Soren kierkegaard SorenAabyeKierkegaard,1813-1855 Danish religious philosophy psychologist and poet, founder of modern existentialism, pioneer of postmodernism and pioneer of modern humanistic psychology. Studying at the University of Copenhagen. After inheriting a large fortune, he lived in seclusion in Copenhagen for life, writing books about events and publishing them at his own expense. His thought has become one of the theoretical foundations of existentialism and is generally regarded as the father of existentialism. He opposed Hegel's pan-theory and thought that philosophy studied not objective existence, but individual "existence". The starting point of philosophy is the individual, the end point is God, and the road of life is also a heavenly road.
Kierkegaard's Philosophical Thought
The existentialism advocated by Kierkegaard emphasizes that philosophers should explore the problems of life in reality. He opposed the German idea of paying attention to ideal things, and thought that the most important thing in life was to grasp the existence of individuals and Kierkegaard's personal feelings of "loneliness" and "exception", so he created a philosophy of caring for himself-existentialism. Kierkegaard's philosophy can be said to use the simplest and most emotional methods in our daily life, hoping to realize our existence by ordinary, practical and concrete methods and eliminate the anguish and absurdity in our hearts. Existence refers to the existence of this person here and now, and it is a personal existence of flesh and blood. There are joys and sorrows in the existence of individuals, and real life can only be realized through them. Language, reason and logic can't reveal everyone's unique personality and real existence. For the latter, we can only rely on everyone's own unique subjective experience. His individual is a person dominated by negative emotions such as fear, trembling, pessimism and despair. This pessimistic and negative emotion is the truest experience of one's own existence. It is this emotion that drives people to take action and make an either-or choice. Kierkegaard also has the view that rational thinking alone is not enough to trigger action, and this choice is described as a leap. There must be a determination to end this thinking process, and this determination must be produced by * * *. This * * * that forms a person's self is called the internal pursuit or subjectivity of the individual. The most important things, such as love and faith, do not happen by accident and must be cultivated and cultivated. Kierkegaard clearly opposed his philosophy to traditional philosophy, especially took criticizing rationalism represented by Hegel as the fundamental direction of his philosophy. He believes that the fundamental mistake of Hegel's philosophy lies in taking logical inevitability as the highest principle of unity of reality and the guarantee of unity of reason and reality, thus falling into "objectivism". The world is nothing more than the inevitable expression of objective spirit. All concrete and special existence is an example of this universal existence and a component of a certain stage of this whole. In this way, people actually lose their autonomy and independence, lose the possibility of making decisions and choices, lose their personality and freedom, which will also make people forget their responsibility for what happened and cancel the possibility of individuals treating themselves and the world ethically. Hegel's philosophy is a philosophy of dehumanizing people at the expense of individuals, which is a contempt for human status and dignity.
Kierkegaard's existentialism mainly has two viewpoints: first, existence precedes essence, that is, human existence is passive, and it is not up to him to decide whether a destined person is born male or female, but he can create his own essence with destined existence. Therefore, people are expensive, not because he is destined to exist, not because of his historical background and family background, nor because of his birth status, but because he has the freedom to choose to transform his essence. How does he choose to be who he wants to be and what he wants to do? This is human nature. Secondly, Kierkegaard divided existence into three levels:
Perceptual existence: perceptual existence is usually the pursuit of happiness, frivolity and selfishness, and it is the existence from maintaining life to enjoying;
Rational existence: it is a more serious and conscientious life, and it is in line with the existence of social morality to solve one's own problems by rational and philosophical methods, thus fulfilling the ethical responsibility to others;
Religious existence: a life of prayer and love, a self-awareness and a fear of God, so that the spirit can be entrusted.
In the last 12 years of Kierkegaard's life, he wrote a lot and published books on religion, philosophy, psychology and even humor. Before S Floyd, he also wrote a book "The Concept of Fear", which was completely aimed at anxiety. Freud praised his innovative ideas in psychology.
Kierkegaard's Social Evaluation
People have different opinions about Kierkegaard. People think that Kierkegaard's thoughts are similar to Jesus'. It's just that the image of Jesus has always been sought after by people, while the image of Kierkegaard is very vague in people's minds and can't be compared with Jesus at all. His disciples and later Christians were quite successful in portraying Jesus artificially, so Jesus had a great influence on later generations. The image established by Kierkegaard's philosophy did not come from his followers. He focuses on shaping his own works, not his personal image.
Some people hold different views on Kierkegaard's evaluation. Through Kierkegaard's brief introduction, we can know that he is a typical rich second generation, and he inherited a huge fortune after his father died. However, his spirit is extremely tense. In the eyes of future generations, Kierkegaard is a fascinating person, and his personality makes people have endless fascination with him.
In people's eyes, Kierkegaard is not only a philosopher, but also a world-class writer. Kierkegaard's writing mode is the combination of Heidel, Kant and Schelling, which is similar to German romantic writing. Kierkegaard initiated nihilism in the 20th century. Kierkegaard is the same as Paul, Luther and Augustine in personality type. Kierkegaard was a lonely and anxious person, and it was these negative emotions that made Kierkegaard's thoughts, so that most people in the world called him a great philosopher and philosophical genius.