Wang Guowei published "Human Words" in 1908, which is a work of literary criticism. He made use of traditional poetic forms, and the content he discussed reached the height of modern aesthetic theory. It is a work that "takes foreign concepts and inherent materials to mutually support each other." He highlighted the "realm theory" in "Ren Jian Ci Hua". Ancient Chinese literary and art critics also used these words, such as Yan Yu's "interest" in the Song Dynasty, Wang Shizhen's "charm" in the Qing Dynasty, and Yuan Mei's "spiritual" theory, but they were all in terms of style and technique, and Wang Guowei's Mention the essentialist height of aesthetics. He said: "However, Canglang's so-called interest and Ruan Ting's so-called charm are not just their appearance. It would be better for me to use the word 'realm' to explore their roots." ① "The highest level of poetry is realm. If there is realm, then It has its own high style and its own famous sentences. This is why the Ci of the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty is unique. "② This is a general summary. The Ci of the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty is highly evaluated, and its standards are high. "Jingle is not just scenery. It is also a state in people's hearts. Therefore, those who can depict real scenery and true emotions are said to have a state. Otherwise, they are said to have no state." ③ The state not only refers to scenery, but also to the feelings of the heart. Scenery and emotion constitute the two basic elements of literature, and the two are interrelated. This is the relationship between objective and subjective opposition and unity. Under the guidance of this aesthetic theory, Wang Guowei proposed four relationships. The first is the relationship between "nature" and "ideal". There is the creation of a scene, and there is a description of the scene. This is the origin of the two schools of idealism and realism. However, it is difficult to distinguish between the two, because the environment created by a great poet must be in line with nature, but the environment he writes must also be adjacent to the ideal. ④ There are two types of poetry: realism and idealism. Realism describes objective things realistically, while idealism focuses on fiction and subjective imagination, while fiction and subjective imagination are based on the reality of life. Therefore, the environment created by a great poet must be in line with nature and adjacent to ideals. In line with nature, it is the poet's feeling of observing and reflecting the aesthetic object, and truly depicts the scenery, just like the "Fu" in the poem, directly describing the matter. As for being close to ideals, poets always use their own ideals to choose and tailor life, draw analogies and connect analogies, and use things to express aspirations, just like "bi" and "xing" in poetry, touching things to arouse emotion, and searching for things. To express the poet's thoughts and feelings. What Wang Guowei means is that the great poets create and write scenes that are difficult to distinguish. The highest realm is to reflect the essence of objects, scenery and life (emotions). Moreover, the scenes and scenes merge with each other to achieve a harmonious whole. This is the highest realm. He quoted Ma Zhiyuan's poem "Tian Jing Sha" written by Ma Zhiyuan of the Yuan Dynasty: "Withered vines, old trees and dim crows. Small bridges and flowing water, people's houses. The west wind leads to thin horses on the ancient road. The sun sets in the west, and heartbroken people are at the end of the world." He evaluated it as "purely the sound of nature"① , and was rated as "a few words, deeply inspired by the wonderful quatrains of the Tang Dynasty." ② The first three sentences and 18 characters of this Sanqu combine 9 kinds of things, outline the bleak evening scene of autumn, and set off a traveler far away from home. Come. Ma Zhiyuan's writing skills are extremely superb, and he has truly reached the realm of "his description of scenes must be eye-catching, his words blurt out without any pretense", and "his emotions must be refreshing"③. In addition, Wang Guowei spoke highly of Su Shi's "Water Dragon Song" with Yanghua. The first sentence of this poem is "It looks like a flower, but it seems not a flower, and no one cherishes it." The last few sentences are "Spring beauty is divided into three parts, two parts are dust, and one part is running water. If you look closely, they are not poplar flowers, but the dots are tears of separation. "Wang Guowei commented: "Dongpo's "Water Dragon Song" has been the most effective since then. "④The poet Su Shi depicts Yanghua as a flower but not a flower, focusing on it and using the "wind" in his writing. "Rain" flows in one breath, using the poplar flowers as a container to put subjective imagination in, revealing the concept of life, and the style is more elegant. Here "I" is integrated into the scenery, and I am involved with the scenery intentionally or unintentionally. Therefore, when reading and chanting this word, there is a feeling and effect of sighing and sighing, and endless food for thought. Wang Guowei requires that observing scenery can reflect the inner nature of a certain scene, that is, "divine principle", to achieve the truth of "real scenery" and "idea"; when reflecting the feelings of life, it can reflect the truth of human inner nature, to achieve true feelings. , creating a unique artistic picture, and the poet's ideals and feelings of "worry about life" and "worry about the world" naturally penetrate into the work. Nature and ideals, description and creation, realism and idealism, taken together, should all reach this state, which is beauty. The second is the relationship between "in" and "out". When it comes to the universe and life, the poet must be both inside and outside of it. Enter it, so you can write it. It is outside of it, so it can be observed. When it goes inside, it has vitality; when it comes out, it has height. ① The poet must have the intention of despising external objects, so he can live as a slave to the wind and the moon. There must also be a sense of attaching importance to external things, so he can have joy and sorrow with flowers and birds. ② To observe, experience, understand, and understand the universe and life, the poet must "enter into it" and go into life. Everyone can observe, but the eyes of ordinary people are different from the eyes of poets. Sometimes the eyes of ordinary people cannot see, cannot see through, or cannot express what they see, or have no ability to refine. The poet's eyes are different. He can observe quietly, observe, break through his own narrow vision, stand outside and stand higher, "beyond the outside and get within the circle". He can reject selfish desires, utilitarianism, etc. Being able to perceive and understand the nature of objects despite obstacles is the "inner beauty" of the poet's genius. Only with this lofty personality and quality can he be able to see and understand.

At the same time, the artistic realm to be materialized, that is, the second nature, second life and second self formed in the aesthetic subject (writer) needs to be expressed in artistic forms and techniques. This expression lies in the aesthetic subject's control of art forms and art. The ability of technique, this ability is high or low, which determines whether the author can achieve greatness when "out of the ordinary". Because the image in the author's mind is the dialectical unity of observing objects and emotions, reaching the highest state, sometimes fleeting, it is a momentary thing that needs to be expressed in immortal words. Therefore, the author should not only transcend the outside world, despise external objects, and be able to live as a slave to the wind and moon, but also pay attention to external objects, integrate the scene into one, and be able to experience joy and sorrow with flowers and birds. Wang Guowei commented: "Baishi, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, has style but ruthlessness, while Jiannan has energy but lacks rhyme. Among those who criticize people in the Northern Song Dynasty, the only one is You An'er." ③ The style, emotion, energy, and rhyme discussed here It is the style, temperament, phonology and atmosphere, the four of which can set off the "realm". Therefore, realm includes keen observation skills, deep emotions, and the ability to reflect vivid and vivid images. Wang Guowei cited the poem about lotuses in Zhou Bangyan's "Su Muzhe", in which "the sun rises above the leaves and the rain dries up, the water surface clears the garden, and the wind lifts the lotuses one by one." The commentator said: "This is someone who can really understand the spiritual principles of lotus." ① In addition, he cited the poems about grass in Feng Yanji's "Nanxiangzi", which include "The drizzle wets the flowing light, and the fragrant grass grows with hatred every year." He commented: "The five words 'drizzle wet and flowing light' can capture the soul of spring grass." ② These two pictures fully express the inner essential power of lotus and green grass through language, color and lines, and can capture the essence of lotus. The divine principle captures the soul of the spring grass. At the same time, it also reflects the poet's state of mind. This is a typical example of being good at entering and exiting well. The third is the relationship between "gradual enlightenment" and "sudden enlightenment". Those who have achieved great things and learned great things in ancient and modern times must pass through three realms: "Last night, the west wind withered the green trees. I climbed up to the tall building alone and looked at the end of the world." This is the first realm. "The clothes are getting wider and wider, but I don't regret it anymore. I feel haggard because of the beauty." This is the second state. "The crowd looked for him thousands of times, but suddenly looking back, he was in a dimly lit place." This is the third realm. None of these words can be said by a great poet. However, if you suddenly interpret the words in this way, you may not be allowed by the princes of Yan and Ou. "③ This is a famous quote from "Human Words". Wang Guowei used fragments from three poems by Yan Shu, Liu Yong, and Xin Qiji to describe the arduous process of writing lyrics. At the same time, he also extended it to the cause of Chengdu University and university culture. This The three realms are a question of the poet's cultivation and training in the process of artistic creation. The aesthetic subject (the author) grasps the aesthetics of people and objects, forming the object of consciousness to be materialized, the second nature, the second life and the second self. , and then express this in the form of art as a conscious object (work), during which there is a process of gradual realization and enlightenment. The first state is "Last night, the west wind withered the green trees, and I climbed up to the tall building alone, looking at the end of the world." ""The west wind withers the green trees" is an irritable mood. To observe things, a poet must first get rid of all the disturbances of reality, get rid of all self-attachments, including pain and joy, reputation and reputation, interests, gains and losses, and get rid of all personal selfish thoughts. Only when there is nothing in your mind can you see the subtlety of things. "Go up to the tall building alone and look at the end of the world." "At this time, you will enter samadhi and be able to appreciate the inherent beauty of things. The second state is "the belt gradually becomes wider and you will never regret it, and you will feel haggard because of it." This is the aesthetic grasp of the aesthetic object, the aesthetic subject ( The author) has a selective, stubborn, and lifelong spirit of exploring the beauty of things. This beauty must transcend the individual, external, and accidental things of things to arrive at the universal and inner. It is an inevitable concept that uses aesthetic grasp to create beautiful images. The poet's mood in this state is calm, pure, and natural, and he seeks a natural pleasure. On the one hand, this pursuit is difficult and makes people feel uncomfortable. Being haggard and emaciated, on the other hand, this pursuit sublimates the author's feelings and reaches a perfect artistic conception. Although the "belt is getting wider", it is worth it and he has no regrets. The third state. : "The crowd looked for him thousands of times, but suddenly looking back, he was in a dimly lit place. "What I'm talking about here is epiphany. After the first stage and the second stage of hard seeking, the author can use the clearest language to express things exquisitely and clearly, as if they were made in nature. At this time, the author's mood has reached a state of no desire and no thoughts. , a state of no joy and no worries, and gained wisdom. "Searching for him a thousand times in the crowd" expresses the hardship of seeking "wisdom". "Looking back suddenly, that person was in the dim light" expresses the epiphany of wisdom. In the course of arduous pursuit, the poet suddenly becomes enlightened, inspired, and witty words come out. The scene appears in a dazzling way, and the emotion is expressed in a refreshing way. This is a state that is extremely difficult to obtain. In the third realm, the poet also learns from himself. I got spiritual comfort from the poems I created and achieved spiritual pleasure.

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