Xiang Yu, who was born as an outstanding man and died as a ghost hero, was invincible after more than 7 wars. After three years in the army, "the five princes were annihilated and the world was divided, and the princes were sealed, and the politics were feathered, and the title was overlord."

what is the achilles heel of Xiang Yu? Lack of political foresight and blind pursuit of fame and reputation are Xiang Yu's fatal weaknesses. He wants to win the world, but also seeks a false reputation. He is ready to overturn the Covenant of Huai Wang and is afraid of being accused by the world. He didn't use Fan Zeng's plan, which reflected his obstinacy and superstition of force, and the fundamental reason was his psychological fragility.

Liu Bang's evaluation of Xiang Yu: "I am not as good as the ovary (that is, Zhang Liang) in the planning of my husband. Town country, caress the people, give pay, endless route for providing foodstuff, I am not as good as Xiao He. Even with an army of millions, the battle will win, and the attack will be taken. I am not as good as Han Xin. These three are outstanding people, and I can use them, so I take the world. Xiang Yu has a Fan Zeng and can't use it. This is why he is captured for me. "

We learned the text "The Hongmen Banquet" in the second volume of senior high school, which gave us a deeper understanding of Xiang Yu.

Reproduction of the original text

Pei Gong rode to see Xiang Wang from more than a hundred days ago, and arrived at Hongmen. He thanked him, saying, "The minister and the general fought against Qin, and the general fought against Hebei, and the minister fought against Henan. However, he was unwilling to enter the customs and break Qin first, so he had to see the general here again. Today, there is a villain's words, which makes the generals and ministers have something to lose ... "Xiang Wang said:" This is repeatedly said by Sajima and Cao Wushang; Otherwise, why is the book here? " Xiang Wang stayed with Pei Gong and drank on the same day. Xiang Wang and Xiang Bo sat east, while Ya Fu sat south. Father, Fan Zeng also. Pei Gong sat north and Zhang Liang waited west. Fan Zeng has a number of kings, and three of them are shown by the jade slips that she wears, but Wang Moran should not. Fan Zengqi summoned Xiang Zhuang and said, "The king can't bear it. If you want to live a long life before you enter, please dance with your sword, and kill Pei Gong for hitting him. If not, if it is all, it will be captured. " Zhuang is a longevity. At the end of his life, he said, "The king drinks with Pei Gong, but the army is not happy. Please dance with the sword." Xiang Wang said, "Promise." Xiang Zhuang drew his sword to dance, and Xiang Bo drew his sword to dance. He often covered himself with his wings, and Zhuang was not allowed to strike.

-an analysis of the material of The Hongmen Banquet

From the excerpts in the previous paragraph, it can be seen that Pei Gong can submit to humiliation in person, which is exactly the mind of a gentleman and the personality factor for his later achievement in imperial career. However, Xiang Yu, who has always been headstrong and arrogant all his life, made amends for Pei Gong's coming to the Hongmen Banquet. Not only did he have no doubt in his heart, but he betrayed Cao Wushang, who had informed him. Not only that, he was still sitting at the banquet, with a pair of pride that belonged to him all over the world, but ignored Fan Zeng's signal that he was determined to kill Liu Bang, thinking that Liu Bang would have to surrender to him sooner or later.

Applicable topics

Some highlights of Xiang Yu's personality, such as not being afraid of violence, not playing tricks, and being open and aboveboard, should be affirmed. This personality is suitable for topics such as "choice of mind", "honesty", "publicity of personality", "listening" and "happiness and way of thinking". However, the shortcomings of personality, such as stubbornness, lack of foresight, weakness and indecision, should be discarded, which is suitable for topics such as tolerance, people and road, and talking about feelings.

Qu Yuan

Qu Yuan's period was just the eve of China's imminent reunification. "The Qin Emperor was horizontal and the King of Chu was vertical." Qu was born into a noble family, and he was good at dealing with chaos and rhetoric, so he was deeply prized by Chu Huaiwang in his early years, and he was a Zuotu and a doctor in San Lv. In order to realize the great cause of Chu's reunification, he actively assisted Huai Wang's political reform in order to strengthen his country, and insisted on uniting Qi against Qin in foreign countries, which made Chu once have a situation in which the country was rich and the soldiers were strong and the princes were powerful. However, due to the sharp contradiction between Qu Yuan and the decadent aristocratic group of Chu State in internal affairs and diplomacy, and the jealousy of Shangguan Doctor and others, Qu Yuan was later framed by the small group and alienated by Chu Huaiwang, and was finally expelled from Yingdu and moved to northern Han Dynasty. In the twenty-first year of the reign of King Xiang, the Qin general attacked Ying capital in vain, and several ups and downs of Qu Yuan were unbearable, so he drowned himself in the Miluo River and sacrificed his political ideals. During his exile for more than 2 years, Qu Yuan has always been concerned about the fate of Chu, and has successively written poems such as Li Sao, Tian Wen, Evocation of Soul and Mourning, expressing his position and determination not to go along with the dark and decadent forces.

The high school texts Biography of Qu Yuan, Li Sao and Mrs. Xiang all talk about Qu Yuan.

Reproduction of the original text

Qu Ping's disease king was not clever enough to listen to it, and his flattery covered up the Ming Dynasty. The evil songs did harm to the public, and Fang Zhengzhi could not tolerate it, so he wrote Li Sao with sadness and meditation. Those who "leave Sao" are still worried. The husband of heaven, the beginning of man; Parents are the foundation of people. If you are poor, you will turn your back on your roots, so you will be extremely tired and tired. The illness is terrible, so I don't hesitate to call my parents. Qu Ping went straight on the right path, exhausted his loyalty and wisdom, and served his monarch, which was a poor thing. Believe and see doubt, loyal and slandered, can you have no complaints? Qu Ping's work "Li Sao" is self-blaming. Said Di Ku, the next JiHuan, soup, martial arts, to stab the world. The morality of the Ming Dynasty is broad and respected, and the rule of chaos is consistent. Its words are subtle, its ambition is clean, and its actions are cheap. It is said that the text is small and its meaning is great, and it is far-reaching by analogy. Its ambition is clean, so it is called object fragrance; It is cheap, so it is not allowed to die. From draining the mud, the cicada sloughs in filth, and besides floating dust, it doesn't gain the world's favor, and it is also muddy without me. Push this ambition, although it is glory with the sun and the moon.

—— Excerpt from Biographies of Qu Yuan

In Qu Yuan's poem "Involved in the River", he himself wrote: "I swam in the garden of Xi Yao with China, climbed to Kunlun and ate jade and English. Live with the heavens and the earth, and live with the sun and the moon in Qi Guang. " This was written in anger when Qu Yuan was trapped by a traitor and exiled by the king of Chu. As Sima Qian said, "If you believe and see doubt, if you are loyal and slandered, can you have no complaints?" So I wrote a poem "Li Sao" to vent my anger. However, Qu Yuan's nobleness lies in that no matter what kind of blows and flatteries he suffered, he always persistently adhered to his integrity, so Sima Qian praised: "It is also possible to push this ambition, although it will win glory with the sun and the moon."

Applicable topics

Suitable topics include "shoulder", "position and value", "I want to hold your hand", "emotional closeness and cognition of things", "responsibility", "ideal" and "persistence".

Cao Cao

In The Romance of The Three Kingdoms, Cao Cao is an adulterer, whose life creed is "I'd rather teach the world to betray me than the world to betray me", and he is a typical villain who is treacherous, cruel, willful and suspicious. Anyone who has read "The Three Kingdoms" knows that it refers to Cao Cao when he mentions "the adulterer". "I would rather teach me to be negative to the world than to teach the world to be negative to me." This sentence can best reflect Cao Cao's treachery.

But in real life, Cao Cao has the pursuit of ideals, which is a contradictory and complex body. I thought Cao Cao was a generation of adulterers, but I thought he was just a warrior. Only after reading his poems such as "Short Songs" did I know that his inner world was extremely rich. "When the wine song, life geometry! Morning dew, for example, is much harder to go to Japan. Be generous, and worry is unforgettable. How to solve the problem, only Du Kang. " ..... Does this also confirm the truth that man is a complex combination?

Cao Cao, one of the seven sons of Jian 'an, has extremely high literary attainments. The works we have studied, such as Watching the Canghai, Although the Turtle is Longevity, and Short Songs, are all written by Cao Cao.

reproduction of the original text

short songs

Cao Cao

what is life like when drinking?

morning dew, for example, is more painful when you go to Japan.

be generous and worry is unforgettable.

Du Kang is the only one who can solve the problem.

the green lady is leisurely in my heart.

but for your sake, I have pondered it so far.

yo yo Luming Literature, the apple of the wild.

I have a guest, blowing sheng.

it's as clear as the moon, when can it be forgotten?

worry comes from it and can't be cut off.

the more you cross the street, the more useless you are.

when you talk about the feast, you will miss the old grace.

there are few stars in the moon, and blackbirds fly south.

three turns around the tree, what branch can you rely on?

the mountains are never too high, and the sea is never too deep.

the duke of Zhou vomited and fed, and the world returned to the heart.

material analysis

the theme of this short song is very clear, that is, the author hopes to have a large number of talents for his own use. In his political activities, in order to expand his ruling base among the landlords in commoners and crack down on the reactionary hereditary powerful forces, Cao Cao once strongly emphasized that "meritocracy is the promotion", and for this reason, he successively issued "the order of seeking talents", "the order of promoting scholars" and "the order of seeking escape". And "Short Songs" is actually a "song of seeking the virtuous".

Applicable topics

Cao Cao cherishes talents and is ambitious, and his outstanding military talents are worth learning. However, Cao Cao's cunning and suspicious personality often reminds everyone that the applicable topics are "wisdom and cunning", "ideal", "ambition" and "honesty", "living without rest/living with interest", "people and roads" and "talking about feelings".

Zhuge Liang

Zhuge Liang, though powerless, can strategize and win thousands of miles. Before he was born, it was known that the general trend of the world would be three points, burning hope, borrowing the east wind and capturing Meng Huo, all of which showed his brilliant ingenuity. Therefore, it is called three unique skills together with Guan Yu's "righteous skill" and Cao Cao's "treacherous skill".

Zhuge Liang is strict in law enforcement, affectionate and brave in self-reproach. Love without bending the law, enforce the law without forgetting. This is the real Zhu Gekongming, and this is the authentic Kong Ming! We will sincerely praise "the third summons weighted him with affairs of state, and to two generations he gave his true heart" after reading Zhuge Liang's tearful beheading of Ma Su.

We have studied the Texts of Example, Lost Street Pavilion (Romance of the Three Kingdoms) and Shu Xiang, all of which involve a character-Zhuge Liang.

Reproduction of the original text

I was dressed in cloth, devoted myself to Nanyang, and spared my life in troubled times, not asking Wen Da to be a vassal. The first emperor didn't treat his ministers with meanness, and he wronged himself with allegations. He took care of his ministers in the cottage, and consulted his ministers with contemporary affairs. Because of gratitude, I promised the first emperor to drive Chi. After the value capsized, when I was appointed to the defeated army, I was ordered to be in danger. I have been here for twenty years! The first emperor knew that I was cautious, so I was sent to the minister in the event of collapse.

since I was appointed, I have been sighing at night, fearing that the entrustment will not be effective, so as to hurt the understanding of my late emperor; Therefore, crossing Shanghai in May was barren. Today, the south has been set, and the armor is sufficient. When the award rate is three, the Central Plains will be set in the north; Exhausted and dull, busy to get rid of rape and fierceness, rejuvenate the Han Dynasty and return to the old capital. The reason why this minister is loyal to your majesty is also that he reported to the first emperor.

—— An analysis of the materials in The Example

The encounter between Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei, the monarch and minister, is a legendary story. People praise Zhuge Liang's unique talents, and at the same time, they also praise his virtue of being able to repay him. Since I came out of the mountain in Longzhong, I have taken it as my life's duty to "get rid of rape and murder, and revive the Han Dynasty", as Du Fu wrote, "Looking after the world frequently annoys the economy, and to two generations he gave his true heart. And heroes have wept on their coats ever since Jin died before he started his career, and all of them were moved by his loyalty of "doing my best and dying".

Applicable topic

Zhuge Liang is knowledgeable and versatile. During his tenure as Shu Xiang, he was praised by emperors, officials, scholars and ordinary people in past dynasties for his qualities of saving the world, being dedicated to the public, being honest and modest. Applicable topics are: loyalty, modesty and achievement, being foolish and successful, and shoulders. Zhuge Liang's loyalty to Liu Bei has always been a beautiful talk, and this case is suitable for the topic of "honesty"; Zhuge Liang did not listen to Liu Bei's dying advice, which eventually led to the fall of the street pavilion. This case is suitable for the topic "Affection and Cognition of Things".

Sima Qian

Sima Qian worked very hard when he was a child. At the age of ten, he began to learn the ancient prose at that time. At the age of twenty, he was full of desire for knowledge and traveled all over the famous mountains and rivers of the motherland, inspecting historical sites and collecting legends everywhere. This made a good preparation for the later compilation of Historical Records. After the death of his father, Sima Tan, Sima Qian inherited his father's post, made an imperial edict, and was able to see a large number of books, documents and national archives, which was an indispensable condition for Sima Qian to compile Historical Records.

In the second year of the Tian Han Dynasty (99 BC), Li Ling attacked the Huns and surrendered. Sima Qian defended Li Ling, angered Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and was sent to prison for corruption. Later, he was pardoned and released from prison. He wrote a book for the secretariat, and finally finished the writing and polishing of Historical Records. Historical Records is China's first biographical masterpiece of general history and biographical literature, and it is praised by Lu Xun as "the swan song of historians, the rhyme-free Li Sao". In addition to Historical Records, Sima Qian wrote eight essays, and also wrote the Letter of Reporting Ren An, which described his imprisonment and his ambition of compiling history.

Unit 4, Book 6, senior high school, dedicated one unit to study the selected articles in Sima Qian's Bao Ren An Shu and Historical Records.

Reproduction of the original text

The ancient people are rich and famous, and they can't be remembered. They are only charming and extraordinary. King Gavin was arrested and played Zhouyi, while Zhongnieu made the Spring and Autumn Period. Qu Yuan's exile is a tribute to Li Sao; Zuo Qiu is blind and has Mandarin; Sun Tzu's feet, the art of war is revised; Do not move to Shu Wei, pass on Lu Lan; Han Fei imprisoned Qin, saying that it was difficult and lonely; There are 3 poems, which are generally attributed to the actions of sages who are angry. This person has a sense of stagnation and can't understand it, so he tells the past and thinks about the newcomers. However, if Zuo Qiuming has no eyes and his grandson has a broken foot, he will never be available, so he will retreat to discuss the book strategy to relieve his anger and think about the empty words to see himself. Servants are not inferior in stealing, relying on incompetent words, trapping the old news in the world, slightly examining their actions, comprehensively starting from the beginning, and recording the history of their success or failure. As for this, it is ten tables, twelve books, eight chapters, thirty families, and seventy biographies, all of which are hundred and thirty articles. I also want to study the changes between ancient and modern times and become a family statement.

—— Excerpt from "Bao Ren An Shu"

Analysis of materials

No matter how much blows and setbacks a person encounters, as long as his spirit does not fall, everything can continue. But the spirit needs support. The reason why Sima Qian was able to write a book after being imprisoned because of his mausoleum incident was because he found a strong spiritual pillar for himself, namely Zhou Wenwang, Confucius, Zuo Qiuming, Sun Zi, Lv Buwei and Han Fei. And when our life also meets the insurmountable hurdle, do we also regard Sima Qian as our spiritual pillar?

Applicable topic

Historical Records is a great work written by Sima Qian with his whole life, which is full of energy, hard work and great physical and mental pain. Mr. Lu Xun once said: Historical Records are "the swan song of historians, the rhyme" Li Sao ". In other words, as a historical record of China's general history with a large scale and complete system, it is also an excellent literary work. Sima Qian's moral character of risking his own life for his friends and giving up his dignity for his ideals is worth learning. Applicable topics include "fortitude", "will", "humiliation", "honesty", "choice of mind", "shoulders" and "carving an angel in the heart".

Du Fu

Du Fu was a patriot. He hoped to serve his country all his life, but fate didn't care for him, so his ambition was hard to be rewarded and there was no way to serve his country. He is also a great poet, who wrote a lot of poems reflecting reality in his life. His patriotic feelings are embodied in his poems.

Du Fu lived in an era of rapid changes from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. He built a monument of realistic poetic art with his outstanding talent and amazing perseverance. The tears of worrying about the country and the people and the feelings of humanitarian compassion in his poems have created Du Fu's depressed poetic style and touching national spirit. "The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the bones on the road freeze to death" and "There are thousands of spacious buildings, and all the poor people in the world are happy" are pushed to the misfortune of the broad masses of people by their own suffering; An Shi rebellion, long