What does the death of Shang Yang show?
For Shang Yang, people should be most familiar with his political reform and innovation. Born in the Warring States Period, Shang Yang was an outstanding politician, reformer and thinker. His hometown is Liangzhuang Town, Neihuang County, Anyang City, Henan Province, and he is a descendant of the King of Wei. Because Shang Yang launched the political reform, Qin Shihuang appreciated him very much, so Qin Xiaogong sealed him a fief in Shang Yang, so he was called Shang Yang, formerly known as Gong Sunyang. Shang Yang spent some time in Wei in his early years, but he was not reused and even almost lost his life. In the later period, Qin Xiaogong recruited talents and came to Qin Xiaogong. The Order of Reclaiming Grass is a decree issued by Shang Yang of Qin State. Its main contents include: reforming the household registration system, implementing the law of "joining the ranks of the five soldiers", explicitly granting military service by military law, abolishing the system of "being a scholar in the world", establishing the system of "twenty ranks", severely punishing private struggles, rewarding agricultural organizations, restraining businessmen, reforming and formulating Qin law, and promoting small family system. He banned private fighting, encouraged farmers to do a good job in agricultural production, and rewarded them according to the situation. In order to make people believe in themselves, he also set up a piece of wood at the city gate, saying that whoever moves it will be rewarded. At first, everyone didn't believe such pies, but in the end, one of them moved away, and Shang Yang didn't break his word. Although Shang Yang's political reform was beneficial to farmers to a certain extent, the interests of nobles were damaged. Therefore, the nobles hated Shang Yang very much and regarded him as a thorn in the side and a thorn in the flesh. The main feud between him and Shang Wang was that Shang Wang set up his own son, so he ignored the new law and destroyed it at will, but Shang Yang was not soft-hearted, but was convicted with him. This made the prince bear a grudge.
Later, he died and the Prince Shang succeeded to the throne. Soon ordered the arrest of Shang Yang. Shang Yang also didn't expect. Hearing the news, he hurried away. In order not to be discovered, Shang Yang found a suit of clothes and dressed himself as an ordinary citizen. He is afraid of being discovered. After running for a day, I finally arrived at Hangu Pass. There is an inn nearby. He intended to stay for one night, but the shop turned him down. Shang Yang changed the law and stipulated that you can't stay with unidentified guests, so we can't stay with you. ? In this way, Shang Yang was trapped by his own net. Shang Yang wanted to go to Wei, but Wei refused him entry because he took his son alive. After Shang Yang returned to the State of Qin, he was forced to sneak back to feudal merchants and launch city soldiers to attack Zheng County. Qin Huiwen sent his troops to attack, and Shang Yang failed and died. His body was transported back to Xianyang and died of a car crack, which was very tragic. At the same time, the king of Qin ordered the destruction of Shang Yang's family. Although Shang Yang was killed, the new law was not abolished. Shang Yang didn't escape. Merits and demerits are all fate.
The cause of Shang Yang's death is not worthy of sympathy.
Shang Yang's death has always been regarded as? Reformers die for reform? These tragic events have won the sympathy of many people. Zhu Xiang saw the human drama "Shang Yang Reform" and was said to be in tears. In my opinion, Shang Yang's death is just retribution for his unkind killing, and it is not worthy of sympathy.
Qin Huiwen, the heir of Qin Xiaogong who killed Shang Yang, hated him not because he opposed Shang Yang's new law. Because when Qin Huiwen was a prince, he was convicted of criticizing the new law, but? Chu Jun or not? The expenses should be borne by the prince's teacher. Shang Yang cut the teacher's nose. Anyone will take revenge.
Shang Yang is a power worshipper, holding power, with no scruples and no human feelings. Shang Yang was in the State of Qin, and it was forbidden for officials and people to talk about laws and regulations. Even if they talk about laws and regulations, whether they support or oppose them, they will be convicted. Shang Yang was once sentenced to prison in Weishui and killed many people on charges of discussing laws and regulations. It is said that Weishui is all red and has a horrible atmosphere.
Legalists' political ideas did not put the people on the opposite side of the law. The Kanto countries are the birthplace of legalist thought, and in Qi, Zheng and Jin countries, legalist thought has been practiced one after another. In fact, there is no such thing as Shang Yang's murder terror.
Shang Yang's overbearing spirit of law enforcement is too strong. In fact, the law is aimed at? Evil law? Push in this direction. After Shang Yang's death, Qin people did not pity him. This is not the tragedy of Shang Yang, because it is what Shang Yang deserves.
Let's compare the others.
During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there was a cruel official named Zhang Tang, who was an ancient scholar. But soon, Zhang Tang clashed with Prime Minister Zhai and was framed and imprisoned. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent someone to answer questions eight times in a row, and Zhang Tang tried his best to defend it. Later, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Tingwei Zhao Yu to interrogate him. Zhao Yu advised him: Why don't you know enough? How many people have you killed and destroyed? Now many people want to get back at you for this, and the emperor is embarrassed by your case. It's best to end it yourself. Why are you still arguing that Zhang Tang has no choice but to commit suicide? It turned out that Zhang Tang was really wronged this time. Where is Zhang Tang? Death is not a crime? It's like Yan Shifan was bewitched in the Ming Dynasty? Tong Yu? The charge is that death is not a crime, but Zhang Tang finally committed suicide because he accepted Zhao Yu's suggestion: Zhang Tang killed many people and destroyed their homes, including many innocent people. Now refusing to die is an alternative fairness.
The same is true of Shang Yang. Shang Yang's political reform successfully transformed Qin into a? Combination of agriculture and war? The war machine gave Qin a huge internal expansion force, which contributed to the unification of China. The evil essence of Shang Yang's disregard for human dignity is also deeply hidden in the laws of Qin State, which is also the fundamental reason for the rapid demise of Qin State.
Later generations often take Qin Wei as an example to criticize legalists. In fact, the legalist school of Qin State is not the spirit of legalism. The Han, Tang and Ming Dynasties were also ruled by legalists, but there was no tyranny of Qin. Qin legalists are superficial but lack legalists? Born according to the Tao? Shang Yang's awe and pity were the chief culprits and eventually became the tools of tyranny.
People who dare to kill people often have natural weaknesses, and fate often has them? Historical justice? .
Xia, Chen Changhao and Zhang in the Red Army were all murderers in the counter-revolutionary process, and Xia and Chen Changhao were all killed in the end. And Zhang was so upset that he was reduced to military control by the Kuomintang? Helper? It is despicable to be an eagle dog with a completely bankrupt personality. Look at Chen Duxiu. After he left the Party, he went to study in the countryside, content to be poor without losing his integrity.
Before Shang Yang, there was another positive example of the State of Qin, namely Priscilla in Qin Mugong.
Priscilla was a slave in Chu at her worst. When Qin Mugong heard of Qi Xian, he sent someone to exchange Prissy for five pieces of black sheepskin, and worshipped him as a doctor, so the deceased called him? Dr. Wuyi? .
After many misfortunes in his life, he doesn't hate this society or its people, but he is still broad-minded. As a doctor of Qin, he is diligent in government affairs, approachable and simple in life. ? No hitchhiking, no quilt in summer, leaving in the middle of the night, no car ride, no fighting? . While presiding over the state of Qin, Prissy? Jin Sanwang? ,? Save Jingzhou? ,? Send a teaching seal, and the Ba people pay tribute; German vassal, and Baron served? Qin became one of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period and began the rise of Qin.
Where is the later Qin Xiaogong? Asking for a sage order? Evaluate the Qin Mugong period 2? Beautiful? . It is also a reform that Baijila changed customs in Qin, but the scale and depth are not as good as those of Shang Yang in later generations. However, Prissy was widely loved by Qin people. ? And pawn, Qin men and women shed tears, boys don't sing, what about those who don't give in? .
Political reform will most likely lead to fierce political struggle, and it is difficult to guarantee fairness in political struggle. However, it does not mean that political reform must be severely punished and killed. Shang Yang's behavior was extremely extreme and offended everyone from top to bottom. If he doesn't change, he will come to no good end. Don't be too business-minded, just look at Prissy.
Judging from the ruling thoughts of the five schools, Shang Yang's reform had neither the social ideal of Taoism and Mohism, nor the ethical reverence of Confucianism, nor the admiration of Yang Zhu's individualism. Even legalists only use instrumentalism. There are only half of the five schools, how can it last? Only trying to save a temporary emergency, there is no spirit that can be imitated for a long time. The ups and downs of Shang Yang's personal destiny are the epitome of his defects in political reform. Just as we don't have to regret the demise of the Qin Dynasty, we don't have to regret the death of Shang Yang.
What are the contents of Shang Yang's two reforms?
The first political reform in 356 BC mainly included the following three points:
1. Promulgate laws, formulate sitting laws, and use heavy sentences for minor crimes. Li Kui's "Law Classic" was promulgated and implemented, which increased the law of sitting. That is, five families and five friends, ten families complain to each other, sit together and complain to each other? Traitor? Enjoy the same reward as cutting the enemy, and cut your waist without saying goodbye. A family? Rape? , even, Wu to sin. Hostel takes in passengers without official documents, hosts and? Traitor? The same crime.
2. Reward military service and establish a 20-level military service title system. It is stipulated that the military leaders of the enemy should be awarded the first rank, one hectare of land, nine acres of houses and labor. Asshole? One person. The higher the title, the greater the corresponding political and economic privileges. Imperial clan and nobles who have no military service are not counted as members of the imperial clan and do not enjoy aristocratic privileges.
3. Emphasize agriculture and restrain commerce, and reward agriculture and weaving, especially land reclamation. Terms:? Those who cultivate and weave in this industry, causing a lot of millet and silk, will recover; In the end, those who are lazy and poor will be rewarded. (It means to engage in the production of men's ploughing and women's weaving as much as possible, and those who produce more grain cloth are exempt from their own corvee; Anyone who is engaged in industry and commerce, who is poor and bankrupt because he does not engage in production, takes his wife and children into the government as slaves.
The second political reform in 350 BC, mainly has the following two points:
1.？ Open and seal the edge? . Get rid of the small field boundary per mu and the big field boundary per hectare in the past, and put the original? A hundred paces an acre? , developed into an acre of 240 steps, reset? Architecture? And then what? Fengjiang? . The state recognizes the private rights of landlords and yeomen to land, and publicly allows the sale of land in law.
2. Popularize the county system. Where there are no counties, many towns and cities will be aggregated into counties, and a total of 3 1 county will be built. Magistrates and county orders are appointed and removed by the monarch.
Gongsun, a native of Liangzhuang Town, Nanneihuang County, Anyang, is surnamed Yang, also known as Wei Yang.
At first, he was the minister of Wei Xianggong's uncle CuO, and later he entered Qin Xiaogong. In the sixth year of Xiaozong (the first 356 years, one said three years), he served as the commander-in-chief of Zuo Shu, implemented political reform, and was promoted to a great position. In the twelfth year of filial piety, Yong (now Fengxiangnan, Shaanxi Province) moved to Xianyang, where he further reformed. In the last ten years (the first 304 years), due to outstanding military achievements, the merchant was sealed (now southeast of Shangxian County, Shaanxi Province) and was named Shang Jun. Because it's called Shang Yang.
Shang Yang mainly carried out two political reforms. The first time was in the sixth year of filial piety: farming and weaving were appreciated, and the prolific people were exempted from corvee; Abolish the hereditary privilege of nobles and formulate a system of conferring titles according to the size of military exploits; Adopt Li Kui's "legal classics" as the law, and implement the method of sitting together. The second time was in the twelfth year of filial piety: the merged township was thirty-one counties (one said forty-one counties); Abolish the well field system and allow land to be bought and sold; According to Ding Nan's conquest law, it is stipulated that two men in a family must be separated, or they will be conquered twice. Promulgate legal weights and measures to unify measurement. Shang Yang's two political reforms laid the foundation for Qin's prosperity and created conditions for Qin to unify the six countries.
After Qin Xiaogong's death, Shang Yang was falsely accused by the nobles and died because of a car split. Hanshu? There are 29 books by Shang Jun in Yiwenzhi; There are 24 articles today; Twenty-seven articles by GongSunYang are lost today.
In 338 BC, Qin Xiaogong died and the Prince acceded to the throne, namely King Hui of Qin. Gong Ziqian and others reported Shang Yang? Want to rebel? King Hui of Qin ordered the arrest of Shang Yang. Shang Yang fled to the border and wanted to stay in a hostel. The owner of the hostel didn't know that he was a business gentleman, but when he saw that he didn't bring his certificate, he told the business gentleman that it was a crime to stay without a certificate. Shang Yang wanted to go to Wei, but Wei refused him entry because he captured his son Ang alive. He returned to his fief and mobilized his troops to resist, but failed. He died in a car crash.
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