Ji Kang and Ruan Ji are representatives of "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest" and celebrities in Wei and Jin Dynasties.

They developed metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties to its peak. They are also the representatives of metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and their ideological and behavioral image characteristics make them synonymous with "Wei and Jin

celebrities", "Wei and Jin demeanor" and "Wei and Jin romantic"; * * * Tong's ideals, interests, and * * Tong's pursuit of life

The contemporary living environment made them not only famous at that time, but also influenced

today, becoming the object of future generations' admiration and becoming the

binary star in China's ideological and cultural history. However, due to the differences in family background, personal temperament and life experience, their attitudes towards life, ways of dealing with life and life outcomes are different. This article

makes a brief exploration on this point, please criticize and correct me.

a

Ji Kangzi uncle night, the ancestral home will be in Shangyu, and the ancestor was originally named Xi, so he moved to Lushan Mountain in Luoxian County to avoid anxiety, and the people changed their names to Ji's because of the place. Kang's father, Ji Zhao, once served as the book assistant of Cao Wei's governor < P >, and died early. My brother's happiness is only contemporary, and he has been a secretariat, a servant and a chief official in Yangzhou. Ji Kangben

was the son-in-law of Cao Lin, the grandson of Cao Cao and the king of Pei. He was an in-laws of Cao Wei's imperial clan, an official and doctor, and was called "Ji Zhongsan". Because Ji Kang is not keen on political career advancement, there is no < P > achievement to be described.

(1) Being pure and indifferent to nature

Influenced by the social atmosphere, Ji Kang is fond of learning from the old and Zhuang, worships nature, pursues spiritual reasons, and despises material enjoyment. He pointed out in "On Ming Dan": "The vitality of Tao Shuo, the nature of all beings".

It is mentioned in The Proverbs of the Taishi: "Tai Su is vast, Yang Yao is overcast, and the second instrument is ceramic, and human relations are flourishing."

In

On Sound without Sorrow and Music, it is pointed out: "Heaven and earth are harmonious, everything is precious, cold and summer are replaced, and the five elements

are successful." On the relationship between form and spirit, he thought in the book on health preservation: "Form depends on God to stand, and God must < P > form to exist". Obviously, he admits the interdependence between form and spirit, but he pays more attention to the role of spirit: if "God is impatient in the middle", he will be "lost in the outside". "If you sit at night, you will fall asleep, and if you are worried, you will not be able to sleep." At that time, people thought that "anger is not enough to invade and sorrow is not enough to hurt the body", but Ji Kang did not agree with this. He said in "Theory of Health Preservation": "Emotion and anger are

its righteousness, and thinking about it will destroy its spirit, and sorrow and joy will ruin its essence? It's easy to exhaust your body, but you're attacked internally and externally.

How long can you last without wood and stone? " "as for the unreasonable measures, the death is in the micro, and the micro-accumulation becomes a loss, and the accumulated loss becomes

decline. From decline to white, from white to old. Get old and die. " Therefore, he advocates cultivating the mind and keeping the whole body safe, and it is necessary to "love and hate don't dwell on feelings, and worry and joy don't stay in mind." Mood but no feeling, and body gas < P > peaceful ",health should be" pure and quiet, less selfish and less lustful. " Fame hurts morality, so suddenly

you don't want to camp, but you are forced to ban it; Knowing the harmfulness of thick taste, it is abandoned and cared for, not greedy and then suppressed. "

Ji Kang further elaborated and demonstrated his own

viewpoint in another famous article, Answering Difficulties and Keeping Healthy:

Ancient people knew that wine and color were sweet, so they abandoned it like a legacy; Knowing the position of fame is a sweet bait, and passing away without caring

. Make full use of resources to make a living, don't abuse things, know the right body, don't camp outside, take back what is fierce and keep what is good, so use the way of wisdom to make a living.

Ji Kang advocates the philosophy of contentment and happiness: "Therefore, it is not enough to help the whole world to make a living with splendor.

To be happy with one's ears. There is no owner in it, so we can take pleasure in it by borrowing foreign things, and mourn for it in Yan Feng. There is a master

in the middle, and it is fun outside. Although there are no bells and drums, the music is already there. "

It is on the basis of the above thought that Ji Kang is fond of drinking and taking food, caring for mountains and rivers, and making a fairy tour for God

. His "Poems of Wandering Immortals" embodies his life desire: "Looking at the mountains from a distance, the mountains are

pine and the valleys are lush. No matter how high you meet, you are unparalleled in independence. If you want to swim under it, you will never find a way. Wang Qiao abandoned me and rode six dragons in a cloud. Wandering in the mysterious garden and meeting with the old road, it gives me a natural

way, and if I am broad, I will be a child. Picking herbs in Zhongshan corner, taking them to change their appearance, cicadas slough off filth and tiredness, making friends' boards

tung, playing nine rhymes in the face, and singing elegant songs, which is different from laity, who can see their traces

. " [1] (P39-4) This kind of immortal consciousness advocating spiritual freedom is further emphasized in < P > Answering Two Guo Poems: "The new moon is noble and respectful, and the fisherman likes to raise waves. Although it is difficult to escape, it is not cherished by the heart < P >. If you eat outside the Xiang area, you will wash the morning glow, and the relics will be abandoned and tired, and you will be happy to travel too far. [1] (P63-64) Here, Ji Kang regards the immortal life as the

best choice in life, and it is not advisable to escape the disaster with tolerance and add fuel to the fire like a fisherman, and it is not easy to escape from the world

. Only the immortal life is the most beautiful and ideal pursuit: wandering in the world outside the world, making close friends on Lingyue, drinking dew at dinner, playing the piano and singing songs, eliminating all the troubles in the world, and how happy it is.

This kind of spirit and character is not only confined to his chanting of poems and expressing his mind

, but also manifested in his actual behavior in daily life. Ji Kang likes to collect herbs and travel around the mountains and rivers. He floats

with ease and is generous. When he meets the woodcutter and fisherman, he thinks that he has met the immortal, and he will

suddenly forget to return. He also has a unique advantage, like forging iron, burning in the hot sun, hammering under the tree, no one's watching, carefree. Ji Kang made romantic friends with world famous people

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in different ways, became intimate with Ruan Ji, and became acquainted with Shan Tao in terms of knowledge. They shared the same interests with Xiang Xiu, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian and Wang

Rong, and traveled together in the bamboo forest, so people called them "seven sages of bamboo forest".

(2) Obey Confucianism, and despise the false name to teach

Ji Kang's family-run Confucianism. He has a deep love for family-run learning, and he believes in Confucianism's way of kindness, loyalty and forgiveness. Ji Kang in "Sound without Sorrow" has "the king of ancient times, inheriting heaven and managing things?

a picture of Confucian governance, in which the monarch is quiet on the top, the minister is obedient to the bottom, the macro is subtle, and the heaven and man make friends with Thailand, is depicted

. [1] (P221) In the Book of Commandments, he said, "Let the officials face the DPRK, let the students live in righteousness" and so on, which are purely based on the teachings of Confucian ethics. His poem "On Guan Cai" is an unusual reversal of the verdict of Uncle Cai, a legacy minister of Yin Shang Dynasty, who thinks that Guan Cai and Cai rebelled against the Zhou Dynasty "all of them are loyal to the teachings and are loyal to nature", which deserves admiration. Because they "failed to reach the sacred power, they were unable to understand themselves when they died, but they were loyal to their hearts and thought in Wang's room, so loudly speak led the crowd and wanted to save the country." However, later generations, judging success or failure as heroes, called

Cai a traitor, which was unfair regardless of merits. As Mr. Wu Zhongyu said: "Ji Kang

is defending Guan Shu Xian and Cai Shu, the younger brothers of Zhou Wuwu, in fact, he is vindicating the people who were punished by Sima's family, such as Wuling, Muqiu Jian and

Zhuge Dan." [2] (P755) It can be seen that what Ji's family actually

opposes is the "hypocrisy" played by Sima's regime to stabilize the regime. In their

ideal personality, although the banner of Taoism is natural and indifferent, what they

have in their hearts is respect and compliance with Confucian ethics. Mr. Lu Xun

police pointed out: "In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it seemed very good to worship ethics, but it really destroyed ethics and did not believe in ethics;" On the surface, those who destroy the ethical code actually admit it and believe in it too much. Because the so-called worship of ethics in Wei and Jin dynasties was for self-interest, it was only occasional worship of

worship? Therefore, honest people think that it is so useful that it desecrates the ethical code, which is so unfair that there is nothing they can do

, and it is so exciting that they don't talk about ethical code, don't believe in it, and even oppose it. " [3] (P52)

(3) The more famous the teacher is, the more natural it is

Out of deep hatred for the false ethics advocated by Sima, Ji Kang openly declared that

the more famous the teacher is, the more natural it is. Ji Kang has been ostracized and persecuted by Sima's clique in politics. He has seen through their shameful acts of cheating and killing in the name of "benevolence, loyalty and filial piety". Therefore, Ji Kang's sense of benevolence and righteousness, which are based on reason and falsehood, and humility, which are born of competition, are both things that bind and are opposite to natural humanity. He

clearly pointed out: "The husband is calm and empty, and his heart does not exist in pity; The person who expresses himself in Brightheart does not depend on his < P > desire. Pity does not exist in the heart, so it can be taught more naturally; Love is not what you want, so you can judge your

gift and understand things. " (On the Interpretation of Private Affairs) The squalor of the real society is bound to arouse people of insight's yearning for the initial human society. He sincerely praised the

human natural society that eulogized "simplicity has not lost": "In the past Hongyan's world, simplicity did not lose, the monarch had no literature on the top, the people did not compete on the bottom,

everything was straightened out, and the reward was not satisfied. If you are full, you will sleep peacefully, if you are hungry, you will beg for food, and you will feel happy and swell your belly. I don't know if it is the most virtuous world. If this is the case, then you will know the end of benevolence and righteousness, and the text of etiquette and law? " (

Kang believes that the reason why "Ming Jiao" is opposed to "nature" is not conducive to restoring people's natural nature, because

it has become the root of evil phenomena such as hypocrisy, arrogance and cheating: "The road is late, but it is the beginning of writing ink to convey its meaning, distinguish groups of things, and so on." Persuade to learn and speak, with God inside; Therefore, the six meridians are full of mistakes, and a hundred schools of thought are

blazing, which opens the way to glory and profit, so I don't feel it when I rush. " ("It's hard to learn naturally") He further exposed the hypocrisy of the famous religion in "The Proverbs of the Taishi": "In the season, the world is late, and the inheritance of the body, relying on respect and power, slaughter

and cut the world to serve its private interests. Therefore, the position of the monarch is beneficial, and the minister's road is heart-warming, and he has exhausted his wisdom to seek the country.

Although rewards and punishments exist, don't persuade them not to ban them. ""Punishment is based on violence. Today, it is a threat to the virtuous. In the past, it was the world. Today, it is a whole.

If you fall ill on it, you can guess its officials, and the country will be ruined. " The real society is a complete mess

. Here, Ji Kang's exposure and criticism has gone far beyond the ruthless attack on Sima Group's power politics and < P > dominating the world, and has actually touched the essence of feudal autocratic society. "Let nature be what it is" is the mainstream of metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and it is also a brilliant light of thought. It is the most splendid content with the characteristics of the times in Ji

Kang's thought, and represents the ideological realm with the most personality and charm of celebrities in Wei and Jin Dynasties.

(4) cynical, hard-hearted

Ji Kang's "long Zhang Feng Zi, natural in nature", [4] (Volume 49) with lofty interests, he hates the society full of fraud

hypocrisy, and is even more incompatible with the evil forces that run rampant in the world. At that time,

Shan Tao, a friend who chose Cao Lang, remembered his friendship and recommended Ji Kang to take over

for his original post. It was well-intentioned, but people with different aspirations disagreed. Ji Kang thought it was a great insult to others. In anger, he wrote a sharply worded book

Breaking Up with Mountain Home.

In his letter, he confessed that he believed in the old and the Zhuang nationality, and his disposition was simple and arrogant, and his life was contrary to etiquette.

"Therefore, his heart of being promoted was declining day by day, and his feelings of being honest turned to be faithful", [1] (P118) had no intention of official career.

Then he declared that he had "the seven who are bound to suffer" with fierce words, which means that he didn't want to abide by the etiquette,

he despised the hypocrisy of fame and religion, and he was

resolute and straightforward in his "just being ill in the intestines, talking lightly, and making mistakes when things happen". He unequivocally opposed Sima Group's shameful act of usurping Cao Zhishi in the name of ethics. Shang Tang and Zhou Wu both took the world by force, and the Duke of Zhou took charge of politics as an assistant minister. Confucius praised Yao and Shun, who practiced the system of abdication. This was a sacred relic of the first generation, but it was borrowed by Sima Shi as an example and basis for regime change and usurpation. Therefore, Ji Kang passionately shouted

the battle slogan of "not soup, martial arts but thin weeks and holes". Sadly, it is this strong and upright < P > temperament and outspoken behavior that caused the tragedy of his life. No wonder people commented on

him like this: "Your talent is too high, and the way to protect yourself is insufficient." [5] (P649-65) The wood is beautiful in the forest, and the wind will destroy it < P >. It is hard to avoid being jealous and hated by powerful people and peers. All the sages and future generations

regretted Ji Kang's heroic death: "The dragon was hard to tame and was finally killed. Alas." [1] (P131)

Two

Ruan Ji and Ji Kang are equally famous, both representatives of Wei and Jin Dynasties, and representatives of metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties. In terms of the main

stream, they advocated "teaching beyond the name and letting nature run its course" as Ji Kang did, which was contrary to ethical codes.

However, compared with Ji Kang, it is quite different in specific life style, attitude, mental state and life outcome.

(a) less ambitious, born at an inopportune time

Ruan Ji, a descendant of Chen Liu's Wei family, and his father Ruan], was a student of Cai Yong, a great scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and was one of the famous "seven sons of Jian 'an". Influenced by Confucianism since childhood, Ruan Ji has little ambition to help the world, [4] (Volume 49), "He is pregnant with pearls and jade, Yan Min is in phase with the period", "He cherishes his ambition to be < P > a good poet and book", "A strong man has no regrets, and he wants to be powerful in all directions", "He is indifferent to life in the face of difficulties, and his body and soul are flying" < He took self-cultivation and family

ruling the country and leveling the world as the principle of doing things, and thus entered his official career. When Cao Wei was in the Wei Dynasty, he became Shang Shulang with the help of Tai Wei Jiang

. But life is impermanent and things are unpredictable. "During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there were many people in the world. Therefore, there were few celebrities who had all the things. The reason was that they were out of touch with the world, so it was common to drink heavily." [4] (Volume 49) Cao Shuang was punished by < P >, Sima took power, the political situation took a turn for the worse, political fame became a mirage, and Ruan Ji's < P > thought also changed accordingly.

(2) Disdaining manners and customs and letting loose the absurdity

Ruan Ji, who lived in the troubled times full of hypocrisy and fraud under the control of Sima family in Wei and Jin Dynasties

, had already seen through Sima family's sinister intentions. He and Ji Kang had the same political attitude

: he opposed hypocritical teaching, and advocated "letting nature be the more famous". In his personal life, however, he goes further than Ji Kang, is more bohemian, or has long hair, is naked, is crazy about < P > words, is drunk on his wife's side, or is arrogant in the mountains and drinks with pigs? His abnormal

behavior is just his contempt and resistance to Sima's politics and hypocritical fame and religion.

Ruan Ji believes that everything in heaven and earth is born in nature, and there is no divine domination. In

On Dazhuang, he said: "Heaven and earth are born in nature, and everything is born in heaven and earth. There is nothing but nature, so there is no place name in heaven

; There are people in heaven and earth, so everything is born. " "Tao and Dharma will naturally turn into things. If the prince of Hou can keep it, everything will turn into things." He sarcastically satirized those hypocritical "gentlemen": "The world

calls a gentleman, and only the law is the practice, and only the ceremony is the gram. Hold Guibi in your hand, and tread with rope and ink. What's more, the desire to do is the current

check, and the desire to say is infinite? In the pants where you don't see lice alone, you run away deeply and hide bad flocks. < P > You think you are lucky. Do you dare to leave the gap and dare not move out of the crotch? "