1 overview
Environmental protection is a basic national policy of our country, and marine environmental protection, as an important part of it, has always been highly valued by the government. Since 1972 Stockholm Conference on Human Environment, the Environmental Protection Law and the Marine Environmental Protection Law have been formulated and promulgated successively. 1992 after the Rio de Janeiro conference, the government of China formulated "China Environmental Protection Agenda 2 1 century" and a national action plan aimed at protecting the ocean from land-based activities. In the process of economic construction, the state has accelerated the legalization of marine environmental protection, and there are currently more than 30 laws and regulations related to marine environmental protection. Through the implementation of a series of pollution prevention and ecological protection measures, the environmental pressure brought by coastal economic construction and marine industry development has been alleviated to some extent. The theme of World Environment Day this year is "Everyone is responsible for the survival of the ocean". In his speech, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan emphasized that human society can no longer regard the world's oceans as a convenient garbage dump or an inexhaustible source of wealth. Governments, enterprises and individuals are urged to respect the oceans again and make every effort to protect and sustainably utilize natural resources. China responded positively and fulfilled its commitment to the ocean. During this period, a large-scale national joint law enforcement inspection on marine environmental protection was carried out, and a white paper on marine environmental protection was issued. The action shows that China is constantly strengthening marine environmental protection, the trend of increasing environmental pollution has been initially controlled, and the environmental quality of some sea areas has been improved.
2 legal principles of marine environmental protection
2. 1 Legal Framework for Marine Environmental Protection in China
Marine environmental protection law is the general name of laws, regulations, rules and standards to prevent marine environmental pollution and ecological damage and protect and improve the marine environment. 1979 China's first comprehensive basic law on environmental protection, People's Republic of China (PRC) Environmental Protection Law (for Trial Implementation), stipulated marine environmental protection. 1983 implemented the Law of the People's Republic of China on Marine Environmental Protection to regulate marine environmental protection activities and behaviors in sea areas and coastal areas under our jurisdiction. 65438-0999 revised the law according to the practice of marine environmental protection, and added some related contents such as marine ecological protection. This law is one of the environmental resources laws promulgated and implemented earlier in China, which is of great significance to effectively protect the marine ecological environment and promote the rational development and utilization of the ocean and the sustainable development of the marine economy. In order to implement the Marine Environmental Protection Law, supporting laws and regulations such as Regulations on Prevention of Marine Pollution by Ships, Regulations on Prevention of Environmental Pollution by Dismantling of Ships, Regulations on Prevention of Pollution Damage to the Marine Environment by Coastal Construction Projects, Regulations on Prevention of Pollution Damage to the Marine Environment by Land-based Pollutants, Regulations on Environmental Protection for Offshore Oil Exploration and Development, and Regulations on Marine Dumping have been promulgated and implemented one after another. Some laws and regulations closely related to marine environmental protection, such as water pollution prevention law, air pollution prevention law, solid waste pollution prevention law, fishery law, environmental impact assessment law, nature reserve management regulations, etc., have also played an important role. At the same time, a series of standard systems have been formulated. Such as: seawater quality standards, fishery water quality standards, pollutant discharge standards from ships, oily sewage discharge standards, comprehensive sewage discharge standards, comprehensive sewage discharge standards for marine disposal projects, marine functional zoning, and environmental functional zoning of coastal waters. These laws, regulations, standards and some local regulations constitute the legal framework system of marine environmental protection in China, which provides legal protection for marine environmental protection in China.
In addition, the international conventions to which China is a party also have important binding force on marine environmental protection. For example, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships and the Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter.
2.2 Main principles of marine environmental protection law
From 1982 to 1999, the revision of the Marine Environmental Protection Law reflects the gradual improvement of China's marine environmental protection work and the change of thinking. The revised Marine Environmental Protection Law not only retains the principles of coordinating environmental protection with economic development, giving priority to prevention, combining prevention with control, comprehensive management, polluter pays, developer protection and public participation. It also emphasizes the principle of adhering to environmental protection to promote sustainable economic and social development, paying equal attention to pollution prevention and ecological protection, and combining unified management with division of responsibilities. It embodies the integration with international practice.
The principle of promoting sustainable economic and social development has been embodied in the purpose and purpose of legislation. The ocean is a huge treasure house of human resources. Marine environmental pollution, resource destruction and ecosystem destruction will all affect the sustainable development ability of economy and society. In order to effectively protect the ecosystem, it is clear that people's governments at all levels should take effective measures to protect typical and representative marine ecosystems such as mangroves, coral reefs, coastal wetlands, islands, bays, estuaries and important fishery waters, natural concentrated distribution areas of rare and endangered marine organisms, living areas of marine organisms with important economic value and marine natural historical sites and natural landscapes with great scientific and cultural value. The damaged marine ecology with important economic and social value should be rectified and restored. It embodies the principle of paying equal attention to pollution prevention and ecological protection; Because marine activities involve many aspects? The protection and management of smoked marine environment also involves many administrative departments. The management responsibilities of each department are clearly defined. That is to say, it has formed a system in which governments at all levels are responsible for implementation, the competent administrative department of environmental protection is unified in supervision and management, and all relevant sea-related departments are supervised and managed according to law, and their respective responsibilities, powers and obligations are relatively clear and specific. It embodies the principle of combining unified management with division of responsibilities.
2.3 Main legal systems
In order to strengthen the management of marine environment, the revised Marine Environmental Protection Law not only enriches the contents of the original time-limited governance system, environmental impact assessment system, "three simultaneities" system and marine environmental pollution civil damage compensation system, but also stipulates some new management systems according to actual needs. It mainly includes: marine functional zoning and marine environmental protection planning system, total pollutant control system in key sea areas, marine environmental standards system, sewage charges and dumping fees system, deadline treatment system, outdated technology and equipment elimination system that seriously pollutes the marine environment, marine environmental monitoring information management system, marine pollution accident emergency system, on-site inspection system, ship oil pollution insurance and oil pollution damage compensation fund system.
Preventing pollution from ships is an important part of marine environmental protection. Due to the particularity of the fluidity and internationality of pollution sources from ships at sea and the seriousness of pollution consequences, a considerable part of the current main legal system is bound by relevant international conventions, and the domestic legal system is also in line with international conventions as far as possible. For example, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea requires States parties to take "generally accepted international rules and standards" as the minimum requirements for preventing, reducing and controlling marine pollution caused by ships; "MARPOL 73/78" requires ship owners, ship operators and countries where violations occur to prohibit pollution according to their own laws and take corresponding sanctions; The International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage stipulates the exemption, scope of compensation, limitation of liability and compulsory insurance system of the shipowner. The International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation requires States parties to make emergency preparations for major oil pollution accidents and to carry out regional and international cooperation systems. In order to be in line with international standards, China proposed that the state should improve and implement the liability system for compensation for oil pollution damage from ships, and establish a system of oil pollution insurance and oil pollution damage compensation fund for ships according to the principle that the liability for compensation for oil pollution damage from ships is shared by the shipowner and the shipowner.
3. Major policies and measures for marine environmental protection at present.
3. 1 prevention and control of marine pollution
1, the general principle. Adhere to the strategy of sustainable development, take the restoration and improvement of water quality and ecological environment in coastal waters as the foothold, take the adjustment of industrial structure and the implementation of cleaner production as the basic approach, focus on the prevention and control of land-based pollution and coastal ecological protection, take the blue ocean action as the carrier, make overall plans for rivers and seas, give consideration to land and sea, and strive to curb the trend of increasing pollution in coastal waters, and implement the total emission control system and pollution discharge permit system for land-based pollutants and marine pollutants in key waters to basically improve the water quality in coastal waters and seas; Strengthen the legal system, rely on science and technology, strengthen supervision, and focus on protecting the marine environment in the adjacent waters and major estuaries of coastal cities.
2. Fully implement the "Blue Ocean Action Plan". The Bohai Sea and Blue Sea Action Plan approved by the State Council has been implemented for more than two years and achieved remarkable results. China is about to launch the East China Sea and South China Sea Action Plan. The goal of the action plan is to adjust the industrial structure and reduce the pressure of social and economic development on the ecological environment by implementing the circular economy strategy and the Clean Production Promotion Law. The concrete measures are to speed up the construction of urban sewage treatment plants and garbage treatment plants, carry out ecological agriculture, ecological breeding, small watershed management, coastal shelterbelts, ports and ships' comprehensive pollution control projects, and build representative and typical marine ecological protection zones to initially curb the further deterioration of the marine environment.
In the implementation of the national action plan, a unified pollution control mechanism was established under the guidance, coordination and supervision of the State Environmental Protection Administration, with policies and funds provided by comprehensive departments, cooperation by sea-related departments and concrete implementation by local governments. Under the guidance and supervision of the National Development and Reform Commission, water pollution prevention and control plans for key river basins and sea areas and projects supported by the state are being implemented; The State Economic and Trade Commission guides and inspects industrial restructuring and cleaner production; The Ministry of Science and Technology is responsible for tackling key scientific and technological problems and building demonstration projects; The Ministry of Construction guides and supervises the implementation of urban sewage treatment plants and urban garbage disposal projects; The Ministry of Communications and other departments shall guide and supervise the implementation of port ship pollution prevention and control planning and marine pollution emergency plan; The Ministry of Water Resources shall guide and inspect the implementation of water and soil conservation and watershed management planning; The Ministry of Agriculture shall, jointly with relevant departments, guide and supervise the implementation of ecological agriculture, ecological fishery and ecological aquaculture planning; Forestry Bureau and other departments guide and supervise the implementation of coastal ecological isolation belt and greening project; The Bureau of Oceanic Administration guides and supervises the work related to offshore oil platforms and ocean dumping; The military environmental protection department organizes and urges the prevention and control of pollution in warships and military ports.
3, the full implementation of the total sewage into the sea control system. China has been carrying out pilot research on marine environmental capacity. On the basis of in-depth investigation and study, the environmental capacity of each sea area is calculated to control the total amount of sewage discharged into the sea by capacity, and then the total amount is reduced. Strictly control the discharge of pollutants from land sources, ships and aquaculture, intensify comprehensive rectification, carry out cleaner production audit, adjust industrial structure, strengthen source control, standardize environmental management of construction projects and other measures. At the same time, the total economic output and pollutant output have increased greatly, and the total pollutant discharge has been well controlled, and the total pollutant discharge into the sea has decreased. Strengthen the control of pollution sources in key industries, promote clean production, transform traditional industries with high technology, and reduce the amount of industrial waste. Realize the reduction, harmlessness and resource utilization of pollutants. From the end treatment to the whole process control, strictly implement the discharge of pollution sources up to standard. Newly-built industrial enterprises should strictly implement the environmental assessment system and the three simultaneous systems. Realize the planned reduction of total pollutant discharge. Accelerate the construction of urban sewage treatment plants and garbage disposal sites, improve the construction of pipe networks, and improve the phosphorus and nitrogen removal capacity of sewage treatment plants. It is required that the centralized sewage treatment rate of all coastal cities should be no less than 70% in 20 10. Through "urban experiment" and "creative mode", the amount of urban sewage is controlled and reduced.
4. Control agricultural non-point source pollution and mariculture pollution. Through the establishment of ecological provinces, cities and counties, we will actively develop ecological agriculture, reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, standardize the construction of livestock and poultry farms, centrally treat pollutants, and meet the discharge standards. Promulgate pollutant discharge standards for marine aquaculture, strictly control the scale of marine aquaculture, promote ecological aquaculture and three-dimensional aquaculture, and reduce pollutant discharge.
5. Strictly control the pollution of ships and ports. By strengthening the legal system construction of ship pollution prevention and control, establishing a new working mechanism with the content of "cooperation, prevention, pre-control and integrity management", strengthening the emergency capacity building of ship pollution accidents, strictly enforcing the law and standardizing management, the pollution control situation of ships and ports has improved year by year. Start the zero discharge of oil pollutants from ships and implement the lead sealing system of ship sewage equipment. Establish a large-scale port wastewater, waste oil and garbage recovery and treatment system to realize centralized recovery and onshore treatment of ship pollutants. All localities have strengthened the examination and approval of dangerous goods transported by ships and on-site supervision and inspection, carried out special inspections on ship pollution prevention, actively promoted the formulation of emergency plans and the construction of emergency systems for ship pollution at sea, urged ports and ships to be equipped with pollution emergency equipment, and improved their defense capabilities against pollution accidents.
6. Prevent dumping at sea and oil pollution.
Strictly manage and control the dumping of wastes into the sea, scientifically select dumping areas according to procedures, strictly implement marine dumping regulations and environmental assessment system, and fully demonstrate. And strengthen the supervision of the dumping process and environmental monitoring. Drilling, oil production and operation platforms are required to be equipped with corresponding oily water treatment facilities to meet emission standards.
3.2 Marine ecological protection
1, construction of marine ecological protection zone. Guided by the National Ecological Environment Construction Plan and the National Ecological Environment Protection Outline, we will adhere to the principle of paying equal attention to pollution prevention and ecological protection, strengthen the construction of marine nature reserves, protect marine biodiversity, and prevent the overall deterioration of the marine ecological environment. At present, China has established more than 80 marine nature reserves, including 24 national nature reserves. The construction of these protected areas has played a very good role in protecting typical coastal, tidal flat, estuary, wetland, island, mangrove and coral reef ecosystems.
2. Protect marine fishery resources. The fishery authorities have formulated a "double control" system to control the increase of the number and power of marine fishing boats, and to increase the control of the number of new fishing boats and reduce the number of existing fishing boats. The management of closed fishing period, the construction of artificial reefs, the proliferation and release, the system of closed fishing in summer and the plan of "zero growth" and "negative growth" of marine fishing output have achieved remarkable results. Through the combination of special actions and daily law enforcement management, illegal fishing operations such as electricity, medicine and fish frying have been effectively cracked down. These measures have promoted the optimization and adjustment of operation structure, restored fishery resources to a certain extent and improved the diversity of resources.
3, coastal shelter forest construction. After more than ten years of construction, the National Coastal Shelterbelt System Construction Master Plan has achieved good results. After the first phase of the National Coastal Shelterbelt System was completed, the forest coverage rate in the project area increased from 24.5% to 35.5%. At present, the National Coastal Shelterbelt System Phase II Project Construction Plan is being implemented. The construction area starts from the mouth of Yalu River in Liaoning in the north and ends at the mouth of Beilun River in Guangxi in the south. The coastline of the mainland is 18340 km long, including coastal provinces and cities 1 1, with a total area of 25,982,200 hectares. On the basis of consolidating the construction of the first phase of the project, the coastal backbone forest belts and soil and water conservation forests in mountainous hills will be built with emphasis on the saline-alkali areas in mudflats and areas where typhoons frequently land, so as to realize the comprehensive closure of coastal backbone forest belts and restore and develop rare mangrove resources. While forming a stable shelter forest system in coastal areas, it meets the needs of beautifying and optimizing the ecological environment in developed coastal areas.
3.3 Marine environmental monitoring
As an important member of the national environmental monitoring network, the marine environmental monitoring network has been continuously developed and improved since it was established in the 1980s. At present, an omni-directional and multi-factor stereoscopic monitoring system combining satellite, aerial remote sensing and land-sea station network has been built, and together with the land environmental monitoring network, an effective environmental monitoring system from river basin to ocean has been formed. The monitoring capacity of key estuaries, ports, key sea areas, important fishery waters and red tides has been significantly enhanced. At present, it includes national marine environmental monitoring network, coastal marine environmental monitoring network, regional marine environmental monitoring network and industrial marine environmental monitoring network. Under the unified monitoring standards and norms, it is managed and implemented by different competent departments. It has formed an effective marine environmental monitoring, evaluation and early warning capability, which can effectively grasp the marine pollution situation and changing trend and provide a foundation for marine environmental management.
3.4 International cooperation in marine environmental protection
In recent years, China has more and more actively participated in and promoted international environmental cooperation and exchanges, expanded its influence and established the image of a responsible environmental power. China is a member of the Regional Seas Action Plan, the East Asia Seas Action Plan and the Northwest Pacific Action Plan, and actively participates in the global action plan advocated by the United Nations Environment Programme to prevent land-based activities from affecting the oceans. At the same time, actively fulfill international environmental conventions and international environmental obligations. In bilateral, multilateral and regional international cooperation, we adhere to the principle of "from the outside to the inside". International marine environmental cooperation projects have provided important technical support for China and effectively promoted the marine environmental protection work in China. Remarkable progress has been made in protecting mangroves, seaweeds, coral reefs and wetlands, preventing marine pollution from land sources and comprehensively managing coastal areas.
Four policy recommendations
4. 1 Establish and implement Scientific Outlook on Development and vigorously develop circular economy.
Adhere to the people-oriented, comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development concept, and explore and realize the circular economy model from the aspects of production, consumption, recycling, industry, agriculture, service industry and between urban and rural areas. Improve the utilization efficiency of resources and energy, and minimize waste emissions. Set out to formulate policies and regulations on green consumption, resource recovery and resource recycling in household appliances, building materials, packaging and other industries; Establish and improve various waste recovery systems; Establish a green national economic accounting system and incorporate it into the national statistical system and the cadre assessment system. All policies and measures for marine environmental protection must meet the requirements of Scientific Outlook on Development.
4.2 Improve the tax and fee policy and establish an ecological compensation mechanism.
Adjust the relevant charging policies such as sewage treatment fee and garbage disposal fee to adapt to the market development trend. Formulate compulsory ship insurance and oil pollution compensation fund system. In order to solve the current problems of low illegal cost and high law-abiding cost, corresponding economic policies and legal means are needed. Establish ecological compensation mechanism from three levels: country, region and industry.
4.3 Formulate scientific and technological policies to promote marine environmental protection.
Relying on scientific and technological progress to solve the core technical problems currently facing. The urgent task is to develop technologies such as marine environmental capacity measurement, environmental monitoring, comprehensive planning of marine environmental protection, formulation of blue ocean action plan, comprehensive coastal zone management, and restoration of typical marine ecosystems.
(The author is a doctor from the State Environmental Protection Administration)
refer to
State Environmental Protection Administration. Report on the protection of marine environment from land-based pollution in China. 2003.
State Environmental Protection Administration. Bulletin on environmental quality of coastal waters in China.
Zhang Haoruo, Bian. Interpretation of the marine environmental protection law of the People's Republic of China. Law Press, Beijing, 2000.
Wang canfa. On the characteristics of the revised marine environmental protection law. Environmental protection, April 2000? Draw P5-7.
Wu Jingcheng. On the basic principles and legal system of the new marine environmental protection law. Journal of Suzhou Institute of Urban Construction and Environmental Protection.2000.9? Smoke p32-36.
Selected marine laws and regulations of People's Republic of China (PRC), Ocean Press, Beijing, 200 1.
Overall planning and rational layout
Comprehensive utilization, turn harm into benefit
Rely on the masses, let's do it.
Protect the environment and benefit the people
Full text: 1. Current situation of marine environmental pollution in China.
At present, generally speaking, China's marine environment is still good. However, in some coastal bays, estuaries and local sea areas, such as Dalian Bay, Liaohe Estuary, Jinzhou Bay, Bohai Bay, Laizhou Bay and Jiaozhou Bay, environmental pollution is serious. Some marine aquatic resources declined, the catch decreased, a few precious seafood were damaged, and the quality of some marine aquatic resources was affected; Some beaches were abandoned and the coastal environment was destroyed. As far as the sea area is concerned, the pollution along the Bohai Sea is serious, followed by the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea, and the pollution in the South China Sea is light and basically normal.
At present, the factors that pollute and destroy the marine environment in China mainly include the following aspects:
(1) land-based pollutants. According to statistics of relevant departments, China coastal areas discharge about 6 billion tons of industrial sewage and domestic sewage into the sea every year. Among domestic sewage, the East China Sea coast has the largest discharge, followed by the South China Sea coast and the Bohai Sea coast, and the Yellow Sea coast has the smallest discharge. Among industrial sewage, the discharge along the East China Sea is also the largest, accounting for 50% of the total; Followed by the Bohai Sea coast and the South China Sea coast, the Yellow Sea coast is the least.
(2) Pollutants discharged by ships. China has more than 65,438+million motorboats, and tens of thousands of foreign ships enter our ports and sail through the waters under our jurisdiction every year, and a large amount of oily sewage is discharged into the sea. For example, 1979, a Brazilian tanker operated in Qingdao Oil Terminal, and ran 380 tons of oil at a time.
(3) Pollution from offshore oil exploration and development. There are several large oil fields and a dozen petrochemical enterprises along the coast of China, and the oil spill is considerable, with more than 654.38+10,000 tons of oil entering the sea every year.
(4) Human dumping wastes pollutes the environment. In the past, the ocean was regarded as a big "dustbin" and wastes were dumped at will. For example, garbage, slag, slag and other wastes are piled up on the seashore or directly poured into the sea in Xiangxiang Reef Coast, Huludao, Qingdao, Wenzhou and Zhanjiang.
(5) Unreasonable marine engineering construction and development have silted up some deep-water ports and waterways, and destroyed the ecological balance of some sea areas.
There are more than 200 main types of pollution sources along the coast of China, among which there are more than 100 in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, and about 100 in the East China Sea and the South China Sea. The main pollutants discharged into the sea by these pollution sources are petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metal pollutants and organic pollutants. River carrying is the main way for pollutants to enter the sea.
Oil Pollution China coastal oil pollution is quite serious, and oil is the largest of all kinds of pollutants. Oil pollution is very harmful to marine living resources. Oil is easy to form a film on the water surface, which hinders the air-sea exchange and reduces the dissolved oxygen in seawater, so oil pollution will cause a large area of hypoxia. Oil film and oil block can adhere to a large number of fish eggs and young fish and suffocate them; It can deform the hatched young fish and cause some carcinogens to accumulate in fish and shellfish.
China coastal oil pollution area is about 6,543,800+200,000 square kilometers. Relatively speaking, oil pollution in Bohai Sea and East China Sea is relatively serious, accounting for 34% and 33% of large-scale oil emissions respectively. South China Sea accounts for19%; The Yellow Sea is the least, accounting for 14%.
The oil pollution area in Bohai Sea is about 40,000 square kilometers, including Liaodong Bay10.8 million square kilometers, and the oil pollution concentration (geometric average) is 0.049ppm. Bohai Bay is 9000 square kilometers, and the oil concentration is 0.050ppm. Laizhou Bay is 6000 square kilometers, and the oil concentration is 0.059ppm. The central Bohai Sea covers an area of 7,000 square kilometers, and the concentration of petroleum is 0.04 1ppm. It can be seen that Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay have serious oil pollution, and Liaodong Bay has the largest pollution area.
The oil pollution area in the Yellow Sea is 26,000 square kilometers, and the oil pollution concentration in the North Yellow Sea is 0.059ppm. The oil concentration in the northern part of the South Yellow Sea is 0.052ppm；; The concentration of petroleum in the southern part of the South Yellow Sea is 0.026ppm；; Dalian Bay and Jiaozhou Bay are 0.085ppm and 0.062ppm respectively. It shows that the pollution in the North Yellow Sea is serious, especially in Dalian Bay. The oil pollution in Jiaozhou Bay in the South Yellow Sea is more serious.
The oil pollution area in the East China Sea is about 34,000 square kilometers, of which the oil pollution concentration from the Yangtze River estuary to Hangzhou Bay is 0.059ppm. The concentration of petroleum in the sea area from southern Zhejiang to eastern Fujian is 0.078ppm. Oil pollution in the East China Sea is more serious from southern Zhejiang to eastern Fujian, and the pollution range from the Yangtze River estuary to Hangzhou Bay is wider.
The oil pollution area in the South China Sea is about 6.5438+700,000 square kilometers. The oil concentration in the Pearl River Estuary is 0.055ppm, and that in the west coast of Guangdong Province is 0.052ppm. Therefore, the oil pollution near the Pearl River Estuary is slightly heavier than that in the west coast of Guangdong Province, while the oil pollution range in the west coast of Guangdong Province is larger.
Heavy metal pollution mainly refers to mercury, cadmium and lead. There are more than 60 main pollution sources of mercury along the coast of China, especially the Yangtze River, Pearl River, Yalu River and Wuli River. The East China Sea of China has the largest mercury emission, followed by the South China Sea, the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea. However, the average concentration of mercury is the highest in the East China Sea, followed by the Bohai Sea and the lowest in the South China Sea. The mercury concentration in Liaodong Bay is the highest in Bohai Sea, with an average of 0.05mmb；; The mercury concentration in other sea areas of Bohai Sea is about 0.0 1ppb. Jinzhou Bay and Liaohe Estuary are areas with high mercury concentration in Bohai Sea. The mercury concentrations in the northern and southern Yellow Sea and the southern Yellow Sea are 0.04, 0.02 and 0.01ppb, respectively. , respectively. Dalian Bay and Jiaozhou Bay are 0.02ppb, and the mercury concentration in the mouth of Yalu River in the Yellow Sea is relatively high. The mercury concentration in the East China Sea is 0.0 1 ~ 0.23 ppb, 0.07ppb from the Yangtze River estuary to Hangzhou Bay and 0.04ppb from southern Zhejiang to eastern Fujian. The mercury concentration in the South China Sea is 0.02ppb.
There are more than 60 major sources of cadmium pollution along the coast of China. Cadmium is also mainly brought into the sea by rivers, and the cadmium brought into the sea by the Pearl River, Yangtze River, Luanhe River and Yang Mo accounts for 80% of the total. The largest amount of cadmium was discharged into the South China Sea. The concentration of cadmium in the whole coastal area of China ranges from 0.02-0.45 ppb, with an average concentration of 0. 10ppb, with the highest in the South China Sea and the lowest in the East China Sea. The concentration of Liaodong Bay and Bohai Bay in Bohai Sea is higher, and Dalian Bay in Yellow Sea is higher.
There are more than 80 major lead pollution sources along the coast of China. The amount of sewage flowing into the South China Sea is the largest, accounting for about 60% of the total; The East China Sea and Bohai Sea followed closely; The Yellow Sea is the least. The way of lead entering the sea is also mainly carried by rivers. The concentration of lead in the surface seawater near China is 0.05 ~ 5 1.44 ppb, with an average of 1.60ppb, of which the average lead concentration in Bohai Sea is 2.95ppb；. Yellow sea1.34 ppb; ; The average concentration in the East China Sea is lower than the minimum detection limit of analytical methods, but it reaches 10 ~ 30 ppb in southern Zhejiang. The average lead concentration in the South China Sea is 7.68ppb, and the average lead concentration in the Pearl River Estuary is as high as 150ppb, which is the highest along the coast of China and 4.85ppb along the coast of western Guangdong.
Organic pollution of seawater can usually be measured by chemical oxygen consumption (COD). There are more than 150 major organic pollution sources along the coast of China. Every year, the organic matter entering the sea reaches more than 7 million tons in terms of COD. Among them, about 50% flows into the East China Sea, and the other half flows into the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea and the South China Sea. Rivers are also the main way to discharge organic pollutants into the sea. The average value of COD in Bohai Sea is relatively high, which is 1.63ppm, among which Laizhou Bay is the highest, reaching 2.08ppm；. Followed by Liaodong Bay; The central Bohai Sea is the lowest. COD in Laizhou Bay, northern Liaodong Bay and Luanhe Estuary has reached the standard, and some of them have exceeded the standard, such as Liaohe Estuary reaching 10ppm. The average COD value of the Yellow Sea is1.65,438+00 ppm, among which Dalian Bay is higher than other sea areas of the Yellow Sea, and the Yalu River estuary, the northern coast of the Yellow Sea and the coastal areas of Jiangsu also exceed the standard. The COD value in the East China Sea is relatively low, about 0.89ppm, and the area from the Yangtze River estuary to Hangzhou Bay is slightly higher than that from southern Zhejiang to eastern Fujian. No chemical oxygen demand in the South China Sea exceeded the standard, with the lowest average value of 0.45ppm.
In a word, oil is the most important pollutant in China's offshore areas, and the East China Sea and Bohai Sea are the two areas with the most serious oil pollution. Generally speaking, heavy metal pollution is not serious, but the concentration in the northern Liaodong Bay, Yalu River estuary and Pearl River estuary is high, which should be paid attention to. As for organic pollution, it is obviously reflected in Bohai Sea and some bays in China, and the COD value tends to increase from south to north.
Two. Basic policies and main measures for marine environment protection in China;
The marine environment is different from the land environment. Once it is polluted, even if measures are taken, it is difficult to eliminate its harm in a short time. Because it takes longer time to control marine pollution than land pollution, the technology is complex, difficult and expensive, and it is not easy to get good results. Therefore, to protect the marine environment, we should give priority to prevention, combine prevention with control, rationally develop and comprehensively utilize it. This should be said to be the basic strategy to protect the marine environment. Protecting the marine environment requires not only correct marine development policies and advanced science and technology, but also a set of scientific and strict management systems and methods, especially the management of pollution sources, which is an important link in marine environmental protection. The self-purification ability of the ocean is also a resource. It is necessary to make full use of the self-purification capacity of the sea area, reduce the cost of treating "three wastes", develop production, and effectively control the influx of pollutants at the same time, so as to avoid the detour of pollution first and then treatment.
Over the years, while vigorously developing industry and agriculture, China has made great achievements in treating industrial "three wastes" and made great efforts in technological innovation and comprehensive utilization in order to eliminate pollution, protect and improve the environment, safeguard people's health and promote socialist construction. On the basis of extensive investigation and accumulation of many valuable experiences, the basic policy of environmental protection in China has been formulated, which is "overall planning, rational layout, comprehensive utilization, turning harm into benefit, relying on the masses, making joint efforts to protect the environment and benefit the people". Practice has proved that this is also the correct policy to do a good job in marine environmental protection.
"Overall planning and rational layout" is an extremely important measure to protect the environment and nip in the bud, and it is also the embodiment of implementing the policy of putting prevention first and combining prevention with control. When arranging the national economic plan and developing industrial and agricultural production, we must make overall consideration and correctly handle the relationship between industry and agriculture, heavy industry and light industry, coastal industry and inland industry, urban and rural areas, production and life, economic development and environmental protection. It is necessary to combine the protection of natural resources with the rational utilization of natural resources, strengthen planning, science and foresight, and avoid blindness and one-sidedness. We should combine short-term interests with long-term interests and strive to avoid or reduce the damage to natural resources and the impact on the environment after development. In the development and layout of marine resources such as industry, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, salt, sideline and aquaculture, we should not only pay attention to the conditions of raw materials, power, water sources and transportation, but also consider the characteristics of geology, topography, marine hydrology, meteorological conditions and biological resources, make comprehensive research, weigh the advantages and disadvantages, coordinate and unify, and oppose going its own way. We can't just focus on production, nor can we ignore environmental protection. We can't just focus on utilization, regardless of the protection of resources and the environment.
"Comprehensive utilization, turning harm into benefit" is an effective way to develop socialist enterprises and eliminate environmental pollution. "Harm" and "benefit" are contradictions of unity of opposites and can be transformed into each other under certain conditions. Harm is caused by waste in production, and waste and treasure are contradictions of unity of opposites. Under certain conditions, they can also be transformed into each other. The condition to promote this transformation is comprehensive utilization. The content of comprehensive utilization is very wide, on the one hand, it refers to the comprehensive utilization of resources themselves, on the other hand, it is necessary to establish an economic and reasonable joint enterprise. Only by combining the treatment of industrial "three wastes" with the technological transformation of enterprises and the comprehensive utilization of resources can we eliminate the harmful substances in the "three wastes" in the production process as much as possible, make full use of many "three wastes" that were abandoned and harmed, and make great efforts to carry out technological transformation and innovation, and we can change them.