Read and experience, and connect it with actual discussions. Specifically, on the basis of understanding the background, find out the details and descriptions of the article.

Teaching key points and difficulties and solutions

"The Essay on Commemoration to the Twelve Langs" is called by the ancients "the thousand-year-old unique tune among the memorial essays". Read the text clearly, eliminate language barriers, understand the characteristics of the text that blends lyricism with narrative, grasp the language form of the article while crying and complaining, and understand the author's sadness. Painful thoughts and emotions are the focus of learning. This article is long, the narrative is complicated, and there are many literary turns in the writing, which makes it difficult to learn.

1. Strengthen preview, read repeatedly, consider the words, and help students digest, understand and accumulate.

2. Seize the one word "emotion" that dominates the whole text, clarify the level and context of the article, and use simplicity to control complexity.

Class schedule: 3 lessons

Teaching process

The first and second lessons

A new lesson for the instructor

The famous sayings of the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties, or Han Yu's "Horses' Theory" and "Teachers' Theory"; or "The mastery of work is due to hard work, but the failure to play; the success is due to thinking and the failure is to follow?" were introduced into the new course teaching.

2 Relevant literary common sense and background

(1) Han Yu, also known as Tuizhi, known as Han Changli in the world, was a famous writer in the Tang Dynasty. He lived in the mid-Tang Dynasty and had a great influence on literature. His main contribution was to advocate the "Ancient Prose Movement" together with Liu Zongyuan, advocating the restoration of the excellent prose tradition of the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, and abandoning the artificial parallel prose since the Southern and Northern Dynasties. He advocated the article It is necessary to enrich the content. When studying ancient prose, one should follow its meaning rather than its words. It should only focus on what is stated and strive to follow the words in the text. These propositions are progressive and positive, and will have a great influence on future generations. . Ouyang Xiu, Sansu and his son, Zeng Gong, Wang Anshi in the Song Dynasty, Gui Youguang, Tang Shunzhi, Fang Bao, Yao Nai and many other famous essayists in the Ming and Qing dynasties all inherited Han Liu's literary tradition or were obviously influenced by it. Achieve brilliant achievements in their respective prose creations.

(2) Han Yu practiced his literary ideas in his prose creation. He wrote a large number of political commentaries, prefaces, miscellaneous essays, memorial texts, and epitaphs. His argumentative essays rarely quoted scriptures and preached, but used figurative language, vivid metaphors, and sharp contrasts to make them very convincing. "Shi Shuo" is a typical example; the narrative is also very vivid, and the writing and recording of events are very touching. "Essay on the Twelve Langs" is a memorial essay in memory of his nephew. It describes family, life experience and trivial matters in life, and expresses sadness. It is sincere, poignant and moving. It is very unique and highly praised by later generations.

(3) Han Yu’s father died when he was three years old, and he was raised by his brother and sister-in-law. The eldest brother Han Hui has no children, and the second brother Han Jie has a son Han Laocheng. He is the twelfth among his peers in the clan, so he is called Twelve Lang. According to the rules of feudal society, Twelve Lang adopted Han Hui as his son. Therefore, Han Yu and Twelve Lang stayed together since childhood. After going through hardships and being alone, they were never separated for a day. They had a deep relationship. Although they were uncles and nephews, they were brothers and sisters. . As an adult, Han Yu's official career was not smooth. He was promoted to Jinshi at the age of twenty-five. Later, when he became an official, he offended the powerful and angered Emperor Xianzong of the Tang Dynasty. He was demoted many times. He rarely met Twelve Langs because he wandered around. Later, when Muzong of the Tang Dynasty succeeded to the throne, Han Yu's official fortune improved, and when his uncle and nephew could get together, the bad news of Twelve Lang's death suddenly came, which made Han Yu grief-stricken and brought back his bitter memories, so he wrote this memorial.

(4) As a sacrificial text, because its content and form are easy to be formulaic, not many of them are recited by future generations. However, Han Yu's "Essay on Sacrifice to the Twelve Langs" does not stick to the format. It is written sincerely, vividly and touchingly, and will be passed down to future generations. Sacrificial texts are usually read out during memorial ceremonies, so they have a format at the beginning and end that expresses the enjoyment of sacrifices. Han Yu's "Essays on Sacrifice to the Twelve Langs" is considered by later generations to be "unparalleled throughout the ages". Ouyang Xiu's "Essays on Sacrifice to Yin Master Lu Wen" and Yuan Mei's "Essays on Sacrifice to Sisters" are also famous.

Sacrificial texts are usually fixed-form texts used to commemorate relatives and friends, and some are also used to offer sacrifices to gods. Han Yu's "Essay on Commemoration of Twelve Langs" has changed the past practice. Not only does it use prose and single lines in form, but it also allows for emotional agitation in content. The whole article traces the relationship between him and Twelve Langs. Sharing life and deep friendship, he vents his great sorrow caused by the death of Twelve Lang. This kind of innovation in the style of sacrificial writing adapts to the author's need for emotional expression, and in turn makes the article form a distinctive artistic feature of "winning with emotion".

3. Grasp the main idea of ??the content

1. Read the text, interpret the text to each other in groups or at the same table, initially understand the meaning of the text, and accumulate basic knowledge of classical Chinese.

(1) Key content words

It’s so special if you stop being one year old and go to the East as a guest. You also want to stay far away. If you don’t keep your coffin, what’s so special

Fortunately, I met you when I came to bury you from my sister-in-law's funeral.

(2) Tongjiazi

Mo Lingding, who is far away from the shame of the time, is so lonely. Unfortunately, he did not have the coffin to bury you in his early life. The sign of a person is waiting for the rest of the year

(3) Inflection of word categories

There is nothing better than returning to the west to fear that my brother's great virtue will die at dusk and his heir will be premature

Your pure and wise man is suitable for his family to grow up with my daughter and your daughter

(4) A young man with different meanings in ancient and modern times

(5) A word with multiple meanings

Fortunately A, it is unfortunate that A was born early and he did not care about his parents

B Taught my son and your son, fortunately they became B. You came to save me

A, please give it to their children B How long will it last if I am in decline?

C Woohoo! Is my belief evil? Is my dream evil? D Is it extremely effective

E From now on, I have no intention I am alive in this world. If you know after you die, how can you leave?

Although A I thought that even though we were separated for a while, we would eventually get along with each other for a long time. Although we are the public ministers of ten thousand chariots, I don’t think so? ③I assist Prime Minister Dong in Bianzhou

2. Read the text again, understand the content of each paragraph, and summarize the main idea of ??the article in paragraphs.

Clearly:

The full text can be divided into three parts. The significance of these three parts is summarized as follows:

The first part (1? 3) writes about the relationship between two people. Deep friendship. First, he writes about the misfortune of his life and family life, describing how he was lonely and dependent on each other when he was young; then he describes the three partings and three meetings between the two of them, but they finally failed to reunite and parted forever, which made the author regret endlessly and regret for the rest of his life.

The second part (4? 9) writes about the death of Twelve Lang. First, write about the grief over the death of Twelve Lang, and then detail the cause and date of death.

The third part (10? 12) writes condolences to Twelve Lang and his orphans, and explains the relocation, burial and upbringing of the orphans.

4. Summary and expansion

This article can closely integrate sincere lyricism and narration of daily trivial matters, and deeply express the feelings for the deceased relatives

The author expresses condolences and infinite laments about the ups and downs of life, and expresses his feelings and circumstances appropriately and vividly. In the activities of human emotions

The author expresses his emotions with pen and ink, and the emotional world he expresses is subtle and profound. As a result, the article has the best effect of combining love and text.

The vocabulary and language phenomena in this article are very rich. We should combine recitation, understanding and memorization to continuously enrich our

literary vocabulary, form transfer, and improve our reading ability in classical Chinese.

5. Assign homework

(1) Read the text and recite the two paragraphs 5 and 11.

(2) Translate texts and accumulate basic knowledge of classical Chinese.

The third lesson

Teaching focus

Based on the initial understanding of the meaning of the text in the first lesson, read and ponder repeatedly to grasp the narrative and lyrical meaning of the article. The twists and turns and the language form of crying and complaining allow you to experience the author's sad and heart-wrenching thoughts and feelings.

Teaching process

1. Students read their own translations, and teachers and students make comments together.

2. Appreciation and study.

Appreciating ancient prose requires entering into the artistic conception created by the author on the basis of reading, associating imagination, understanding the connotation of the work, and sharing the sorrow and joy of the author. ***Discuss the following questions together:

(1) The author’s purpose of writing this article is to commemorate Twelve Lang, why should he write about his own life experience?

[Clear] It is for Show the deep affection between yourself and Twelve Lang, thereby expressing your deep longing.

(2) What does the fourth paragraph about lamenting the death of brothers have to do with the main purpose of this article?

[Clear] It highlights the depth of grief in my heart. The death of all the brothers is already very sad, and with the population so low, the death of Twelve Lang is even more sad and despairing.

　(3) 7? 9 paragraphs, one paragraph ends with an exclamation, and two paragraphs end with a question. What does the author feel and what does he sigh about?

[Clear] Both are exclamations twelve Lang's death, to express his grief.

　(4)10? 12 In what ways does paragraph 12 reflect the author’s deep friendship for Twelve Lang?

[Clear] Handle his housework and funeral matters; teach and raise his children for him ; Repeatedly expressed feelings of guilt and pain at the loss of his nephew.

(5) In the narrative of the article, what do you think is the most touching detail?

[Clear] This is an open question, allowing students to answer freely and allowing students to When learning group discussions, first speak in the group,

Then communicate, and ask students to express their emotional experiences.

(6) Why is the author so sad about the death of his nephew? At the end? The words are limited but the love cannot end? What kind of feelings are expressed?

[Clear] For the world The rare sadness is sadness about family misfortunes; regret about traveling to the capital; lamentation about premature aging; hatred about death due to minor illness; regret about the loneliness of the descendants; guilt about the difficulty of funeral.

(7) Twelve Lang died far away from home, but the article is addressed as "you" and "we", as if weeping when talking to each other, what is the purpose of writing like this?

[Clear ] This is a difficult point that requires careful reading and understanding. The author pays tribute to his nephew, who has a close relationship with him, and expresses his unforgettable affection. The beginning of the chapter is an "advice", which makes people feel that the whole text is told to Twelve Lang face to face, and the deceased is also listening attentively; recounting daily trivial matters such as reminiscing about the past with his long-lost nephew ***; and speculating on the date of Twelve Lang's death. For example, the uncle and nephew checked together; they discussed arrangements for Twelve Lang's death as if they were together, stroking their backs and comforting them; talking about the confusion in their hearts, and asking questions from time to time. I really wanted Twelve Lang to respond to him in person. As the two talk, we can easily feel the deep love between uncle and nephew and the author's sadness. If Twelve Lang had known this, he would have beat his chest and stamped his feet together with the author and cried endlessly. No wonder this article is called the "most sentimental" work and has been passed down through the ages.

(8) What are the characteristics of the text’s language form and the use of modal particles? What are their functions?

[Clear] This is another difficulty, allowing students to read aloud with emotion experience. This article reads like an endless conversation between an uncle and a nephew, between the living and the dead. The language form is unique. Overlapping sentences and parallel sentences are often used in the article to enhance the momentum and have shocking power; intonation sentences The style changes from stage to stage and from time to time with the development of one's own emotions. The sentence patterns may be long or short, colloquial or elegant; the intonation may be urgent or circuitous, high-pitched or low-pitched, truly embodying feelings and penmanship. As a result, the article has the best effect of combining love and text.

The use of function words in classical Chinese, especially modal particles, also enhances the appeal of the whole text. The words "er", "xie", "yu", "yeye" are used continuously in many places. It emphasizes the tone, strengthens the emotion, and makes the prose in loose form more charming and rhythmic, thus more able to impress readers.

3. Summary of guidance:

This article mainly has the following characteristics in writing:

(1) Unconventional and free to express emotions

< p> Sacrificial texts focus on expressing mourning and grief for the deceased, and are usually combined with praise of the deceased’s merits and virtues. This article goes against the fixed format of traditional sacrificial texts, which mainly lay out county titles, decorate official ranks, narrate life stories, and sing praises of virtues. It mainly records daily trivial matters, expresses the close relationship between oneself and the deceased, expresses uncontrollable sorrow, and expresses unforgettable feelings of flesh and blood. . In form, it breaks parallelism into loose body and adopts free and changeable loose body. As Lin Ye said in "Korean and Liuwen Research Methods? Korean Language Research Methods": "The style of memorial writing originally uses rhyme as the formal style. When it comes to "The Writings of Sacrifice to Twelve Langs", it is so painful that it cannot be used in words, so the tone is changed to loose style. . ?The whole text has the feeling of swallowing and sobbing without any exaggeration and gorgeous words, which opens up new paths for later generations such as Ouyang Xiu's "Longgang Qianbiao", Gui Youguang's "Xiangjixuan Zhi", Yuan Mei's "Memorizing Essays on Sisters", etc. Liu Da, an ancient writer in the Qing Dynasty, said: "Wengui changes? Chapters change in an episode, paragraphs change in an article, sentences change in a paragraph, spirit changes, atmosphere changes, context changes, syllables change, words and sentences change, Only Changli can do it. ?

(2) Sincere feelings and tear-jerking

The author’s purpose of writing this article is not to praise the deceased, but to express his grief and express his grief. This is mainly manifested in three aspects. The first is to emphasize the relationship between flesh and blood. The author and Lao Cheng are called uncle and nephew, and they are like brothers. They have lived in the same body for two lives, and they are alone. Today, the old man died first, and his children are young, which makes the family wither and hopeless for revitalization. In ancient times when family integrity was important, it was natural that this caused Han Yu to feel pain. The second is to highlight that Lao Cheng’s death was an accident. Lao Cheng was younger and stronger than the author, but the strong died young and all were sick. What Lao Cheng suffered was just a common soft foot disease. The author did not pay attention to it and was not mentally prepared, so he regretted Lao Cheng's sudden death. Unexpectedly, the unexpected blow made him extremely sad. The third is to express the author's own pain of ups and downs in officialdom and the sense of impermanence in life, and to deepen family ties. The author originally thought that since both of them were still young, they would not care about the temporary separation. They were seeking food, salary, and pursuing official careers, so they did not get together more or less. Now it has become a lifelong regret. The author searched for the cause and date of Lao Cheng's death, but fell into a confused state of belief and doubt, as well as dreams and illusions. He felt deeply that his life was erratic, which doubled his sorrow.

　(3) The language form of complaining and crying

The author adopts the method of dialogue with the deceased, complaining and crying at the same time, hesitating and sobbing, intertwined with regret, grief, self-blame, etc. Emotions seem to be endless long conversations between the living and the dead.

For example, when writing an obituary, the sentence goes from "I believe it to be true" to "I don't believe it yet", to "It is true to believe it", with overlapping sentences, expressing his state of shock and uncertainty. At the end, "When you are sick and I tell you, you are dead and I don't know the day", there is a paragraph, which mostly uses arranged sentences, with intense emotions and in one go. All this flows out from the heart, so it has the power to shock people.

4. Assign homework

1. Read "Two Poems of River Water to Send Sons and Nephews to Old Adults" after class, and understand the affection in the poems.

2. Complete homework and in-class exercises.