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1. Narrative reading knowledge and skills
1. What are the six elements of narrative?
Time, place, person, cause, process, result of the event
2. Looking for the topic sentence?
Look for the argumentative and lyrical sentence in the first or last paragraph.
3. Article content (center)?
Method: Look at the topic, characters (things), and events to synthesize and summarize.
Format: This article describes (describes, explains)..., expresses (praises, reveals)...
4. Narrative clues and functions?
Clues: (1) Core characters (2) Core things (3) Core events (4) Time (5) Place (6) Author’s emotions
Function: throughout the text The context organically connects the characters and events in the article, making the article clear and organized.
5. Narrative order and function?
1) Sequential narration (in the order of development of things) Function: The narrative has a beginning and an end, clear organization, clear and impressive reading.
2) Flashback (write the results first, and then explain what happened before.) Function: Create suspense, attract readers, avoid the monotony of the narrative, and enhance the vividness of the article.
3) Narration (interrupt the clues during the narrative and insert another related thing.) Function: supplement and set off the plot, enrich the image, and highlight the center.
6. Language characteristics?
Choose from the following sentences based on context and rhetorical methods: Vivid image, fresh and beautiful, concise and concise, accurate and rigorous, incisive and profound, easy to understand, harmonious in phonology and strong sense of rhythm. Note: Analysis must be combined with specific statements.
7. Writing techniques and functions?
(1) Personification Technique Function: Give things human character, thoughts, feelings and actions to personify them, thereby achieving a vivid effect.
(2) Metaphoric techniques Function: describe things and explain principles vividly, concisely and concisely.
(3) Exaggeration Function: Highlight the characteristics of people or things, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression.
(4) The role of symbolism: placing specific meaning on the things described, expressing the emotion of... and enhancing the expressiveness of the article.
(5) Contrast Technique Function: Through comparison, highlight the characteristics of things and better express the theme of the article.
(6) Set off (side foil) technique Function: Use secondary people or things to set off the main people or things, highlighting the characteristics, character, thoughts, feelings, etc. of the main people or things.
(7) Satire Techniques Function: Use metaphors, exaggeration and other means and methods to expose, criticize and ridicule people or things, strengthen the profundity and criticality, and make the language pungent and humorous.
(8) If you want to promote, suppress first. Function: first belittle and then vigorously praise the object described. The context forms a contrast, highlighting the object being written, and receiving unexpected and touching effects.
(9) Echoing before and after (echoing from beginning to end) Function: Make the plot complete, the structure rigorous, and the center prominent.
(10) The role of suspense: to attract readers' attention and thinking, arouse readers' interest in reading, and make the plot of the article twists and turns
8. Rhetorical methods and functions
(1) Its own function; (2) Combined with the context of the sentence.
1. Metaphor, personification: vivid image; answer format: vividly write + object + characteristics.
2. Parallelism: powerful, strengthened tone, coherent, etc.; answer format: emphasizes + object + characteristics
3; question: attracts readers' attention and thinking; answer format: Arouse readers' attention and thinking about + object + characteristics. Question: emphasize, strengthen tone, etc.;
4. Contrast: emphasize... highlight...
5. Repetition: emphasize ...strengthen the tone
9. What is the structural role of sentences?
(1) Continue the above (2) Open the following and lead the following (lead to the following) (3) Connect the previous and the following (transition) (4) Pave the way for the following (5) Take care of the previous ( Beginning)
10. Expression methods
Narration, discussion, explanation, lyricism, description
11. The role of argumentation in narratives
Trigger Readers think, point out the meaning of characters or events, highlight the center, sublimate the theme, and play the finishing touch.
12. The role of lyricism in narratives
Express the author’s sincere and deep emotions, trigger the reader’s emotional response, and make the article highly contagious.
13. Types and functions of description?
(1) Portrait description (2) Appearance description (3) Expression description (4) Action description (5) Language (dialogue) description (7) Psychological description (8) Scenery description (9) Scene description (10) Environmental description (11) Detailed description
The functions of scene description: (1) Explain the background (2) Promote plot development (3) Exaggerate the atmosphere (4) Highlight the character's personality (5) Set off the character's mood
14. Types and functions of environment?
(1) Natural environment: Explain the time and place where the story takes place and the space where the characters move, and set off the mood of the characters.
(2) Social environment: Explain the social background and characteristics of the times in which the event occurred, set off the character, promote plot development, and reveal the theme of the article.
2. Expository text reading knowledge and skills
1. Classification of expository texts
1. From the object of explanation: expository texts about things and expository texts about matters. 2. From the language characteristics: plain expository text, vivid expository text.
2. The order of explanation
Temporal order, spatial order, logical order
Specific analysis of logical order: primary-secondary, cause-result, Phenomenon - essence, characteristics - purpose, general - individual, general - specific, whole - part.
Typical test questions: What order of explanation is used in this article? What does it do?
Answer format: This article uses the following explanation order to make the explanation more organized. (The first blank should be filled with the specific order of explanation, and the second blank should be filled with the specific names of things or the explained reasons. If it is a theoretical explanatory text, but it cannot be expressed accurately, you can use vague words such as "reasons" and "scientific reasons". Language expression.)
3. Methods of explanation
1. Common explanation methods include: giving examples, classifying, defining, describing descriptions, making explanations, and making analogies. Column numbers, column charts, reference notes.
4. The role of common explanation methods:
1. Give examples: make the article more specific and convincing, and better explain the ____ characteristics of things
2. Define: reveal the essential characteristics of something completely, scientifically and accurately, distinguishing it from other things
3. List numbers: explain more scientifically, accurately and concretely Characteristics of... (The series of figures on the salt content of the Dead Sea in "The Dead Sea" scientifically and accurately explain the reasons and characteristics of the high salt content and high buoyancy of the Dead Sea.)
4. Analogy: vivid illustrations ...characteristics of things. ("Chinese Stone Arch Bridge" "The shape of the stone arch bridge is like a rainbow" vividly illustrates the shape characteristics of the stone arch bridge.
)
5. Categories: clearly explained... ("March to the Desert" The two ways the desert harms mankind: guerrilla warfare and positional warfare)
6. Comparison : Make the characteristics of the thing being explained stand out. (Answers should be combined with the content) Highlight... (Look for comparison points)
7. Make a chart: write down the intuitive image...
8. Interpret: the understanding of things Explain certain characteristics
9. Copy appearance: (similar to description) more vivid and vivid
5. What are the forms of quotations
A. Citing specific examples; (the function is the same as examples) B. Citing specific data; (the function is the same as numbers) C. Quoting famous quotes, maxims, and proverbs; the function is to make the explanation more convincing. D. Quote myths and legends, news reports, riddles, anecdotes, etc. The function is to enhance the interest of the explanation. (The citation is at the beginning of the article and also plays a role in introducing the object of explanation.)
6. Language analysis of the expository text
1. Analysis of the language of the entire article, generally Let’s talk about it from two perspectives: A. Accurate; B. Vivid or concise.
A is the unique characteristic of general expository writing. B is from the perspective of different language styles. When doing this kind of question that analyzes the language characteristics of the entire article, you must combine it with the specific content of the article. For example, you can choose one sentence as an example.
The format is as follows: This article fully embodies the characteristics of accurate/vivid/concise and plain language. For example, the sentence "..." explains the things "..." accurately/vividly/concisely and plainly. Characteristics/reasons,
2. The function of words has the following examination form: A. What is the function of added dotted words? B. Can it be replaced with another word? C. Can the added words be deleted?
7. Analysis of expository writing methods
1. Discuss the model by combining the explanatory method: This article mainly uses the explanatory method of... to explain... (content: characteristics or principles of things) ), to explain... (Function: refer to the previous explanation method to clarify its function)
2. Talk about the model using rhetorical techniques: This is a vivid expository article that uses a large number of various rhetorical techniques to explain The... (content) makes the description of the article vivid.
3. Combine expressions with narrative and description to make the explanation more concrete and vivid; expressive discussion makes the explanation more emotional. Then, analyze the writing method of expository essay from this perspective. The format is as follows: This article uses a variety of expression methods. In addition to explanation, there are also... (select from "narration, description, explanation, discussion" according to the content), such as... (Specific example) is the use of... (expression) to make the explanation more concrete and vivid/full of emotion.
3. Argumentative essay reading knowledge and skills
1. The three elements of argumentative essay: argument, argument, and demonstration.
2. Argument methods: logical argument, example argument, comparative argument, quotation argument, metaphor argument.
3. Argument method: establishing argument and refuting argument. (Argumentative essays can be divided into two categories: argumentative essays and refutation essays based on this standard.)
4. Analyze the role of argumentation methods: The details are as follows:
①. Demonstration through examples: through examples Demonstrate with specific examples to make the argument more specific and convincing.
Format: Use the argumentation method of example, give... (summary example) to prove... (if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument), thus Make the argument more specific and convincing.
②. Reasonable argument: Prove the argument in a reasonable way to make the argument more general and in-depth.
Format: The argumentation method of logical argumentation is used to demonstrate the point of view, thereby making the argument more general and in-depth.
③. Metaphorical argument: Prove through metaphors to make the argument vivid and easy to understand. Format: Use the argumentation method of metaphorical argument, compare... to..., prove the point of view of..., thus explaining the abstract and profound truth vividly, easily and understandably.
④. Comparative argument: The function of contrastive argument is to highlight. Format: The argument method of contrastive argument is used to compare... with... to highlight the point of view of...
⑤. Citation argument: Its role must be analyzed in detail. For example, quoting celebrity quotes, aphorisms, and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; quoting celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read on.
Format: The argument method of citing arguments is used to prove the point of view by citing... to make the argument more convincing. (Or more interesting to attract readers to read on)
5. Analyze the types and functions of arguments:
Arguments can be divided into two types: rational arguments and factual arguments. Therefore, The normative answer format is as follows: This is... an argument, which plays a role in proving... (argument, if there are sub-arguments, write the sub-arguments it proves, otherwise write the central argument.)
6. The way the article presents the central argument:
①The title of the article points out the central argument; ②The central argument is presented at the beginning of the article; ③The central argument is summarized at the end of the article; ④The central argument is presented in the middle of the article using a sentence that connects the previous and the following. argument. ⑤The article does not directly put forward the central argument, but always discusses...
7. Analyze the argumentation ideas of the article
The structure of a general argumentative essay: raising a question (introduction) - analyzing the problem (thesis) - solving the problem (conclusion). Analyzing the argumentative thinking of argumentative essays, in fact, is to add some words such as "first", "then", "continue", and "finally" to the paragraph level to express the relationship between inheritance, opening and closing. When doing this question, pay special attention to the statements at the beginning and end.
The functions of the beginning are: (1) to present the central argument; (2) to introduce the topic; in the above two aspects, it is necessary to specifically answer the specific method of proposing the central argument or introducing the topic. Some of them are through celebrities. Famous quotes, some are through celebrity anecdotes, some are through anecdotes and jokes, etc.
The function of the ending: (1) Deepen the central argument and propose the conclusion of...; (2) Repeat or strengthen the central argument of...; (3) Issue a call or exhort people to... ...; (4), supplementary argument.... (The function is to make the argument more rigorous.)
8. Analysis of the language characteristics of argumentative essays:
The angle of analysis of the language characteristics of argumentative essays is relatively fixed, with only two angles: (1) Language characteristics; (2) Style characteristics. To answer this type of question, you need to master some key words of language style: concise and plain, vivid, humorous, implicit and euphemistic, rich in literary talent, etc.). As for the characteristics of the style, it only takes four words to make a fuss about the letter and the logic. One thing that should be paid special attention to is that this type of question must be supported by specific sentences, that is, use specific sentences in the article as examples for analysis.
9. Analysis of the characteristics of argumentative essay writing
There are many angles to analyze the characteristics of argumentative essay writing, such as rhetorical techniques, argumentation methods, writing techniques, etc.
(1 ), Rhetoric: For example, metaphor can be discussed based on the characteristics of metaphor, that is, the image is vivid; such as parallelism, which enhances the momentum of the article's argument; such as quoting ancient poems and articles, which makes the article full of literary talent, etc.
(2) Argumentation method: Discuss the role of reference argumentation method.
(3). The writing techniques are relatively fixed. The common ones are: (1) Combining examples and arguments with theoretical arguments (narratives and arguments); (2) Mainly using... argumentation methods. Similarly, this type of questions must be supported by specific sentences, that is, use specific examples in the article as examples for analysis.
10. The function of paragraph structure:
(1) Lead to the following (full) text; (2) Summarize the previous (full) text; (3) Connect the previous and the following.
As an argumentative paragraph, specific answers must be added based on stylistic features.
If the opening paragraph often plays the role of introducing the central argument (thesis), then we can refer to the following two examples of specific answer standard formats to use or use them differently:
①. Begin by writing an example of... to present the central argument... (or a thesis that leads to...). ②. At the beginning, put forward the central argument... (or lead to the topic of...) by quoting famous quotes. ③ At the beginning, by quoting anecdotes about famous people (or anecdotes about...) and proposing the central argument... (or a topic that leads to...), it also attracts readers to read on and enhances the interest of the discussion.