomfortable writing it myself. This sense of smoothness is mainly reflected in the judgment of the correctness of the collocation of words and the ordering of words. Chinese words have certain collocation habits. For example, we can say "deep friendship" or "deep friendship"; we can say "deep affection" but not "deep affection". The same is true for the ordering of words. What should be said first and what should be said last? There are conventional rules. If we follow these rules in writing, we will write smoothly.
2. The meaning must be coherent
When people state a problem to others, they will pay attention to how the words are connected before others will understand them. This is the coherence of language. feel. For example, the arrangement of the upper and lower sentences should be in line with the process of development and change of things or the order in which people observe and understand problems; a paragraph should be centered on a topic, and after one meaning is said, another meaning should be said, and it should not be one sentence here and there, or the preface does not match. Afterwords; when you finish talking about one meaning and then talk about another meaning, there should be transition words at the connection. Paying attention to this issue when writing will also help to write the article smoothly.
3. Pay attention to propriety
People have mastered a large number of vocabulary, and these vocabulary have some subtle differences in scope, quantity, degree, praise and blame when describing things. Feeling these differences and showing a precise sense of proportion when choosing words and sentences will help express one's understanding exquisitely and accurately.
4. Master the rhythm
Chinese has changes in tones, as well as changes in monosyllabic words, bisyllabic words, polysyllabic words and sentence forms. These changes will form a natural rhythm in human vision or hearing, thus producing a sense of rhythm. For example, people generally say "sing and dance" or "sing and dance" instead of "sing and dance" or "sing and dance" because the latter statement feels awkward intuitively. This sense of symmetry in form and coordination in tone, when used in writing, will also help to write the article smoothly and smoothly.
How do you usually develop your own sense of language?
The most important thing is to cultivate the habit of reading. Some excellent articles are best recited by heart. In this way, some good language will form examples and then turn into your own language habits. You also need to listen more: listen to the radio and listen to others reading articles, which can enhance the effect of reading. At the same time, you should try to enrich your vocabulary, accurately grasp the meaning of words, and understand a little grammar. You should also be careful not to make mistakes when you speak. As long as you work hard in this direction, it will not be difficult to be fluent in writing and writing.
After finishing the composition, pay attention to checking: first, read it aloud by yourself to see if there is anything awkward; second, change your position, invite others to read it, and listen to it yourself to see if it is correct. It means that you can hear every sentence clearly, and there is no stumbling at all; the third is to carefully check the areas that feel awkward. When checking, on the one hand, you should check the language materials-vocabulary, look at its collocation, part of speech, color, etc.; on the other hand, you should check Check the organizational form of language - grammar, and look at its structure, components, word order, etc.
To achieve word order, in addition to working hard on the use of language, you must also pay attention to writing, line style, and punctuation. When writing an article, the handwriting must be neat and neat. How can an article be fluent if the handwriting is sloppy and difficult to read? Also don’t write typos. Because a difference of one word can mean a huge difference in meaning. The format of the citation of the article must be correct, especially for practical articles. Errors in the citation will directly affect the correct expression of the meaning.
Punctuation marks are important aids in written expression, helping to show the structure of sentences, the nature of words, and the author's emotions. The correct use of punctuation marks is not only an important basic skill in writing, but also a necessary condition for the article to be fluent and word-ordered. When writing, you should not only pay attention to the correct use, but also pay attention to the standards. 4. Analysis of the relationship between context and verbal communication
In the context of cross-cultural communication, with the pragmatic principles of relevance theory and adaptation theory as the theoretical cornerstone, this article analyzes and discusses the language of non-verbal communication. Use errors and their causes.
Different from previous research, this paper believes that pragmatic errors are not limited to the study of pragmatic errors in verbal communication. Pragmatic errors in non-verbal communication are more worthy of study due to their own characteristics. In addition, cross-cultural Pragmatic errors in non-verbal communication originate from the failure to adapt to the cross-cultural communication context at that time. The article explores three characteristics of pragmatic errors in non-verbal communication: cultural constraints; dynamic development with the cross-cultural communication context at that time; ambiguity and non-systematicity.
Based on these characteristics, we can study pragmatic errors not only from the perspective of pragmatic principles of speech communication, but also from the perspective of cross-cultural communication context based on pragmatic principles. Therefore, from a cognitive perspective, the author of this article divides the cross-cultural communication context into three categories with the active communicator as the center: cultural context, communicative context and language context, and demonstrates the importance of cross-cultural communication context. Three basic characteristics: hierarchy, dynamics and compliance.
Among them, adaptability refers to the fact that in cross-cultural communication, communicators, as "cultural people" with cognitive abilities, can exert their subjective initiative and actively activate certain internalized and passive thoughts during communication. Perceive the contextual elements, make certain cultural adjustments, actively adapt to the context, find the best correlation in communication, and avoid pragmatic errors as much as possible. The full text unfolds in the following order: first, it defines the cross-cultural communication context and points out its basic characteristics based on the relevance theory and adaptation theory. Then, starting from the theoretical basis of pragmatic errors, it redefines and redefines pragmatic errors. Classification, the pragmatic errors in non-verbal communication are classified into a separate category, and on this basis, the pragmatic errors at all levels of non-verbal communication are discussed in detail.
In the process of argumentation, the author examines various non-verbal communication behaviors in the context of cross-cultural communication, collects evidence from many sources, and collects many real cases that appear in specific contexts. In-depth analysis proves that the root cause of pragmatic errors in cross-cultural non-verbal communication is the failure to adapt to the cross-cultural communication context at that time. This article also discusses that English classroom teaching and learning should be integrated into cultural teaching, especially the teaching of non-verbal communication cultural knowledge, in order to enhance cross-cultural consciousness, and proposes some measures to effectively improve students' cross-cultural communication abilities. 5. Lesson plan on how to write a composition with Wen Cong and Zi order, Seven Years People's Education Press
1. Learn to use words and sentences accurately, and write Wen Cong with order.
2. The language is fluent and beautiful, expressions can be expressed in an orderly manner, and you can learn to expand and write.
3. Learn how to write landscapes.
1. Strive for beautiful language based on the order of words and characters.
2. Read more books, enrich your vocabulary, and develop the habit of expressing words fluently and fluently.
Introduce the topic? Seize the main points? Ask questions and discuss? Guide examples? Modify the exercises
1. Introduce the topic in conjunction with reality
Students, we usually write essays, In terms of language use, many students may use repetitive words, or their sentences may not be fluent, or their words may not be in the correct order, so that their thoughts and feelings cannot be expressed accurately. Today, we will do composition training together. The focus of this composition training is to follow the order of words and express ideas in an orderly manner.
2. Read the textbook and grasp the key points
Word order is a basic skill in writing, which requires us to practice and improve repeatedly in writing. So, what should we pay attention to in order to be fluent in words?
[Clear] Material 1: "No matter what we describe, to express it, there is only a noun; to give it movement, there is only a verb; to get its properties, there is only an adjective. We must continue to think hard to find this unique noun, verb, and adjective. It is not enough to just find words similar to these nouns, verbs, or adjectives. We cannot just use similar words because of difficulty in thinking. "——French writer Flaubert 6. High-priced call for 3,000-word papers on "Language Communication and Context"
Abstract: The use of language has its specific communicative context. Therefore, when analyzing language, phenomenon, we must relate it to a specific situational context. The use of online communication language also has its specific situational context. This article mainly conducts a brief analysis of online communication language from the three factors of field, mode and tenor in the situational context, and compares online communication language with real communication language.
Keywords: Internet communication language; situational context; language field; pattern; purpose
Since the 1990s, the International Internet (Inter) has gradually spread around the world Popularization, an information revolution characterized by networking and digitization has penetrated into all areas of society.
Norton points out: "The Internet is one of the most remarkable inventions of mankind to date, comparable in terms of its social impact to the likes of printing, railroads, telegraphs, automobiles, electricity, and television. Some compare it to printing and When compared with television, these two early technologies played a great role in improving the human living environment: However, the potential of the Internet is greater than the first two. It uses the lever of knowledge and provides unrestrained access to information through the various conveniences of radio and television. Human beings transmit a large amount of text information. "According to the "Tenth Statistical Report on China's Internet Development" released by the China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), my country's Internet development has accelerated again, showing vigorous development momentum in many aspects. Entered another period of rapid development. By the end of 2006, the number of Internet users in my country had reached 137 million, accounting for 10.5% of China's total population. Compared with the same period last year, the number of Internet users in my country increased by 26 million, which was the largest increase in Internet users in history. The growth rate is 23.4%. The development history of the Internet is not long. In just over two decades, it has swept the world with incredible speed and unstoppable momentum. It is changing people's concepts, living conditions and ways of living. With the development and popularization of network technology, network language has become an emerging media language for human communication.
1. Overview of Internet Language
Broadly speaking, Internet language refers to all languages ??used or touched in Internet communication, which can be roughly divided into three categories: One is professional terms related to computers and networks, such as software, virus, broadband, login, online, chat room, browser, etc. This is the most basic component of Internet language; the second is special terms related to Internet cultural phenomena, such as hackers, fourth media, online dating, e-commerce, *** Internet access, virtual space, attention economy, etc.; the third is CMC (puter Mediated-munication) language is the language of network communication, which refers to the language form used in interpersonal communication between two or more people that occurs through computers and network systems. In a narrow sense, Internet language only refers to the second category, CMC language. This article will analyze Internet language in a narrow sense.
David Crystal believes that the impact of the Internet on language will trigger a new language revolution in the field of language (David Crystal 2001). Internet language is an emerging language form created by netizens to adapt to the development of the Internet and the needs of online communication. It is a social dialect used for online communication. Created and used mainly by young people, it is known for its simplicity and practicality. The main features of novelty, uniqueness, and clever humor are increasingly accepted by netizens, which are embodied in "new Chinese words" (such as rooster refers to a machine for free Internet access in public), "ideographic numbers" (1314 represents an event in a lifetime), and "homophonic substitution combinations" ( Daxia refers to heroes), "alphabetic abbreviations" (CU is the abbreviation of "See you"), "symbols of affection" (:-D laughs), "special terms" (Wenjiuya Windows95) and "children's words" These categories are “redundant words” (东东 means east and west).
2. Situational context
System functionalists divide context into two categories: verbal knowledge (verbal context) and non-verbal context (non-verbal context). Non-verbal context can be divided into context of situation and context of culture. Among them, situational context refers to the actual situation in which the speech act occurs. It determines the actual meaning of the words conveyed by the speaker on a specific occasion. Language is social, and society is composed of different classes. They have their own social idioms and expressions. Due to the differences in communication situations, communication media and communication objects. In the process of actual use, language will produce various variations with different degrees, which is register. Situational context is also called register. Register theory is one of the core theories of systemic functional linguistics. He proposed three main contextual factors that determine language characteristics: Field, Mode and Tenor. The language field refers to the social activities involved or what actually happened; the language mode refers to the language carrier form, that is, the channel or medium of language communication—written or oral. Or both are used together: The tenor refers to the people involved in communication activities and the relationship between them.
Situational context plays a very important role in social communication, because communicative behavior will change with different communication situations. Every specific situation and context has its own special words 7. I need a composition that follows the order of words and highlights the center. The title is my own.
Diligence can make up for one's weakness
We often hear people sighing that they are born clumsy and cannot achieve great things. In fact, this sigh is unnecessary. As the saying goes, hard work can make up for weakness, that is to say, poor talent can be compensated for by hard work.
(Let’s get straight to the point and get to the point)
Isn’t that the truth? (Connecting the previous and following, cleverly transitioning from argument to argument)
When Mei Lanfang was young, he went to study opera with a teacher. The master said that he had a pair of dead fish eyes, which were gray and dull, and he was not the material for studying opera at all. He refused. Not accepted. The shortcomings of talent did not discourage Mei Lanfang, but prompted him to work harder. He fed the pigeons and looked up at the sky every day, his eyes following the flying pigeons in pursuit. He keeps goldfish. Looking down at the bottom of the water every day, my eyes follow the traces of swimming goldfish. Later, Mei Lanfang's eyes became like a clear pool of autumn water, sparkling and full of emotion, and he finally became a famous Peking Opera master. (Example to demonstrate, an example from China? Give a positive example)
The world-famous inventor Edison was called a "man with low intelligence" by his teacher when he was in elementary school. He only studied for three months and Forced to leave school. But he did not lose confidence because of this. Instead, he studied diligently with his tenacious will, and finally became a world-famous inventor. (A foreign example, cite positive examples to demonstrate)
There are countless people at home and abroad who have made up for their clumsiness and even achieved great achievements due to their diligence. It can be seen from this that a person with a clumsy talent can become smart and become a useful talent to society as long as he works diligently and achieves the goal of "what a person can do, he can do a hundred things, and a person who can do ten things, can do a thousand things". (Summarize the above, demonstrate the point of view, and prepare for the following)
On the other hand, if a person does not study diligently, no matter how talented he is, he will not be able to become a talent. In the Song Dynasty, there was a "child prodigy" named Fang Zhongyong. He could compose poems at the age of five and was regarded as a prodigy by the villagers. He was extremely smart. However, after he became famous, he no longer worked hard and made progress. Instead, his father took him everywhere to eat, drink and receive gifts all day long. , As a result, his poetic talent dried up, and he finally "disappeared from everyone". (An ancient example, a negative example)
Similar examples are common in real life. (Little transition, from ancient times to the present, with a rigorous structure) One of my elementary school classmates ranked first in the class in junior high school because of his diligence and studiousness. Relatives and friends praised him as a "smart kid." But a year later? His grades ranked sixth from the bottom in the class. His mother said angrily: "What a fool." In fact, he was not a fool at all. He just became proud in the praise and was not as diligent as before.
Professor Hua Luogeng has a famous saying: "Diligence can make up for one's shortcomings. It is a good lesson. Every minute of hard work equals talent." (Quote) I hope those friends who think they have no talent will not be pessimistic and believe that genius lies in hard work. As long as If you are willing to work hard on the word "diligence" and persist in moving towards a beautiful goal, you will definitely achieve great things.
(Final conclusion, raising hope, concluding the full text)