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Plato's thought has far-reaching influence. Among them, his views on the world are particularly profound. He thinks there are two worlds:

(1) The real world is a material world and an experience world based on sensory and cognitive feelings. For example, when we see various phenomena of flowers blooming and falling, they will change and be imperfect.

(2) The conceptual world is the spiritual world and the result of rational thinking. For example, when is the flowering season and when is the flowering season? This is the principle of growth and an abstract truth.

Plato believes that knowledge from the senses is uncertain, and real knowledge comes from the conceptual world and the conceptual world. Only by innate rational thinking and inner ideas can we acquire real knowledge. For example, meditation or problem explanation is the way to seek truth.

When it comes to ancient Greek civilization, people will undoubtedly think of these two scholars who have made achievements in many fields: Plato and Aristotle. The latter has made great achievements in philosophy, pedagogy, physics, astronomy, biology, meteorology, politics and poetics, and is a master of Greek classical culture.

Plato and Aristotle are apprentices, so naturally they have something in common in academic opinions. Aristotle inherited and developed his teacher's thoughts, but he also said such a famous saying: "I love my teacher, and I love truth more." It shows that he and Plato still have many differences. The author of this paper compares the political thoughts of the two men, and because of his limited experience, he only expresses his superficial views.

First of all, about the thought of polis. Plato and Aristotle devoted great enthusiasm to the political research of free city-states. In ancient Greece, the city-state system was the most advanced and ideal political construction. In Greek, the word polis is different from the city or country in English today. This special political form is the practical object of Bai and Ya's political thoughts, and their political thoughts are only applicable to polis. With the establishment of the Alexander Empire, the decline of the polis also made this series of political thoughts lose their applicable value (of course, this initial political construction concept can not be ignored today since modern times in the West).

Plato expounded the idea of a just city-state in the Republic. City-states are divided into three categories: rulers, soldiers and wealth producers. A just city-state is a unity in which the three city-states perform their respective duties and are in harmony with each other. The first two categories are the rulers of the country, and the third category is the creators of wealth. This also leads to the principle of specialization. In a just city-state, everyone needs to do his duty, and rulers and soldiers also need to undergo strict professional training and be suitable for them.

The ruler of a just city-state is Plato's famous "king of philosophy" in The Republic. The author thinks that Plato put forward this view because he was influenced by his teacher Socrates, who despised the democracy in Athens and thought that people who govern the country should be "people who know how to govern the country". Plato worships Socrates very much and must support this view. He is a philosopher himself and thinks that philosophers have a clear world outlook and correct judgments.

Aristotle's concept of polis is obviously different from Plato's. He put forward that "man is a political animal" and made a vivid metaphor. The relationship between the individual and the polis is like a hand. Only by combining with living things can we achieve our goals (such as taking things). Because an individual has no independent will, he must become a part of the city-state and exert his personal value through the city-state. In Plato's Republic, the individual

However, Aristotle's polis is a political group composed of free citizens who enjoy equal political rights. Compared with Plato's rigid division of the three-tier collection of philosophical kings, it has a certain degree of autocracy and is more democratic.

Plato's and Aristotle's thoughts on free city-states are discussed and compared in great length because they are the basis of their respective political thoughts. By extension, we will find the similarities and differences between the two sides in regime, property and family, equality concept, legal status, educational purpose and so on.

Plato felt more and more that the idea of "the king of philosophy" was difficult to realize in his later period. Therefore, in The Politician, his political form changes as follows: one-man rule (autocratic monarchy and tyranny), minority rule (aristocratic and oligarchic rule), majority rule (* * * and civilian rule). Aristotle inherited his view of government and divided it into authentic government (monarchy, aristocracy and * * * government) and abnormal government (tyrant government, oligarchy and civilian government). Their views on the regime are no different.

Based on holism, Plato proposed in the Republic that property should be public, especially the private property of soldiers and rulers should be banned, and monogamy should be abolished, so should women and children. Marriage should be optimized to cultivate better offspring. This property and family system is undoubtedly extreme. Aristotle's holism is moderate. He resolutely opposed the public ownership of women and children and advocated limited private ownership.

On the concept of equality, the differences between the two sides are equally obvious. Although Plato divided the citizens of the polis into three classes, it was not so much private ownership as specialization for the development of the polis regime. He advocated equal opportunities for men and women to receive education and strict training (which was mostly related to his envy of Sparta regime), and his reflection on slavery in the Republic was relatively weak. Aristotle advocates political democratic decision-making, but his concept of free citizens is very narrow. Slaves, foreigners and women have no political rights, and slaves are "talking tools". If the political form expressed by Plato's concept of equality is an early utopia, Aristotle is still a replica of slavery.

Law has almost no place in the Republic, because all the decisions made by the philosopher king are wise, and the rule of man is above the rule of law. But Plato later re-examined the role of law in governing the city-state in Law. Aristotle, on the other hand, believes that since the polis is based on justice, the derivative of justice is law, and law is political justice, which is a recognized standard to measure fairness and justice. This is the basic viewpoint of his theory of legal justice. "All regimes have three elements, which are the foundation of the Constitution. A good legislator must consider every factor when creating and how to adapt to the system it constitutes ... One of the three is the deliberation function of the general affairs of the polis; Secondly, the administrative function part ...; The third is the trial (judicial) function. " This fully shows his view of the rule of law. So Plato prefers the rule of man, while Aristotle emphasizes the rule of law.

Because of holism and hierarchy, Plato emphasized that education should also be carried out according to different classes in order to better serve the city-state politics. We should strictly examine the educational content and delete the "useless" or immoral content, because they are not suitable for shaping the "citizen-warrior" type of people, which has set a precedent for cultural absolutism. On the other hand, Aristotle emphasized liberal education. On the contrary, he believes that the purpose of education is not to prepare for a career and avoid mechanical and professional training. Politics is not the inevitable goal of education.