2. What is the meaning of classical Chinese in the senior high school entrance examination?
adjective
[1] (pictophonetic characters. From the old province, (k m 4 o) sound. According to Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jin Wen, they both walk like crutches carrying old people, which is synonymous with old age. Original meaning: old, old)
In the original meaning:
Test, Lao Ye. -Shuo Wen
The test of wealth and longevity. -New Tang Book
Another example: longevity test (longevity); Final exam (whole year); Annual exam (enjoy life)
Test k m: o
noun
[2] Dead father
Father is a test. -"erya"
Postgraduate entrance examination prolongs life. -"Cang Xie Film"
Life is called father, and death is called examination. -Book of Rites Quli
Kao Temple, Wang Kao Temple, Huangkao Temple, Xiankao Temple and Zukao Temple. -The Book of Rites Sacrifice Law
The exam is over in five days. ── "Book Hongfan". According to the examination, candidates are called descendants.
My emperor said, "Bo Yong". -"Songs of Chu Li Sao"
Another example is: Kao Yan (father called Kao, mother called Cong, commonly known in ancient times; Nowadays, people call their dead parents postgraduate entrance examination. )
Test k m: o
verb
[3] Under the guise of "examination". Knock, knock.
There are drums in your house. If you don't fight, don't fight. ─ "Tang Poetry, You Shan Book"
Stone sounds, and it doesn't ring without inspection. -"Zhuangzi Heaven and Earth"
The poor man is looking for it with an axe. -Su Song Shi's "Shi Zhongshan Ji"
Another example: test (knocking at the door); Test (drums)
[4] Under the guise of "copying". interrogate with torture
You prisoners have been plundered, and all the five poisons are involved. -Biography of Dai Jiu in the Later Han Dynasty
Another example: exams (flogging, torture; Tortured to death in prison); Death by examination (torture); Test and kill (torture and kill)
[5] Inspection and assessment
A brief test of his behavior. -Sima Qian's "Bao Ren An"
Another example: compare (check; Verification); Textual research (evaluation of official achievements)
[6] check, check
What's more, the name cannot be tested. -Preface to Sun Wen's Struggle for the Seventy-two Martyrs in Huanghuagang
Another example: textual research (according to); Correction (verification and proof according to literature); Inspection (careful investigation); Search (investigation and exploration; Research); Textual research (the way of being respected); Examination (exploration and research)
[7] complete; build
Kaoko's palace -Zuo Zhuan's Five Years of Seclusion
Another example: failed in the exam (completed; Completed); Pass the exam (completed; Built)
3. Translation of classical Chinese in senior high school entrance examination 1. Focus on review
1, Taohuayuan
2. Inscription in humble room
3. Three Gorges
4. Night tour of Chengtian Temple
5. Preface to Sending Ma Sheng to Dongyang
6. The story of Xiaoshitang
7. The story of Yueyang Tower
8. Drunk Pavilion
9. The Chen She Family
10, "Tang Opera Live Up to its Mission"
1 1, model
12, born in sorrow and died in happiness
13, "My Fish"
Cao Gui debate 14
15, "Zou Ji satirizes Wang Qi to teach"
Second, translation skills.
1, make sense without reading the text: understand the original text carefully, put words into sentences, and put sentences into articles.
The "desperate situation" in "The Story of Peach Blossom Garden" can't be interpreted as "the situation where there is no way out". From the full text, "desperate" is "isolated land".
2. Implement the key words: there is a dog sitting in front of the wolf. The dog is a noun and used as an adverbial in the sentence, meaning "like a dog".
Add the omitted words: "Once again, it will fail, and then it will be exhausted" (Cao Gui debate). The words "again" and "three" here should be supplemented by the translation of "beating drums".
4. Give priority to literal translation, and when it is inconvenient to express, it is supplemented by free translation: for example, "I can see the new fine hairs on birds and beasts in autumn" should be translated as "I can see very small problems".
5. Some words can be omitted and untranslated: auxiliary words generally only play the role of expressing mood, and most of them are untranslatable; Some auxiliary words mean pause and do not need translation; Some words have only consonants and cannot be translated; Some words are linked together or not translated. For example, "husband is brave" and "husband" is a verbal word and cannot be translated.
6. Place names, names, official names, year numbers, emperor numbers or words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times can be copied without translation. For example, the great history of Shangshu period, Yin Shan (county) and Zheng De ... can be copied without translation.
7. Word order: There are prepositional phrases, prepositional objects, verb inversion and attributive postposition in classical Chinese, so we should pay attention to modern word order when translating. For example, "if the butcher is afraid, he will lose the bone" ("wolf") should be translated as "if the butcher is afraid, he will lose the bone to the wolf (chew)".
8. Context: The translation should retain the context of the original text, such as statement and praise.
4. For the translation of various words in classical Chinese in the senior high school entrance examination, one of them should be used as pronoun 1 and the third person pronoun, which can represent people, things and things.
Translated into "he (she) (they)", "it (they)" and "this (thing)" and so on. Take advantage of, hit with a long spoon. (Cao Gui Debate) (2) Chen Sheng assisted him and killed two commanders.
(The Chen She Family) (3) Carnivores are welcome. (Cao Gui Debate) ② As an auxiliary word 1, the structural auxiliary word is translated into "de", and sometimes it is not translated.
Such as: ① Taste the heart of the ancient benevolent people. ("Yueyang Tower") 2 Prisons, large and small, although unobservable, must have feelings.
(Cao Gui Debate) 2. Structural auxiliary words are placed between the subject and the predicate, which cancels the independence of the sentence and does not translate. Give the lotus a muddy one.
("Ailian said") I attacked Song with Wang Lizhi, which is similar to this. (Public Loss) 3. Syllable auxiliary words
Used to adjust syllables, meaningless, generally not translated. The public will flatter.
("Cao Gui Debate") 2 For a long time, the eyes seem to be surprised, but the meaning is very long. (Wolf) 3 Disappointed for a long time (Chen She Family) 4. Structural auxiliary words are a sign that the object is ahead of time.
What's the problem? What was the sin of the Song Dynasty? ("Public Loss") 3 And the city people don't know. (Travel Notes of Man Jing) ③ As a verb, it can be translated into "Dao" and "Dao".
For example, the structural auxiliary words in "On the ridge of the field (Chen She's home)" (1) are translated into "human …", "material …", "situation …" and "cause …", which are equivalent to noun phrases. Then lead the children and grandchildren to take charge of Sanfu and knock stones and fill the sea.
(Gong Yu Yishan) If there is a traitor and a loyal minister, it is appropriate to pay him a punishment. ("Model") The Anling people who live in the land of fifty miles are just teachers.
("Sui Tang Live Up to His Mission") (2) Modal auxiliary words are used after the subject to indicate a pause, and the predicate part generally ends with the word "ye", which plays a judgment role. The fool in Beishan is ninety years old.
("Yu Gong Yi Shan") ② Zhu Gekongming, Wolong also. (Longzhong Dui) is mainly used as a conjunction, which can express the following relationship: 1, a coordinate relationship, which is generally not translated, and sometimes can be translated as "you".
Such as: ① review the past and learn the new, and you can be a teacher. Dongpo is the man with a crown and a beard.
(The Story of the Nuclear Ship) 2. Inheritance can be translated as "JIU" and "Jie" or not. Such as: ① Wei Jianting, widely advertised, captured and killed the captain.
("Chen She Family") ② Ring and Attack. The word "harmony" in front of it is an inherited relationship. The turning point is translated as "but", "but" and "que".
Such as: ① Love lotus alone, never touch the mud, clear ripples, but not evil ("Love Lotus"). (2) to believe in human righteousness, but wisdom is short-lived. ("Longzhong Dui") 3 rings and attacks it.
(The latter word "harmony" means a turning point) ("More help when you gain the Tao, less help when you lose it") 4. Progressive relations can be translated as "and" and "or not". Such as: ① less drunk, the highest year, so it is called drunk.
(Preface to Drunk Pavilion) Learn from time to time, don't you? ("Ten Laws") 5. Modifying relationships can be translated into "ground", "zhe" or not. Such as; (1) the meander laughed at the mistake.
Its (1) pronoun 1 and the third person pronoun can be translated as "he (she)", "he (she)", "they", "theirs", "it", "them" and "theirs". Such as: ① choose the good and follow it, and change the bad.
(Ten Rules) A person has hundreds of hands and hundreds of fingers. You can't point to one end. (Stomatology) 3 Tuda was embarrassed and afraid of being attacked by the enemies before and after.
(Wolf) 2. Demonstrative pronouns can be translated into "that", "that", "those" and "there". His eyes are silent, but it is natural to listen to the sound of tea.
("The Story of the Nuclear Ship") 2 Go ahead bravely and be poor for thousands of miles. (Peach Blossom Garden) (2) As an adverb, it is used at the beginning of a sentence or in a sentence to express emotions such as doubt, speculation, backchat and desire. Often collocated with modal particles placed at the end of sentences, it can be translated as "probably", "maybe", "I'm afraid", "maybe" and "don't".
(1) What are the earth and stones like? (One Mountain in Gong Yu) Is there really no evil horse? I really don't know anything about horses. (Ma Shuo) (The former "Qi" can be translated as "Yao" and the latter "Qi" can be translated as "I'm afraid") 3 Ann is a widow! (Sui Tang Live up to the Mission) (3) Make a conjunction to express a hypothesis, which can be translated as "if".
For example, a person's career is not good, a person's morality is not successful, and a person's nature is not humble, then his heart will not be dedicated to others. (Preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Yang) Take (1) as the preposition 1 to introduce the reasons for the actions, which can be translated as "because" and "because".
Such as: ① Don't rejoice in things, don't grieve for yourself. ("The Story of Yueyang Tower") (2) It was left to your Majesty according to the stick figure of the first emperor.
(The former "you" indicates the reason, and the latter "you" indicates the purpose) (Example) 3 Fu Su admonished the reason with several numbers and made the foreign generals. (Chen She family) 2. Introduce the conditions on which actions depend, which can be translated as "relying", "following" and "relying".
If you don't follow the path, you can't make the best use of it. (Ma Shuo) With the strength of the old days, it is impossible to destroy a mountain of hair.
("Gong Yu Yishan") 3 The people of the territory do not take the border, the country does not take the risk of mountains and rivers, and the world does not take the benefits of military revolution. (Chapter II) 3. The way of expressing action can be translated as "Ba", "Na" and "Yong".
Such as: ① slaughter fear and throw bones. Then I promised the first emperor to drive him away.
("Teacher's Watch") (2) Use the conjunction 1 to express the purpose, which is equivalent to "lai" in modern Chinese. It is going to dig a tunnel to attack the rear.
("Wolf Warriors") (2) to light the emperor's legacy. ("Question") 3 belongs to the composition to remember.
(The story of Yueyang Tower) 2. The result can be translated into "even" and "therefore". For example, ① It is not advisable to belittle yourself and quote the wrong meaning to block the way for loyal ministers to give advice.
("The Model") 2 Before hurting the first emperor. As a verb, it can be translated as "thinking".
The first emperor didn't treat his ministers with meanness, but accused himself of wronging himself. Yan 1, an interrogative pronoun, can be translated as "Fan".
Such as: and how to place earthwork? (Gong Yu Yishan) 2. The interrogative modal particles at the end of the sentence can be translated into "you". For example, what does a meat eater have to do with it? (Cao Gui Debate) 3. Pronouns are equivalent to "zhi".
5. It is best to accumulate more commonly used words, polysemous words, Bei sentences and prepositional object sentences. There are two basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation. The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as relative as possible. The advantage of literal translation is the implementation of each word; Its disadvantage is that sometimes the meaning of the translated sentence is difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough. The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns. The advantage of free translation is that the meaning is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages. It is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be realized word for word. These two translation methods should be literal translation, supplemented by free translation. Second, the specific methods are: leave, delete, supplement, change, adjust and change. "Stay" means stay. All words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places, things, officials and countries. Translation can remain unchanged. For example, the words "King of Chu", "Yan Ying" and "Yan Zi" in "Yan Zi makes Chu" need not be translated. "Delete" means delete. Delete function words that do not need to be translated in classical Chinese. For example, the word "Yan" in I'm Sick is a modal particle and cannot be translated. This sentence means "I am the opposite". Ziyou and Amethyst were both seriously ill, and Amethyst died first. "Supplement" means supplement. (1) Change monosyllabic words into disyllabic words, such as "Lead a wife to this desperate situation" in The Story of Peach Blossom Garden, where the word "wife" means "wife and children"; (2) Make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence, such as "Qin died without mourning", which translates as: (Yu Zi) When he spoke, he didn't mourn at all. "Change" means replacing ancient words with modern words, such as "I" instead of "I", and "er" and "why" are inverted sentences of "why". The sentence of prepositional object means "why". "Change" means flexibility. On the basis of being faithful to the original text, the word "left and right" in Zi Yi Wen Zuo You refers to "people under his command" and "left and right are opposite to the day" ("left and right"). First, we should understand the theme, collect information, understand all paragraphs to sentences, clauses to words, and deal with difficult sentences coherently, so we need to be careful, take care of the previous paragraphs, contact the following sentences, and carefully consider the tone. If there are omissions, brackets indicate the gain. Names and place names don't need to be translated, just personal titles. There are rules. Content words, function words, explaining text and enhancing language sense vary from sentence to sentence. After translation, be sure to compare carefully sentence by sentence, understand the tone and make the sentences fluent, and then stop writing. Third, the cross formula of the translation method of classical Chinese in the senior high school entrance examination With the full implementation of the new Chinese curriculum standards, the translation of classical Chinese in the senior high school entrance examination has also undergone fundamental reforms. Literal translation questions are added to most test papers, which can not only examine students' mastery and understanding of real words, function words, different sentence patterns, common sense of ancient culture and semantic relations between sentences, but also examine students' written expression ability. This is much more difficult than choosing a topic in the past. Therefore, in order to do a good job in classical Chinese translation, we must master the necessary method (1) addition, that is, addition, and supplement the omitted components in classical Chinese ellipsis sentences during translation. Note: In order to supplement the omitted elements or sentences, brackets should be added. 1, and the subject, predicate or object omitted from the original text should be added. Example 1: "When I saw that the fisherman was frightened, I asked him about it." Translation sentence: "(Taoyuan middleman) was surprised to see the fisherman and asked him if he was. The predicate "drum" is omitted after "you" and "three" and should be added in translation. Example 3: "Jun and Ju Lai" and "Yu" omit the object "Zhi". 2. Add related words that can make the meaning clear. Example: "If you don't treat it, you will benefit a lot". In ancient Chinese, function words such as phrase words, auxiliary words that play a symbolic role in sentence structure and auxiliary words that form syllables are irreplaceable in modern Chinese, so they can be deleted without translation. Example 1: "The husband dares. "Translation sentence:" Fighting depends on courage. " "Husband" is a phrase, so it is not translated. Translate the sentence: "Confucius said: What is simplicity?" "Zhi" is the symbol of prepositional object, which should be deleted and not translated. Example 3: "Learning from teachers has been passed down for a long time." The fashion of learning from teachers is gone forever. "Ye" is a modal particle in the sentence, which plays a role in calming emotions and has no practical significance. In translation, it can be completely removed. (3) Tone is adjustment, which is the case when translating inverted sentences in classical Chinese. You are ungrateful. "Can be adjusted to" you ungrateful ". Postposition attributes move forward. Example: "There is a reward for those who can stab me in the face." The person who can stab me in the face is too arrogant. 3. The prepositional object moves backward. Example: "Why do you want to fight?" It can be changed to "how to fight". 4. Preposition phrases move forward. "Return from Yangzhou" can be changed to "Return from Yangzhou". (4) To stay is to keep. All words, proper nouns, country names, year numbers, names of people, things, positions, place names, etc. Synonymy between ancient and modern can remain unchanged in translation. Teng was demoted to Baling County to be a satrap. "Four Years in Li Qing" is the year number, and "Baling County" is the place name, which can be kept directly. (5) Expand is expand. 1, which expands monosyllabic words in classical Chinese into synonymous disyllabic words or disyllabic words. Example: "Serving is more difficult.
6. Please add my QQ:97390 197 1 and I will send it to you.
The first volume of Grade 7: Read the text: (1) Zheng Ren buys shoes, (1) carves a boat for a sword, (2) Three Gorges, (5) insect prevention, (6) wooden pagoda of Brahma Temple, (2) Wolf and (8) The Analects of Confucius.
Volume II of Grade 7: Reading texts: ⑼ Zhao Pu, ⑽ Yellow Crane Tower, ⑾ Yuyuan Garden, ⑿ Qianlv, Reading and Appreciation: ⒀ The day when two children debated, ⒁ Ailian.
The first volume of the eighth grade: read the text: ⒂ Make Chu, everyone dies, the story of Xiaoshitang, the night tour of Chengtian Temple, and the water control must be done.
The second volume of Grade 8: Reading texts: Ma Shuo (2 1), Humble Room Ming (22), Caudboard (23), The Story of a Nuclear Ship (24), Stomatology (25) Preface to Sending a Horse to Win in Dongyang. Reading and Appreciation: (26) Mountain City
The first volume of the ninth grade: reading the text: (27) Family (28) Peach Blossom Garden (29) and Zhu's Book (30) Snake Catcher (3 1) Story of Yueyang Tower (32) Story of Drunk Pavilion: (33)
Book 2 of Grade 9: Reading Texts: (34) Argument (35) Zou Ji satirizes Qi Wang's admonition (36) I want what I want (37) Born in sorrow, I died in happiness (38) Yugong Yishan (39) An identical model (40) A thatched cottage.
7. Classical Chinese for senior high school entrance examination: What does "Gai" mean in ancient Chinese? (1) nouns, covered with straw. The cover that extends to an object. Ji Xiang declared: "There is a loquat tree in the courtyard, and my wife was planted in her hand when she died, as it is today." Graceful also refers to the car cover, sunshade and shelter from rain. "Xinlingjun steals the symbol to save Zhao": "Make the crown ~ return to Wei."
2 verbs, cover up; Cover it up Peacock flies southeast: "branches overlap ~, leaves are connected."
3 verbs, superior to; Exceed. "The Battle of Gaixia": "Pull out the mountain and be angry ~ the world."
(4) Adverbs, which are speculative at the bottom of the table, are used at the beginning of the sentence and are equivalent to "guessing" and "probably". Travel to Baochan: "The deeper, the less."
⑤ Adverb, probably; About. Used in sentences to express speculation and inference. Ten thoughts on admonishing Taizong: "Those who are good at the beginning will recover, and those who are good at the end will be few."
⑥ Conjunction, connecting the previous sentence or paragraph, indicating explanation. Equivalent to "original" and "original". A model: "People who are loyal to their ambitions forget life abroad and report to your majesty the extraordinary experience of the former emperors."
⑦ Auxiliary words are used at the beginning of sentences to express opinions. Answer to Sima's suggestion: "What the Confucianists contend for, especially name and reality."
8. Who knows what classical Chinese are in the senior high school entrance examination ~ ~ ~ 2003-2004 senior high school entrance examination classical Chinese induction1-four volumes of classical Chinese articles in 2003 and 2004, for study, Quanzhou P80, Taohuayuan, Haidian P40, Beijing P65, Ailian Theory, Weifang P65433. Fuzhou P52 Yiyang P25 Jilin P3 1, Nanjing P85 Guangdong P30, Hohhot P76 Anhui P36, Shanxi P62 Weifang P 17, Hebei P6 1, Guangzhou P66 Shanghai p4 1 Nanning P50 Guangdong P 18, Baotou P2/kloc-. Jilin P3 1, Tang Ju, Huanggang P77, Volume 5, Classical Chinese, 2003, 2004, Travel Notes of Xishan Banquet, Guangzhou P2, Nanjing P4, Jinan P72, Zui Ting, Anhui P36. Tianjin P44 Harbin P5, Wenzhou P6 1, Changsha P75, Nanjing P85 Jiaxing P89 Yantai P 10