65438+ Xunzi's "time" refers to the seasonal climate suitable for combat, "land" refers to the terrain conducive to combat, and "harmony between people" refers to winning the hearts of the people and uniting up and down. Mencius' "time" here refers to the season and climate suitable for combat; "Geographical location" refers to the terrain that is conducive to combat; "Harmony between people" means winning people's hearts and uniting up and down.
2. The city of three miles, the country of seven miles: the inner city is called "city" and the outer city is called "country". The ratio of inner and outer cities is generally three miles in one city and seven miles in one country.
3. ring: circumference, circumference.
4. Husband: Speak.
5. Pool: moat.
6. Soldiers: Weapons refer to offensive weapons such as spears, knives and arrows.
7. Leather armor: refers to armor.
8. Xiaomi: grain.
9. Committee: Abandoned.
10. So: So.
1 1. domain: restricting people. Domain, restriction, management.
12. Boundary: Delineated boundary.
13. Consolidating the country: consolidating national defense.
14. Wei: Establish prestige.
15. Open-minded people: people who practice benevolent policies and win the hearts of the people.
16. deviant: a person who won the hearts of the people without implementing benevolent policies.
17. A few: few.
18. Pan: Pass "rebellion" and betray.
19. Zhi Zhi: To the extreme.
20. Shun: Obedience.
2 1. Relatives: In ancient times, they were relatives, that is, people who were related by blood or by marriage. Relatives: refers to relatives within the family. Qi: refers to relatives outside the family.
[Edit this paragraph] Translate the full text
Mencius said: "The seasonal climate suitable for fighting is not as good as the terrain favorable for fighting, and the terrain favorable for fighting is not as good as the people's heart, and the upper and lower are integrated."
The inner city of Fiona Fang Sanli and the outer city of Fiona Fang Qili surrounded the attack, but they couldn't win. If you fight in a besieged city, one side will definitely get the weather suitable for fighting, but it won't win, that is, the weather suitable for fighting is not as good as the terrain conducive to fighting.
The city wall is not high, the moat is not deep, the weapons and armor are not sharp and strong, and there is not much food; But the defenders abandoned the city and fled, which is that the terrain conducive to fighting is not as good as the unity of the people up and down.
Therefore, restricting the movement of people can't rely solely on the boundaries of the territory, consolidating national defense can't rely solely on mountains and rivers, and establishing prestige in the world can't rely solely on the strength of force. Monarchs who practice benevolent policies will get more help, while monarchs who do not practice benevolent policies will get less help. When there is little help, relatives inside and outside will betray; People all over the world will obey when help is extreme. Use the power that the whole world obeys to fight against the power that even relatives and friends in the family will betray. A gentleman gets the word without fighting, but if he fights, he will win. "
[Edit this paragraph] Interpretation
The relationship between heaven, earth and people has always been concerned by people. Who is the most important of the three has become a topic of discussion. As we quoted in the notes, Xunzi once discussed the problems of climate, geography, people and harmony from the perspective of agricultural production. But he did not distinguish who is important and who is not, but the three are equally important and indispensable. Mencius mainly analyzes and discusses the relationship between climate, geography and human harmony from the military aspect, and has a clear-cut banner: "climate is not as good as geography, and geography is not as good as human harmony." Of the three, "harmony between people" is the most important and decisive factor, followed by "location" and "weather". This is inseparable from his thought of always attaching importance to people's subjective initiative, and also from his purpose of discussing weather, geography, people and relations. It is from emphasizing the importance of "harmony between people" that he came to the conclusion that "those who gain the Tao will help more, while those who lose the Tao will help less". This led the problem from military to politics, and actually returned to his "old-fashioned" topic of "benevolent governance". According to Mencius' point of view, border sealing can't control people and Jiangshan can't save the country. Therefore, there is no way out of the country. We should reform and open up, strengthen our national strength and let the people live and work in peace and contentment. As long as we do this, we will "help those who get the word" and help them to the extreme, and people all over the world will submit. Then there must be what Confucius said-"Then people from all directions will come without children." People from all over the world come to apply for studying abroad, doing business, and even applying for immigration and settlement with their wives and children. Where is the need for "edge sealing"? I'm afraid I can't get rid of it. "Those who gain the Tao will help more, those who lose it will help less" has become a famous saying, so that we still often use it to evaluate international relations and condemn hegemonism. Of course, "the weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as the harmony between people" is also a famous saying, which is also widely used in business competitions, sports competitions, especially football competitions. This fully shows that its philosophy is rich, profound and broad. The so-called "people are United, Taishan is the top." Who said that "human harmony" is not the most important wealth?
[Edit this paragraph] Author information
Mencius (372 BC-289 BC), born in Zoucheng, Shandong Province, was a disciple of Confucius' grandson. China, a thinker, educator, essayist and politician in the Warring States period in ancient times, is one of the famous representatives of Confucianism. Mencius' ancestors were aristocrats in the state of Lu, and later his family declined and moved from the state of Lu to Zou (now southeast of Zoucheng, Shandong). He lost his father when he was three years old, and Meng Mu brought him up. When Mencius was a child, his mother moved three times to give him a good learning environment. Later, people called it the Three Major Movements in Meng Mu. Meng Mu's godson is very strict, and his "moving godson" and "broken loom" have become a beautiful talk throughout the ages. There is a saying in Saint Amethyst that "Meng Mu used to choose a neighbor". Mencius lived in an era when a hundred schools of thought contended, and "Yang Zhu's words prevailed in the world". Mencius criticized it fiercely from the standpoint of Confucianism. Mencius inherited and developed Confucius' thoughts and put forward a complete ideological system. Mencius traveled around Qi, Jin, Song, Xue, Lu, Teng and Liang countries to lobby his thoughts of "benevolent governance" and "kingliness". However, because the vassal states were busy with war at that time, his theory of benevolent governance was considered as "circuitous and wider than things", and almost no one adopted his thought of governing the country. He returned to China to give lectures and write books with his disciples, and wrote seven "Mencius". Mencius maintained and developed Confucianism, put forward the theory of "benevolent governance" and "good nature" and adhered to "people-oriented". His thoughts have a great influence on later generations. But his position was not very high before the Song Dynasty. Since Han Yu listed Mencius as the only figure in pre-Qin Confucianism who inherited Confucius' "Taoist orthodoxy", there has been a "promotion movement" of Mencius, and his status has gradually improved. His theory had a great influence on the Song Dynasty. In the fourth year of Xining in northern Song Shenzong (107 1), Mencius was first listed as one of the subjects in the imperial examination, and was later promoted to a Confucian classic. Zhu in the Southern Song Dynasty combined it with The Analects of Confucius, Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean into four books. From the Yuan Dynasty to the first year of Shun Dynasty (1330), Mencius was named "Yashenggong" and later called "Yashenggong", ranking second only to Confucius. His thoughts and Confucius' thoughts are collectively called "The Way of Confucius and Mencius". One-year-old: In 390 BC, in the twelfth year of Zhou 'an, Mencius was born in Fu Village, west foot of Zou Maanshan. According to the inscription in Mencius, he was "the son of Lu Gong and Meng Sun" and moved to Zou. In the autumn of 389 BC, Mencius was one year old.
Two years old: In 388 BC, in the fourteenth year of Zhou 'an, Mencius was in Zou.
Three years old: In 387 BC, in the fifteenth year of Zhou 'an, Mencius was in Zou.
Four years old: In 386 BC, in the sixteenth year of Zhou 'an, Mencius was in Zou. That year, he lost his father and was taught by his mother three times to cut off the machine (according to the biography of the fierce woman). In fact, relocation and outage may not happen within one year.
Five years old: In 385 BC, in the seventeenth year of Zhou 'an, Mencius was in Zou.
Six years old: 384 BC, the eighteenth year of King Anguo of Zhou. Chu and Wu began to be friends. Mencius is in Zou.
Seven years old: 383 BC, the nineteenth year of King Anguo of Zhou. Lumugong died, and Li Fen represented the interests of the public. Mencius is in Zou.
Eight years old: In 382 BC, in the twentieth year of Zhou 'an, Mencius was in Zou.
Nine years old: 38 BC1,the twenty-first year of King Zhou An. Chu imperial clan killed Wuqi. Mencius is in Zou.
Ten years old: In 380 BC, in the twenty-second year of King An of Zhou, Mencius was in Zou.
Eleven years old: In 379 BC, in the twenty-third year of Zhou An, Qi Kanggong died. Zhao moved to Wu. Mencius is in Zou.
Twelve years old: In 378 BC, in the twenty-fourth year of Zhou 'an, Mencius was in Zou.
Thirteen years old: In 377 BC, in the twenty-fifth year of Zhou 'an, Mencius was in Zou.
Fourteen years old: 376 BC, twenty-six years of King Anguo of Zhou. Han miezheng. All blame and kill their king. Mencius is in Zou.
Fifteen years old: 375 BC, the first year of the reign of kings in Zhou Dynasty. Han is a thief. Qi Tianwu killed the King of Qi and became the Duke of Huan. There will be chaos around Yuesi, and there will be nothing left. Mencius is in Zou.
Sixteen years old: In 374 BC, in the second year of King Zhou, Mencius was in Zou.
Seventeen years old: In 373 BC, in the third year of the reign of King Zhou, Mencius was in Zou.
Eighteen: In 372 BC, in the fourth year of the reign of King Zhou, Mencius was in Zou.
Nineteen years old: 37 1 BC, in the year of Wang Wu, died. In short, it is a public chess piece. Han Yan killed Han Aihou. Wei cut Chu and took Luyang. Mencius is in Zou.
Twenty years old: 370 BC, six years of the reign of King Zhou. Han and Zhao will move to Tunliu. Zhao, Han defeated Wei, Wei defeated Zhao and defeated Pingyang. Mencius is in Zou.
Twenty-one years old: 369 BC, the seventh year of the reign of King Zhou. Qi cut Wei, lowered the view, and Wang voted for Korea by mistake. Wei defeated North Korea in Maling. Mencius is in Zou.
Twenty-two years old: 368 BC, the first year of Zhou Xianwang. Mencius went to Shandong to study and was educated by Zi Si.
Twenty-three years old: in 367 BC, Zhou Xian was queen for two years. Zhao Han is divided into two weeks. Mencius is in Shandong.
Twenty-four years old: In 366 BC, Zhou Xianwang was three years old. Wei defeated North Korea. Mencius is in Shandong.
Twenty-five years old: In 365 BC, Zhou Xianwang was four years old. In April Jiayin, Wei moved to the capital as a girder. Tian killed his mother. Mencius is in Shandong.
Twenty-six years old: In 364 BC, Zhou Xianwang was five years old. Wei Gongzi is as slow as Zhao. Mencius returned to Zou to establish Zisi Academy, and cultivated talents in the world.
Twenty-seven years old: in 363 BC, Queen Zhou Xian was six years old. Wei cut Zhao, while people get fat. Yuesi District and Dis killed their king. Mencius is in Zou.
Twenty-eight years old: In 362 BC, Zhou Xianwang was seven years old. Wei defeated the allied forces of Zhao and Han in the north, captured Le Zuo and Pijin alive. Zhao Chenghou and Han Zhaohou will attend the party. Mencius is in Zou.
Twenty-nine years old: 36 BC1,Zhou Xianwang eight years. Shang Yang entered Qin. Song Yue was born in this year. Wei entered Futian River. People come and go when they are free. Mencius is in Zou.
Thirty years old: In 360 BC, Zhou Xianwang was nine years old. Gong Hui was an outstanding figure in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Mencius is in Zou.
Thirty-one years old: In 359 BC, Zhou Xianwang was ten years old. Han and Wei divided Jin, and moved the Jin army to Duanshi. Shang Yang's political reform. Mencius is in Zou.
Thirty-two years old: 358 BC, eleven years of King Zhou Xian. Wei made an alliance with Han Hou, and Wusha returned to Han. Shang Yang sentenced Gong Ziqian and Gong. Mencius is in Zou.
Thirty-three years old: 357 BC, 12 years in Zhou Xianwang. Lu, Song, Wei and Wei ruled together, and Liang was king. Shang Yang is the eldest son of Zuo Shu. Mencius is in Zou.
Thirty-four years old: 356 BC, thirteen years in Zhou Xianwang. Lu Hou went to Wei, and Wei built a pond for Qin. Han built the Great Wall in the south. Anyi, Hou Yu, Yancheng, Zhao Hui. Mencius is in Zou.
Thirty-five years old: in 355 BC, King Zhou Xian was fourteen years old. Shen Buhai sang Han. The more you die, the less you die. Qin Xiaogong and Wei Huiwang will meet in Du Ping and invade the Song Dynasty. Mencius is in Zou.
Thirty-six years old: In 354 BC, Zhou Xianwang was fifteen. Qi defeated Wei in Guiyang. Han Hou Wei Chao. Qin defeated Wei, cut 7 thousand, and took less beams. Mencius is in Zou.
Thirty-seven years old: 353 BC, the sixteenth year of King Zhou Xian. Zhao defeated Wei in Guilin. Wei defeated the princes in Xiangling, and the Song State was unified. Qi made Chu Jingshe, and Wei Mou succeeded. Mencius is in Zou.
Thirty-eight years old: In 352 BC, Zhou Xianwang was seventeen years old. Shang Yang was conquered by Qin Daliang (equivalent to prime minister and general) and Anyi surrendered to Qin. Mencius is in Zou.
Thirty-nine years old: 35 1 BC, the eighteenth year of Zhou Xianwang. Qin moved the capital to Xianyang. Shang Yang attacked Wei and Gu Yang destroyed Qin. Wei returned to Handan, Zhao, and made an alliance in Zhangshui. Mencius is in Zou.
Forty years old: 350 BC, the nineteenth year of King Zhou Xian. Shang Yang abandoned the ore field and set up a county. Mencius is in Zou.
Forty-one years old: in 349 BC, in the twentieth year of King Xian of Zhou, Mencius was in Zou.
Forty-two years old: 348 BC, twenty-one years in Zhou Xianwang. Just like Qin. The Qin Dynasty was "endowed at first". Mencius is in Zou.
Forty-three years old: In 347 BC, in 22 years, Mencius first went from Zou to Qilinzi to recruit literary lobbyists.
Forty-four years old: In 346 BC, in the twenty-third year of Zhou Xian, Mencius made friends with Zhang Kuang in Qi State.
Forty-five years old: In 345 BC, in the twenty-fourth year of Zhou Xian, Mencius was in Qi.
Forty-six years old: In 344 BC, Zhou Xianwang was twenty-five. When the princes were summoned to the Okanagan valley, the son of Qin led his troops to the meeting. Qin Xiaogong will become a vassal of the capital. Mencius was laughed at by Chun Kun under Miracle. The two men had an argument about "Li".
Forty-seven years old: 343 BC, twenty-six years in Zhou Xianwang. Qi Tianji defeated Wei Jun in Maling with Sun Bin's plan, Pang Juan committed suicide, and Prince Shen was captured. Mencius was not reused in Qi State and was laughed at by Qi people. Mencius explained himself with "I have no official duties" and "I have no responsibility".
Forty-eight years old: 342 BC, twenty-seven years in Zhou Xianwang. Shang Yang attacked Wei, captured Zilei, defeated Wei Jun, and Mencius was in Qi.
Forty-nine years old: 34 BC1,in the twenty-eighth year of Zhou Xianwang, Mencius was in Qi.
Fifty years old: 340 BC, twenty-nine years in Zhou Xianwang. (Qi) Pi moved to Xue. Wei is a big ditch, walking in the water in the field. Mencius is in Qi.
Fifty-one years old: In 339 BC, Zhou Xianwang was thirty years old. According to Records of the Historical Records, Zhuangzi and Chu Weiwang were both hired as phase, and Zhuangzi resigned. Zhao Liang saw Shang Yang and threatened him to step down. Mencius is in Qi.
Fifty-two years old: 338 BC, thirty-one years in Zhou Xianwang. Song carved into the pawn, brother. Qin Xiaogong died, cherry Shang Yang was in Xianyang, and his teacher Shijiao fled to Shu. Mencius is in Qi.
Fifty-three years old: 337 BC, thirty-two years in Zhou Xianwang. Hanshenbuhai is dead. Qin still used Shang Yang to reform, Chu, Zhao, Han and Shu. Mencius is in Qi.
Fifty-four years old: In 336 BC, in the thirty-third year of Zhou Xian, Mencius was in Qi.
Fifty-five years old: 335 BC, thirty-four years in Zhou Xianwang. Qin Gan Mao took Han Yiyang. Because he traveled with Mencius, he was used as a general and defeated the State of Qin. Wei Huiwang's policy of Hui nationality and joining forces with Xuzhou and Hui Wang. Mencius is in Qi.
Fifty-six years old: In 334 BC, in the thirty-fifth year of King Xian of Zhou, the State of Chu perished. Mencius is in Qi.
Fifty-seven years old: 333 BC, thirty-six years in Zhou Xianwang. Su Qin joined forces with six countries and formed an alliance with Huan Shui and Ji Xue. Mencius is in Qi.
Fifty-eight years old: In 332 BC, in the thirty-seventh year of Zhou Xian, Mencius was in Qi.
Fifty-nine years: 33 1 year BC, thirty-eight years in Zhou Xianwang. Qin defeated Wei, captured its general Long Jia alive and beheaded 80,000. Mencius was ignored in the state of Qi and sighed.
Sixty years old: 330 BC, thirty-nine years in Zhou Xianwang. Wei Xianxi is located in the territory of Qin. Mencius is in Qi.
Sixty-one years old: In 329 BC, 40 years after King Xian of Zhou, Mencius was in Qi.
Sixty-two years old: In 328 BC, in the forty-first year of Zhou Xian, Mencius was in Qi.
Sixty-three years old: in 327 BC, the first king of Zhou was forty-two years old. Han Ju fought in Qi and died in Sancho. Dead, Mencius was buried in Lu. At the beginning of his visit to the State of Qi, Mencius respected him as a guest, so he buried his mother as a doctor.
Sixty-four years old: 326 BC, forty-three years in Zhou Xianwang. In May, Wei Hanhui sent troops to Wusha. In October, the Han Dynasty proclaimed the Wei Dynasty. Mencius mourned for Lu.
Sixty-five years old: in 325 BC, the first king of Zhou was forty-four years old. In April, King Hui of Qin became king. In May, the prince of Yan was king and the king of Han Xuan was king. Mencius mourned for Lu.
Sixty-six years old: 324 BC, forty-five years in Zhou Xianwang. Chu defeated Wei in Xiangling. Mencius returned to Qi after three years in Lu 'ai.
Sixty-seven years old: 323 BC, forty-six years in Zhou Xianwang. Zhaoyang was destroyed by Chu. Teng Dinggong is dead. At this time, Xia Ji Gong Xue declined. Mencius saw in Qi that Wang Wei could not realize his idea of "benevolent governance" and heard that the King of Song wanted to be king. So leave together.
[Edit this paragraph] The honor and disgrace behind you
Mencius is one of the most important representatives of Confucianism, but his position before the Song Dynasty was not very high. Since Han Yu wrote The Original Road in the mid-Tang Dynasty and listed Mencius as the only figure in pre-Qin Confucianism who inherited Confucian orthodoxy, there has been an "upgrading movement" of Mencius, and the status of Mencius and his works has gradually risen. Song Shenzong Xining four years (107 1), Mencius was included in the imperial examination for the first time. In the sixth year of Yuanfeng (1083), Mencius was officially named "Zou Guogong" for the first time, and he was allowed to enjoy the Confucius Temple the following year. Later, Mencius was promoted to a Confucian classic. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu combined Mencius with The Analects of Confucius, Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean into four books, and their actual status was even higher than that of the Five Classics. From the Yuan Dynasty to the first year of Shun Dynasty (1330), Mencius was named "Asian Saint" and later called "Asian Saint", ranking second only to Confucius. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang edited the Mencius Festival, and deleted some chapters and sentences in Mencius, such as "the people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the least", and "a thief is called a husband, but he has never heard of killing a gentleman".