The subordinate clause is relative to the main clause, that is, it is subordinate to a certain main clause and cannot be a separate sentence. In English, there are three main clauses, namely noun clauses (including subject clauses, object clauses, predicative clauses, and appositive clauses), adjective clauses (i.e., attributive clauses), and adverbial clauses (i.e., adverbial clauses, including time, condition, result, purpose, reason, concession, place, manner, etc.).

The subject clause is used as the subject, such as:

That the earth is round is true. It is true that the earth is round.

Object clauses are used as objects. For example:

Do you know where he lives?

Predicative clauses are used as predicatives, such as:

My opinion is that you should not go alone. My opinion is that you should not go alone.

Appositive clauses are used to explain the preceding noun. Such as:

The fact that the earth is round is true. The fact that the earth is round is true. (The that clause is used to explain the fact)

The attributive clause is equivalent to an adjective, used to modify the previous noun. For example:

The student who answered the question was John.

The adverbial clause is equivalent to an adverb, such as:

When it rains, I usually go to school by bus. When it rains, I usually go to school by bus. (Adverbial of time)

If he comes tomorrow, you will see him. If he comes tomorrow, you will see him. (The conditional adverbial clause introduced by if has the structure: if adverbial clause, + main clause). It should be noted that there is a rule in adverbial clauses that "subject will be present", that is, the main clause is in the future tense, and the subordinate clause must use the present simple tense to express the future.

The division method of main clause and subordinate clause is the same. It is easier to divide the components of a sentence from the predicate verb. The part in front of the predicate verb is the subject, which is often followed by the object. What modifies the predicate verb is the adverbial, and what modifies the subject and object is the attributive. If the predicate is a copula, the part after the copula is a predicate. For example:

I am a teacher. Among them, I is the subject, am is the predicate, and a teacher is the predicate.

He likes playing football very mucy. Among them, he is the subject, likes is the predicate, playing football is the object, and very much is the adverbial.

Noun clauses, attributive clauses

Noun clauses

There are four types of noun clauses: object clauses, subject clauses, predicative clauses, and appositive clauses.

For example:

Object clause: I don't know where he will go.

Subject clause: Where he will go is unknown.

Predicative clause: The problem is how we can get so much money.

Appositive clause: We all feel sorry about the news that he failed in the game.

The following points are for learning noun clauses Things to pay attention to:

1. Both whether and if can introduce the object clause to express the meaning of "whether" (that is, if and whether

can be interchanged when introducing the object clause), but the following noun clauses must be introduced with whether (not if):

(1) Introduces the subject clause and is at the beginning of the sentence. Example: Whether he has won the tennis is not known.(But

It is not known whether/if he has won the tennis).

(2) When introducing predicative clauses . Example: The problem is whether he can get a job.

(3) When introducing an appositive clause. Example: I have no idea whether he will come.

(4) The whether clause after the preposition. Example: I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.

2. The "that" at the beginning of the sentence that introduces the subject clause cannot be forgotten.

For example: That he got the first place in the competition surprised all of us.

3. In the structure "It is suggested/proposed/ordered/a pity/no wonder/necessary/strange/…+

that clause", the predicate of that clause sometimes uses the subjunctive mood form such as (should) do.

For example: It is suggested that we(should) improve the relations between us.

It is a pity that one(should) stay in one place all one?0?7s life .

It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.

4. In the sentence pattern "The reason why...is that...", do not mistake that for because.

For example: The reason why he didn?0?7t go to school yesterday is that he was ill.

5. Comparison of the usage of that and what in noun clauses:

That that guides the noun clause is a conjunction, which has no component in the sentence and is meaningless, while what is a connecting pronoun, what=the

thing (s) that.

For example: It was told in yesterday?0?7s newspaper that what the students had done was praised

by the factory.

I know that he will study.

I know what he will study.

That he works hard at his lessons is known to us all.

What he works hard at is known to us all.

All I ask is that you should tell the truth./He is not what (＝the person that)he

used to be. He is very different from before.

6. Characteristics of the use of where in noun clauses:

Where in noun clauses can sometimes be changed to "the place where", and sometimes it can be changed to the form of "preposition + the place where". For example:

Master-slave: Where(=The place where)she has gone is still unknown.

Guest-slave: Would you please tell me where(=the place where) Mr Smith lives?

Example: Your dictionary remains where(=in/at the place where)you put.

Application: Have you any idea where(=of the place where) she is spending her holidays?

7． No matter what kind of noun clause it is, it is in declarative word order.

For example:

I know where he lives./Please tell me what her name is.

When a special interrogative sentence itself is a statement of word order (i.e. "subject + predicate + (object)" Or "subject + system + table" structure), there is no need to change the word order when changing it into an indirect speech (i.e. object clause). For example:

What?0?7s the matter with him? She asked me what was the matter with him.

Who looks after your grandfather? He asked me who looked after my grandfather .

Analysis of test points for noun clauses

1. They want to know ______ do to help us. (NMET)

A. what they can B. how they can C. how can they D. what can they

Analysis: This The question requires a declarative order item, so C and D should be excluded. And because how they can do is incomplete and there is no object after do, it should also be excluded. Only item A is in declarative word order, and what they can do fully and correctly expresses "he

What can we do", so the answer is A.

2. His teacher ______ he ______ bright and ______ he was worth teaching.

A.didn't think; was; that B.thought; was; whether

C.didn't think ; was; × D.thought; wasn?0?7t; The introductory word "that" of

can be omitted, but the "that" that introduces the subsequent object clause cannot be omitted. Accordingly, the two options C and D

can be eliminated. If you choose option B, the meaning of the whole sentence makes no sense, but if you choose option A, it can express the meaning of "his teacher thinks he is not smart and not worth teaching", and the grammatical structure is correct, so it can be determined that A is Correct answer.

3. ______ is done cannot be undone.

A.How B.That C.What D.Where

Analysis: do is generally used as a transitive verb. From the question stem, you need to choose The word serves as the subject (logically the object of done).

A.How and D.Where are both adverbs and cannot be used as subjects, so they should be excluded. In item B, the word "that" can only be the subject in the attributive clause

, but cannot be the subject in the subject clause, so it should be excluded. Only by choosing what (＝the thing that) can

be able to correctly express the meaning of "whatever must be done must be done".

4． Take care ______ you don?0?7t make mistakes in the coming exam.

A.of that B.about that C.for what D.that

Analysis: take care is The meaning of "pay attention" and "be careful" can be followed by the object clause introduced by that to express the meaning of "be careful

don't...". Accordingly, D should be selected for this question.

5. To his surprise, the umbrella was not ______ he had put.

A.which B.where C.the place D.that

Analysis: Observe the question stem, was not followed by Predicative, according to where in the predicative clause is equivalent to in/at the place where,

Placing it in the blank can express the meaning of "the umbrella is not where he originally put it", and C The option is missing a word and cannot be

selected. Items A and D are not applicable.

6. ______ we can?0?7t get seems better than ______ we have.

A.what; what B.what; that C.that; that D.that; what

Analysis : This question is obviously to express the meaning of "what we can't get seems better than what we get." That is, the structure of "A seems better that B", according to what=the thing( s) that, placing it in two blank spaces can express the idea that the former is better than the latter, so the answer is A.

7. ______ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.

A.If B.Whether C.That D.Where

Analysis: The subject clause before depends in this question is a non- For affirmative content, when expressing "whether" at the beginning of a sentence, you can only use

Whether, not If. Therefore the answer is B.

8. ______ they are most interested in is ______ they can produce more and better

cars.

A.That; how B.What; how C.What; what D.That; that

Analysis: is is preceded by a subject clause. To express the meaning of "the (thing) they are most interested in", you can only choose what

to fill in the blank; is is the expression It is obvious that only choosing how can express "how to produce more and better cars", so the answer is B.

9． He made a suggestion that the English test ______ until next Wednesday.

A.will be put off B.be put off C.will put off D.put off

Analysis: suggestion , order, adivce and other words, the predicate of the appositive clause must be in the form of (should) do, and

test and put off in this sentence have a passive relationship, so choose B.

10. I don?0?7t think ______ he said something like that is right.

A.that B.what C.whether D.when

Analysis: This sentence is followed by think Object clause, the subject of this object clause comes before is, it is a passive sentence.

Because he said something like that already contains components such as subject, predicate, object, adjective, etc., the only choice is "that" that does not express meaning.

That without being a component is appropriate, so choose A.

Attributive clauses

1. Attributive clauses and introductory words

Attributive clauses are clauses that modify a certain noun or pronoun in a compound sentence. The modified noun or pronoun is called an optional line word,

The word that guides the attributive clause is called an introductory word, and there are two types: relative pronouns and relative adverbs.

Knowing what kind of antecedents and what kind of introductory words to use is the key to learning attributive clauses well.

1． Relative pronouns include: that, which, who, whom, whose, which serve as subjects in attributive clauses and predicates in objects, and whose

serves as attributive. The substitutes for people are: who, whom, whose, that; the substitutes for things are: that, which, whose. For example:

The man who helped you is Mr White. (who substitutes for people, in the attributive clause As the subject)

That is the person (whom/who/that) you want to see. (whom, who, that generation, as the object in the attributive clause

Can be omitted)

I?0?7m not the fool (that) you thought me to be. (that generation, make predicates from it)

A dictionary is a useful book which(=that) tells us the meaning of words(which

or that substitute, in which it is the subject)

2. Relative adverbs include: when (referring to time), where (referring to place), and why (referring to reason), which serve as adverbials in attributive clauses.

For example: Would you suggest a time(when) we can have a talk?(when can be omitted)

The house where they live is not very large./This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.

Note: Not all antecedents that express time use when to introduce the verb, and not all antecedents that express location use where to introduce the verb. For example: We?0?7ll visit the factory which (＝that) makes radios.

(which or that is used as the subject in the determination, where cannot be used as the subject, so it cannot be used)

They still remember the happy days (which/that) they spent in Beidaihe.

(which or that is used as the object of spend in determination, but when cannot be used as the object, so it cannot be used)

2. Restrictive attributive clauses and non-restrictive attributive clauses

Restrictive attributive clauses are not separated from the main clause by commas and modify a certain noun or noun phrase or pronoun in the main clause

words; non-restrictive attributive clauses are often separated from the main clause by commas. They can modify a certain word in the main clause or the entire sentence. Non-restrictive attributive clauses cannot be introduced with that, and the relative words that introduce non-restrictive attributive clauses cannot be omitted.

Examples of non-restrictive attributive clauses: Li Ping?0?7s father, who works in a factory, is an engineer./He tore up my photo, which made me very angry. (which refers to the content of the main clause, because the two sentences before and after It is a causal relationship. In this case, which cannot be replaced by as. )

He is good at physics, as is known to us all. = As is known to us all, he is good at physics. (as refers to Substituting the content of the main clause, in structures such as as is known/believed, as we all know/believe, as cannot be replaced by which)

3. Occasions when only that is used as a guide and when it is not used as a guide

1． Occasions when only that is used as a guide and when no that is used

1) When the antecedent includes both people and things: He talked about the men and the books that attracted

him.

2) When the antecedent referring to an object is modified by any, every, only, very, all, no, etc.: These are the very points that interest me./That?0?7s the only watch that I like most .

3) When the antecedent of an object is modified by an ordinal number or the superlative form of an adjective: The first step that we are to take is very difficult./This is the second card that he gave me.

4) When the antecedent refers to the indefinite pronouns all, little, few, much, and everything, anything, nothing, etc.: There is still much that can be done about it./Have you got everything that you need?

5) When the antecedent is who: Who that have seen him does not like him?

2. The occasions when that is not used are as follows:

1) In the non-restrictive attributive clause Last night, I saw a very good film, which was about the Long

March.

2) When the preposition is placed before the relative pronoun This is the man from whom I learned the news

3) When that appears in the sentence, or when the antecedent is that, I have found that which I was looking The adverbial clause for can be divided into several forms such as time, place, purpose, reason, result, behavior mode, condition, concession and comparison