1. A brief analysis of Nietzsche’s philosophical thoughts

Nietzsche criticized Schopenhauer’s philosophy that ended with self-destruction, and established a Dionysian spirit that exalted life vitality and advocated individual uniqueness and creativity. , the will to power and the Dionysian spirit are of the same origin, and they are both sharp blades for criticizing decadence and nihilism. The will to power leads to eternal recurrence. In order to fully meet the requirements of the will to power, Nietzsche created the concept of Superman. Nietzsche was a warrior who actively refuted the decadent and negative old traditional values. He strongly criticized the suppression of human nature by rationalism and the Christian spirit, and advocated the healthy development of life instincts.

(1) Schopenhauer and Nietzsche

In the era in which Nietzsche lived, people promoted rationality and paid attention to material life, believing that rationality and science and technology could bring ultimate happiness to people. This blind optimism began to collapse after encountering Schopenhauer's pessimistic philosophy. Schopenhauer regarded the essence of the world as the will of life. Each individual is dominated by the will of life. Individuals cannot exert their own initiative, and the entire life is subject to the will of life. Controlled by the great will to life, the only way out of the shackles of the will to life is to end life. Schopenhauer's own academic views were not thorough enough, but Wang Guowei, a Chinese scholar from the Qing Dynasty who was deeply influenced by Schopenhauer's thoughts, implemented Schopenhauer's thoughts through his own experience and committed suicide. Nietzsche was deeply influenced by Schopenhauer, and the tone of his entire philosophical thought was also pessimistic, but he called his philosophy positive nihilism. Nietzsche divided nihilism into two categories, namely positive nihilism and negative nihilism. Misty and negative nihilism is a state of disorientation and self-destruction that modern people show after denying all values. After all old traditional values ??are denied, they are in a complete void of value. They lose their faith and have no one to control them. Out-of-control children who can. Positive nihilism refers to re-establishing a new value system after criticizing all traditional values ??and reshaping modern people's values. When feeling disappointed with all old values, one is in a desperate situation but does not give up on oneself and rises up to resist. Overcoming nihilism, this spirit of resistance is manifested in Nietzsche's thought as the Dionysian spirit and will to power that exalt the vitality of life. His positive nihilism made him realize the tragic nature of life itself, that is, the life of a person who can freely use reason to think about the entire universe is limited. The tension between limited life and the infinite universe makes people must admit their own tragedy. . But at the same time, after realizing that individuals are controlled by the great will to life, they should bravely face the tragic life and use their tenacious vitality to defeat the will to life that controls everything. This is the biggest difference between Nietzsche and Schopenhauer. . (I asked another question about this: Are there any conflicts between the philosophical thoughts of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche? A detailed answer is given below)

(2) Nietzsche’s criticism of rationality

< p>Nietzsche first aimed his criticism at Socrates and Plato. He strongly criticized the rationalism in European history since Socrates. Socrates proposed that "knowledge is virtue, ignorance is sin", which became the beginning of later rationalism. Here knowledge is the representative of reason. Socrates believed that only by analyzing, summarizing and analyzing the external world and the inner mind with a rational attitude To sum up, we can finally obtain knowledge that is useful to human beings. And a person who lacks the ability to reason is a person who lacks good, that is, a sinful person. Here, reason and instinct are opposed, and from then on the absolute superiority of reason over instinct is established. Nietzsche believes that reason destroys the foundation of human vitality and weakens human instinct. Therefore, in order to liberate human vitality, we must oppose rationality and elevate will to call for instinct. Plato believed that the real world did not exist forever, but was created by a god or creator guided by the idea of ??good, using the ideal world as a model, and adding various ideal models to the original chaotic "material" civilization. Therefore, the real world is imperfect and imperfect. The reason why it exists is entirely due to the participation and imitation of the ideal world and the world of goodness, and it is not the real world.

On the basis of this kind of thinking, he had a great disgust with the democracy and politics of Athens, so he designed an ideal political system based on various good concepts in an attempt to establish an ideal country, that is, the Utopia.