Zhu Yuanzhang's word Guo Rui

Year number Hongwu

Temple name Taizu

Posthumous title opened heaven, Zhao Ji established the Great Sage as the supreme god, and Wu Junde succeeded to the throne as the high emperor.

1328 — 1398.

From 1368 to 1398.

Zhu Yuanzhang (132810/October 21-kloc-0/June 24, 398) was the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty (1368- 1398 reigned).

Zhu Yuanzhang was born at the end of September 18th (1328) of the first year of the Tianshun emperor calendar in the Yuan Dynasty. Father Zhu Shizhen. Mom Chen. Zhu Yuanzhang's ancestral home was Pei County, Jiangsu Province, and his father settled in Haozhou (now Fengyang, Anhui Province). When he was born, his parents were 88 years old, so his original name was Zhu Chongba, and later he was renamed Zhu Xingzong. After participating in the peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty, it was renamed Zhu Yuanzhang, whose name was Guo Rui. When Zhu Yuanzhang was young, he used to herd cattle for the landlord. In the fourth year of Zheng Zheng (1344), there was a drought in the Huaihe River, and Zhu Yuanzhang's father, mother and brother died one after another, so he had to enter Huang Jue Temple and become a wandering fairy.

In the 12th year of Zheng Zhi (1352), he was persuaded by a letter from his good friend Tang He to join the Red Scarf Army and take refuge in Guo Zixing. Because of his good command, he was gradually promoted from a small officer to a marshal, and married his adopted daughter Ma Shi as the queen. In the 16th year of Zheng Zhi (1356), Zhu Yuanzhang captured Qing Ji, made its capital here, and renamed it Yingtianfu. Zhu Yuanzhang adopted Zhu Sheng's suggestion of "building a wall high, accumulating grain widely and slowing down to be king", and took prudent offensive measures to defeat the forces of Xu Shouhui and Chen Youliang. In the 21st year of Zheng Zhi (136 1), Zhu Yuanzhang was made Wu Gong by Han Liner, and in 1364, he was made King of Wu. In the same year, Wang Xiaoming sank into the Yangtze River. In the 28th year of Zheng Zheng (1368), on the 9th day of the first month, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian, with the titles Daming and Hongwu. Take Yingtian as Nanjing and Kaifeng as Beijing. In July of the same year, General Xu Da conquered Dadu and the Yuan Dynasty perished. In the 14th year of Hongwu (138 1), Yunnan was conquered and China was generally unified.

After the reunification of China, Zhu Yuanzhang made a series of strict laws and regulations for the Ming Dynasty. Due to the weakness of Crown Prince Zhu Biao, Zhu Yuanzhang began to slaughter heroes on a large scale, and successively concocted major cases such as Hu case, Aquamarine case and Indo-Air case, involving a large number of people.

Formulate the Daming Law. In the 31st year of Hongwu (1398), Zhu Yuanzhang died in Yingtian Palace in May. Bury Xiaoling in Purple Mountain.

Family list

Father is Zu Chundi (formerly known as Zhu)

Mother Spring Queen Chen

Brothers and sisters.

Zhu Xinglong, Nanchang Wang

Filial piety is high, Guo Zixing's adopted daughter.

Princess:

Sun Shi, Princess of Cheng Mugui, is the adopted daughter of Marshal Ma Shixiong.

Li, the daughter of Li Jie.

Ning, Guo

children

son

Zhu Biao, eldest son, Prince Wen Yi (from Xiao Cigao)

Zhu Shang, the second son, Qin Chengwang (from Empress Xiaocigao)

Zhu, the third son, Wang (from the filial piety queen Gao)

The fourth son, Judy, Ming (from Xiao Cigao)

Zhu's fifth son, Zhou (from Xiao Cigao)

Zhu Zhen, Liu Zi and King Zhao of Chu (from Princess Hu Chong)

Judy, the seventh son, the king of Qi (Yongle Dynasty was abolished as Shu Ren) (it was a big decision).

Zhu Zi, Ba Zi, Wang Tan (Hong set himself on fire) (Da Ding flies out the door)

Zhu Qi, Jiuzi and Wang Zhao (young wounded)

Zhu Tan, Shizi, Huang Luwang (from Princess Guo Ning)

Eleven sons, from Shu to the king (Guo Huifei)

Twelve sons, item (from Hu Shunfei)

Zhu Gui, Shisanzi, Wang Jian (Guo Huifei)

, fourteen sons, Su Zhuang Wang (from Gao)

Zhi Zhu, fifteen sons, Liao Jianwang (from Han Fei)

Zhu, sixteen sons, Wang (Yu Feiren)

Zhu Quan, seventeen children, was born in Ning.

Zhu Kun, eighteen sons, King of Zhuang Min (from Zhou Fei)

Zhu Yi, nineteen sons, Gu Wang (Yongle Dynasty was abolished as Shu Ren) (Guo Huifei)

Zhu Song, Erzi and Xianwang Han (from Zhou Fei)

Twenty-one sons, Shen (from Zhao Guifei)

Zhu Ying, 22 sons, one Wang Hui.

Zhu, twenty-three sons, Tang (from Li Xianfei)

Zhu Dong, twenty-four sons, Wang Jing (Liu Huifei)

Zhu? , 25, the king of Ili (by Griffith)

Zhu nan, twenty-six sons

princess

Princess Lin 'an married Li Qi, the son of North Korean man Li Shanchang.

Princess Ningguo, the mother of the filial piety queen, married Mei Yin, the son of Hou Meisuzu in Runan.

Princess Chongning, Hongwu married Niucheng in seventeen years, not long after.

Princess Anqing, a filial and kind mother, married Lun Ouyang.

Princess Runing, in the fifteenth year of Hongwu, married Lu Xian, the son of Lu Zhongheng, the Hou of Ji 'an.

Princess Huaiqing married Wang Ning, and her mother became Mu Guifei Sun Shi.

Princess Daming, marry Li Jian.

Mother Zheng Anfei, Hongwu married Fengxiang Zhang Lin in eighteen years. I have no heir and no death. In the fifteenth year of Yongle, he was in charge.

Princess Shouchun, in the 19th year of Hongwu, married Fu Zhong, the son of Fu Youde, the Lord protector.

Good morning, Princess Ten.

Princess Nankang, Hongwu married Dongchuan Hou Hu Haizi Hu Guan in the 21st year.

Princess Yongjia, mother Hui and Hongwu married Houguo Town in Wuding in the 22nd year.

Good morning, Princess Thirteen.

Princess Hanshan, Princess Mother Han, Hongwu married Yin Qing in twenty-seven years.

Princess Ruyang, mother Hui, Hongwu married Xie Da in twenty-seven years.

Princess Baoqing, Mao's youngest daughter, married Zhao Hui.

Princess Fucheng, daughter of Nanchang king, mother king. Marry the king. He tried to participate in politics in Fujian, and later changed to Fuzhou Wei as the commander.

Princess Qingyang, the royal daughter of Mengcheng, married Wang Chen.

Liao Bai fell asleep, but I didn't.

I will get up before a hundred guards get up.

Not as rich as Jiangnan Weng,

The height of a day is still ten feet.

It is said that this is a poem written by Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, after he became emperor, which shows his hard work. Zhu Yuanzhang is indeed an emperor who is diligent in political affairs. He gets up before dawn every day to read official documents and works late into the night. He often changes into people's clothes and goes out for private visits. One day, he went to Rove's house to meet this Chen Youliang (Chen Youliang, the general of the peasant uprising in the late Yuan Dynasty, and later became a local separatist force. 1363, Zhu Yuanzhang defeated Poyang Lake and was shot dead by an arrow at Jiujiangkou. Luo Jia is in an alley outside Nanjing. The house is shabby and there is no furniture in it. Mrs. Luo is scraping the wall on the ladder. When he saw the emperor coming, he quickly asked his wife to bring a small stool for the emperor to sit on. Zhu Yuanzhang was very sorry to see that he was an honest official and so poor. He quickly said, "How can a good scholar live in such a shabby house!" " "Give him a big house in the city. On the contrary, for those corrupt officials, once verified, Zhu Yuanzhang was extremely strict in law enforcement and would never tolerate them.

Why did Zhu Can Yuanzhang reward incorruptible officials and punish greedy maids? It turns out that Zhu Yuanzhang (1328 ~ 1398) was originally a poor monk in the rural area of Haozhou (now Fengyang, Anhui). By participating in the peasant uprising, he overthrew the decadent rule of the Yuan Dynasty, seized the national political power, established the Ming Dynasty, and ascended the throne of the emperor. Since then, Zhu Yuanzhang has been thinking about how to consolidate his rule and prevent the peasant uprising from happening again. He summed up the lessons of the Yuan Dynasty's demise, and felt that the corruption of official administration was an important reason for the Yuan Dynasty's demise. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the government publicly sold officials and titles. Many officials use money to buy officials, so they try their best to search for money, embezzle, steal and extort money, regardless of the lives of the people. Even those Fu Xuan officials who were ordered by the emperor to "ask people about their sufferings" were insatiable, taking bribes and perverting the law. The people made up folk songs and cursed, saying, "Bring me here, it's earth-shattering. When the messenger came, it was already dark, and all the officials were happy and the people were crying. " People can't live any longer, so they have to take risks and rise up. From here, Zhu Yuanzhang realized that the quality of official management is a big problem related to whether the rule can be consolidated. Therefore, he made up his mind to rectify the bureaucracy and severely punish corrupt officials.

Shortly after the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang summoned the minister and announced: "From now on, it must be strictly prohibited by legislation, and any official who takes bribes and harms the people will never be forgiven. You all have to understand this sentence. Being honest is like walking on a smooth road and feeling at ease. Being greedy and breaking the law is like breaking into thorns. Even if you struggle out, you will be ruined. " Then, he formulated various rules and regulations to prohibit officials from embezzling and stealing, and summoned state and county officials to warn them: "Now the world is just settled, and the people's financial resources are very difficult, just like a newly arrived bird can't pluck its feathers, and a newly planted young tree can't even move its roots. They should be allowed to resume and develop production. You can't disturb them. "

However, officials at that time did not take Zhu Yuanzhang's work to heart. They think all new emperors will do this. That's just talk, don't take it seriously. They learn from the officials of the Yuan Dynasty. They are greedy for money, greedy for money, and corrupt the law. They do everything. "Those who are in charge of the money valley steal it, and those who are in charge of the criminal name (that is, punishment, generally referring to the law) go in and out of the criminal name (that is, disobeying the law)." Farmers in western Zhejiang pay autumn grain, which was originally stipulated to be delivered to the warehouse in Nanjing, the provincial capital, and farmers have to spend a lot of freight. Later, in order to reduce the burden on farmers, the imperial court asked farmers to convert grain into paper money and hand it over directly to the nearby government. This is the so-called "folding grain". However, many local officials charge farmers for the transportation of various vehicles and boats, as well as the cost of packing food bags and bamboo baskets. These extra freight and packaging costs are as high as 50% of the grain discount. There is a grain manager, named Aran, who is responsible for collecting tax grain. In addition to collecting 10000 pieces of grain and rice, he also used various excuses to levy 22000 pieces of grain and1100 yuan. Farmers couldn't afford the money, so he forced them to tear down their houses and sell clothes, cookers, animals and farm tools as collateral, which made many people lose their money. With so much money and food embezzled by small officials in one place, the amount of corruption by big officials in the central government is even greater. Premier Hu accepted bribes in a wide range. It is said that there are countless treasures in his family. Zhu Yuanzhang lamented many times: "Before the officials of various yamen took office, I enlightened them and told them not to run amok. But how many of them listened to me after I went? " "A fool like this, I'm so old, I'm thirsty and out of breath. I said he wouldn't wake up!"

For the long-term stability of Zhu Jiachao, Zhu Yuanzhang cracked down on corruption by extremely severe means. Whenever an official is found to be corrupt and illegal, he will use harsh laws, hell to pay. All those who take bribes and bend the law are sent to serve as soldiers in remote and desolate places in the north. Those who embezzled more than 620 yuan were taken to the land temple to show their spirits and strip grass. Even officials who travel by official livestock, vehicles and ships, and officials who carry personal belongings exceeding the prescribed weight, have to pay the hell fee. According to the regulations of the Ming government, animals traveling in the official residence, except personal clothes, who carry more than ten kilograms of personal belongings, will be punished ten times every five kilograms (slapping buttocks, legs or back with small thorns or bamboo boards), and every ten kilograms will be aggravated by one level, and the heaviest one will be slapped with sticks for sixty times (slapping buttocks, legs or back with big thorns, bamboo boards or sticks). Those who travel by official ship or boat and carry more than 30 kilograms of personal belongings will be fined 10 for each kilogram, and the crime will be increased by one level for every 20 kilograms, with a maximum of 70 strokes.

In addition to sporadic attacks at ordinary times, Zhu Yuanzhang also concentrated on several major corruption cases and carried out several large-scale clean-ups of corrupt officials. 1385, Yu Min and Ding Juting reported that Beiping (now Beijing) had undertaken propaganda work for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (provincial administrative agency), and sentenced officials of the Ministry of Justice (provincial judicial agency), Zhao, and assistant minister of the Ministry of Housing (deputy chief in charge of land, household registration and finance), Wang. Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the judicial department to conduct a thorough investigation, which implicated senior officials of the imperial court, such as Zhao Xie, the minister of rites, Wang, the minister of punishments (the highest official in charge of criminal law), Assistant Minister of Ministry of War (the adjutant in charge of military affairs), Assistant Minister of Ministry of Industry Mai Zhide, and officials of various ministries and departments, as well as many local strongmen and landlords. The Ming government found that they not only stole the gold, silver and banknotes from the state treasury, but also stole a large number of taxes such as taxes, grain, fish and salt that were not put into storage. The total amount of corruption and theft is converted into food, exceeding 24 million stone. Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Zhao Xie, Wang and others to abandon the city (put to death in downtown and expose the body in the street); Guo Huan and other officials under six assistant ministers were all executed; Tens of thousands of officials involved in various ministries were arrested, imprisoned and severely punished; Many big landlords in the country were involved in the memorial service, and countless people were killed in the property raid.

In the process of cracking down on corruption, Zhu Yuanzhang is not only resolute, but also does not avoid dignitaries and relatives. No matter how high his position is or how close he is to himself, he will never compromise. In addition to corruption, Premier Hu also committed other crimes and was executed. Hua Yunlong, the founding father, occupied the official residence of the prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty in Beiping and was dismissed from office. Lun Ouyang, surnamed Xu (son-in-law of the emperor), with the husband of Princess Anqing, the biological daughter of Zhu Yuanzhang's wife, sold tea privately and repeatedly in Shaanxi despite the court's ban; His slave Zhou Bao also called local officials and invited dozens of private cars to transport private tea for his family. If you are slightly unhappy, you will arbitrarily beat and scold local officials. No one dared to ask because LUN Ouyang was so powerful. A small official of the inspection department in He Qiao couldn't bear to be humiliated, so he reported it. Zhu Yuanzhang flew into a rage when he got the news. He ordered the execution of Lun Ouyang, so that his domestic slave Zhou Bao was killed. He also wrote an imperial edict and sent it to the informant, praising his spirit of not avoiding powerful people.

While severely punishing corrupt officials, Zhu Yuanzhang also strongly commended honest officials in order to help the dangerous and suppress evil. Fang Keqin, the magistrate of Jining (now Jining, Shandong Province), was clean and concerned about the sufferings of the people. At that time, the court called on farmers to open up wasteland, and stipulated that it would take three years to start taxation. However, before he took office, local officials did not act according to the regulations, and they collected taxes from farmers before the deadline. People say that the court broke its promise and gave up the land for planting. After Fang Keqin took office, he announced that he would strictly implement the regulations of the imperial court, and divide the land into nine grades according to the fertility of the land, and collect taxes according to the grades. The people immediately settled down and land reclamation was in full swing. Later, one summer drought, farmers were busy planting crops against drought, but the local government forces ordered the recruitment of migrant workers to repair the city. Fang Keqin hurried out to stop him, saying, "People are busy farming, how can they bother?" He asked Zhongshu Province to cancel the corvee, and Zhongshu Province agreed. It rained heavily immediately after the corvee was abolished. The people were very happy and made up a folk song saying, "Who (who) is going to stop my service?" The power of the monarch. Who lives in me? The rain of kings. Don't go, my parents. "Fang Keqin also attaches importance to education, set up social studies in rural areas, and asked Confucian teachers to teach folk children to read. He worked in Jining for three years. "The registered permanent residence has increased several times, and a county is idle enough. "But I live a very simple and poor life. A cloth robe will not be changed for ten years, and only one meal with meat will be eaten every day. Three years later, Keqin went to the capital to appear before him. Zhu Yuanzhang gave a banquet in recognition of him and sent him back to Jining to continue to be the magistrate.

After twenty or thirty years' struggle, the official atmosphere in Ming Dynasty gradually improved, the bureaucratic style became clearer, the society gradually stabilized, and the economy developed accordingly.