everywhere is full of pain, which stems from the needs of life itself and cannot be separated. It is really meaningless and not
reasonable. Individual misfortunes, of course, seem to be unexpected things, but as ordinary misfortunes, they are exactly the same, so < P > it is inevitable.
as declared by most philosophical systems, the essence of evil is negativity, which, in my opinion, is unreasonable.
Evil things, like other things, have a positive side, and their existence often makes people feel it. Leibniz, in particular, is the defender of this unreasonable statement. He uses obvious and insignificant sophistry to strengthen his argument. In fact, luck is also < P > negative. In other words, happiness and satisfaction, in terms of the situation that pain is attributed to extinction, often contain the meaning of complete desire < P >.
It can explain the fact that happiness is often not what we want, while pain is far
more than we expected.
It is said that the happiness in the world, if measured by its weight, often exceeds the pain, otherwise, in any case, the two people will always be even. For this statement, if readers want to examine whether it is reasonable or not, please try to take two animals that eat each other, one of which is eating the other, and everyone can make a comparison with all their emotions.
in any misfortune and trouble, the best comfort is to think that others' situation is worse than their own. This
kind of comfort is really something everyone can do. But for the whole mankind, it means that what a sad fate it is!
We are like sheep in the field, playing under the supervision of butchers. This group of sheep will be slaughtered by them, either first or later. Therefore, in a beautiful day, we all don't realize that the hidden bad luck-such as disease,
poverty, disability, blindness, stupor, etc.-is already waiting behind us.
time has forced us to breathe; Time often spurs us behind, just like a supervisor. Only when
we are in the pain of worry will time stop.
However, unfortunate fate also has its role! If we remove the pressure from the air, our shell will be cracked. Therefore, if people's needs, difficulties and adversities are removed from their lives, all their actions will be < P > successful, and then they will become proud and arrogant. Although the human body is too big to break, it will < P > expose its stupidity, and even can't be tied to madness. From this, considerable worry, pain and trouble are necessary for anyone, < P > at any time. If the ship is not loaded to balance, it will be bumpy and will not be able to go straight ahead.
Indeed, it is an inevitable fact that work and worry constitute the life experiences of many people, and everyone is the same.
if one's desires are immediately satisfied, how will one spend his life? What can they do even though they were born in the world?
If this world becomes a prosperous and comfortable heaven, a paradise full of milk and honey, a gentle and graceful lady, well-matched with talents and no resentment or enmity,
then people will be bored to death, or they will die of boredom. Otherwise, there will be battles, massacres, murders and so on
. In this way, the suffering of mankind will be deeper than that of nature now.
When we are young, when we daydream about our future life, we are like children sitting in a theater, in high spirits,
eagerly looking forward to the opening of the curtain. I don't know what is going to happen, which is really a great pleasure. If you can predict it, there will be a time. Just like a child, he will become an innocent criminal. < P > Although he will not be sentenced to death, he is ignorant of the sentence he has received. However, everyone wants to enjoy an old age. In other words, he can only say that
is looking forward to the life situation, that is, "day by day, it goes from bad to worse until there is nothing to do."
Imagine all kinds of pains and troubles under the bright sunshine, and how
will it be? You will say, on the earth, if the sun's light and heat can gradually reduce the phenomenon that everything can survive, just like on the moon, or the ground is in the state of crystal rain and snow like other places, how wonderful it would be!
Furthermore, you may think of life as such: it is like a useless episode in a drama, which destroys the sacred inanimate peace. In any case, although everything goes well with you, as time goes by, you will feel that the whole life is a disappointment and a scam, and the fact is clear at a glance.
Old friends of teenagers who have been separated for half a century meet in the octogenarian. When they look at each other, all the main emotions that gush out are
, but they feel that the whole life is disappointment. Therefore, when these two people reminisce about the past, their childhood
life is in full view, like in the morning light, and everything is rosy, and their satisfaction is enviable.
How much hope life has given us-however, how many of us have achieved
in the end. This kind of emotion is so touching that everyone thinks that there is no need to pay words at this time. Then,
the two sides acquiesced and said nothing, and used these as the basis of all conversations.
someone who has gone through the second, third or even more generations in his lifetime is like a person who was born in a market and watched the warlocks set up stalls. See these magicians perform in turn, again and again. This kind of performance can only be seen once, but it is meaningless when there is nothing new and it is not enough to dazzle people's minds.
when people's fate is not enough to make them jealous, countless people cry because of their fate.
life is hard work, and everyone must do it. A conscientious person is called doing good, that is, he has been able to finish his own work.
if children are born only because of purely rational behavior, will human race continue to exist? Is it true that
there will be such people who will be spared the burden of being born and living in order to show sympathy for future generations? Or
unwilling to cruelly impose this burden on future generations in any case.
Maybe some people will tell me that my philosophy is not enough to comfort
people-because I tell the truth directly. Everyone is willing to listen to the old saying that everything created by God is beautiful, so they all go to the priest to pray, regardless of the philosopher. Anyway, please don't ask me
, let our theories and statements accommodate and adapt to your teachings. That's just what hypocritical philosophers like P are willing to do. If you want to ask them for any theory, you can get it. All the professors in the university
are forced to promote optimism. It's easy to overthrow their theory, and it's also a very pleasant thing
.
I have drawn the reader's attention to the fact that, in terms of its nature, all happy realms and all satisfied emotions belong to the extreme, in other words, they are separated from pain, which is the positive element of life. Therefore, for any
person, any happy life should not be measured by how happy it is, but by the limit of being free from distress-
that is, the limit of being free from positive evils. If this can be called a reasonable argument, then inferior animals enjoy more happiness than people do. Please examine it in detail!
No matter how the way of happiness and hardship of human beings changes, the material basis that guides people to seek this is either the pain of the body or the happiness of the body. This foundation is very limited, but it is only the satisfaction of health, food, cold and heat, dryness and dampness, and sexual desire. On the contrary, it is the lack of these things. Therefore, as far as physical happiness is concerned, people < P > are slightly better than animals only because their nervous system has a high possibility, which makes people more < P > sensitive to any happiness, but it must also be remembered that it is also true for any pain. Compared with animals, all human desires are so strong < P >. People's emotions are profound and powerful, and they are so different from animals. However, between humans and animals,
the final result is exactly the same, but it is just health, food, clothing and so on.
The main reason why people have such a strong desire is to think about the future and non-current things. This
point has a great influence on all human behaviors, that is, the real source of anxiety, hope, fear and so on. -this kind of emotion affects people, which is far more profound than animals' influence on all their current happiness and pain and everything that can happen. In the ability to recall, remember and foresee, people are like a machine, which can aggregate and store their < P > happiness and sadness. Animals have no such function at all. Therefore, although animals have suffered the same
pain repeatedly, even countless times, when they are in pain, it will still be like the first time they have suffered such pain
. They have no ability to synthesize all their emotions, so they are always carefree, docile and calm. How
enviable it is! People are different, and all emotions are caused by it. It is the
element of happiness and pain that people and animals share. Once it is accepted, the feelings of happiness and hardship become more acute, so that in a flash, when it comes into contact with the
boundary of happiness, it can make it happy and die, and then it will fall into the deep valley of disappointment and suicide.
If we make a further analysis, we can find that people's desires enhance their happiness. Compared with animals, it is not difficult to satisfy their desires
at first. However, people deliberately increase their demand and quantity for more enjoyment. Therefore,
all the luxuries came into being, such as never getting tired of eating, using opium and tobacco, strong drinks (such as alcohol), expensive clothes and all other things that are beyond their needs for survival.
In addition, there are different and special sources of happiness or pain, and the result must also be the source of pain, which is established by people from
line. The self-value that people value cannot be proportional to it, or even exceed the sum of all other pleasures. -
-this is what I call ambition, respect and feelings of shame and evil; In other words, that is, what people think others think about < P > himself. Some of these arguments are complicated and inconclusive, and finally become the goal of all human efforts, not based on physical happiness and pain. It is true that people have spiritual happiness besides the same source of happiness as animals. There are various differences in this kind of spiritual happiness, starting with trivial matters and topics for discussion only, and ending with the achievements of the highest knowledge. On the contrary, in terms of distress,
there will be all kinds of boring things. Boredom is still a way of distress, which animals will not feel in any natural state < P >. Only the wisest of them, after being domesticated, will show faint traces. And this
in people, it becomes a disaster. Most poor people have no other things in their minds except to make their wallets full, which provides us with a special example of boredom. All this person's money
wealth becomes a fine, causing this person to suffer from nothing to do. In order to avoid being so bored, they have to find ways to amuse themselves in every way. So, they traveled around looking for it. When they arrived at a certain place, they didn't have time to get off the bus, so they were anxious to know what entertainment there was. At this point, they are no different from beggars seeking where to find food. True
To put it bluntly, need and boredom are the two extremes of human life. Finally, as for sexual relations, I think that people can be described as < P > trapped in a special system, which makes everyone have to choose one as their spouse. This kind of feeling that matches the horse < P > gradually develops, and even increases or decreases its erotic love, which gradually becomes the reason for more pain and less happiness.
wouldn't it be
exciting if profound changes would take place in the building of human happiness and hardship just because of the improvement of thinking? And the mansion built on the narrow basis of the sufferings and pleasures of human beings and animals, unexpectedly makes people suffer from such strong emotions, so many storms of desires, and so much emotional shock that their sufferings can be recorded and left traces on their faces. Then, when people suddenly realize it, they realize that what people strive for is < P > the same as what animals get, but the desire and pain of animals are much less than that of people.
By this time, the limit that is enough to increase the misery of life will greatly exceed that of happiness. Moreover, the < P > increase in the pain of life has made it worse and worse. This is because in fact, the meaning of death is more real to human beings. Animals avoid
death by instinct. In fact, they don't know what death is, so unlike people, they often think of death by nature,
and always put this imagination in front of them. Therefore, although only a few animals can die, as far as most of them are concerned, < P > can be passed on from generation to generation, even if it is not too early to die, it will be eaten by other animals after all; On the other hand, although people
may have exceptions, they still live to the end of their lives.-Compared with the two, animals are still more beneficial, and the reasons have been explained above. In fact, it is rare for people to make the best of their days, just like animals. This is mainly because their life is unnatural, overworked and addicted, which gradually degrades people's species and forms, resulting in life
often dying if they can't achieve their goals.
Compared with people, animals are only satisfied with survival; Plants are even worse, completely ignorant of the joys and sorrows of life. If people regard life as satisfaction, it is in direct proportion to their stupidity. Compared with people, the life of animals brings little pain and little pleasure. The real reason for studying it in this respect is that animals have no worries and anxieties at all, and they never have any real hope for anything. Anything that gives us the greatest and proudest
happiness, such as the expectation of future happiness, the excitement of fantasy, etc., all come from our imagination, but animals don't have these. If animals are free from anxiety, then, in this sense, there is no hope < P >. The conscious function of animals is limited to the immediate existence, and it is limited to the range that it can see at present. < P > Animals are the embodiment of immediate stimulation. In essence, the elements of fear and hope that it has are not < P > uncontrollable-only related to the current things within the range of impulse. As for the line of sight of people, it includes all his life, including
.