Dante's life is rarely recorded, but there are many writers, many of whom are unreliable. He may not have received a formal education (some people say he studied in Bologna and Paris), but he learned a lot from many famous friends and teachers, including Latin, Provence and music. I may have been a knight when I was young, participated in several wars, and got married at the age of 20. His wife gave birth to six children, three of whom were 65438+.
At that time, Florence politics was divided into two factions, one was the Zeppelin Party loyal to the Holy Roman Emperor, and the other was the Gaelic Party loyal to the Pope. After 1266, due to the powerful influence of the Pope, Gail won without a party and exiled the West Berlin faction. Pope Benifas VIII, elected in 1294 after Gefeipai came to power, wanted to control Florence. Some wealthy citizens in the city of hope are unwilling to be controlled by the Pope and split into a "white party", while others have not settled down and hope to turn over and become a "black party" with the help of the Pope. The two factions are fighting again. Dante's family originally belonged to the Gaelic Sect. Dante enthusiastically advocated independence and freedom, so he became the backbone of the white party and was elected as one of the six members of the executive Committee of the highest authority. He has a famous saying: Go your own way and let others talk.
130 1 year, the pope sent Carlo di valois, the brother of the French king, to Florence to "reconcile". Suspecting that the trip had another purpose, White sent a delegation headed by Dante to persuade the Pope to take back his life, but it failed. Sure enough, Carlo immediately organized the black party to slaughter the opposition, took control of Florence, and announced the exile of Dante. Once he returns to the city, any Florentine soldier may be executed.
1308, Luxemburg's henry vii was elected as the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, ready to invade Florence. Dante wrote to him and pointed out the place of attack, so White began to hate Dante. 13 13 Henry died, and Dante's hopes were dashed.
13 15, Florence was in power by soldiers, and it was announced that if Dante was willing to pay a fine, sprinkle dust on his head and hang a knife around his neck, he could return to China for a week without guilt. Dante wrote back and said, "This method is not the way for me to return to China! If I damage Dante's reputation, I will never set foot in Florence again! Can't I enjoy the light of the sun, moon and stars elsewhere? If I don't bow and scrape to the people of Florence, can't I get in touch with the precious truth? To be sure, I don't worry about having no bread! "
Dante's grave
When Dante was exiled, he lived in several cities in Italy, and some recorded that he had been to Paris. He used his works to dispel homesickness, and wrote down all benefactors and enemies in his masterpiece Divine Comedy, mocking the Pope. He put his unrequited love object, a woman named Beatrice, at the top of heaven, and Beatrice died at the age of 25.
Dante died in 132 1 and in Lavoine, in the northeast of Italy.
Dante's works are basically written in Tuscany dialect of Italy, which played a considerable role in the formation of modern Italian language based on Tuscany dialect, because apart from Latin works, only Dante was the first person in ancient Italy to write in a living language, and his works played a considerable role in the formation of Italian literary language, so they also played a leading role in the Renaissance.
Creative experience
Dante studied Latin, rhetoric, poetics and classical literature systematically under the famous scholar Brunetto Latini in his early years, and spoke highly of the great Roman poet Virgil. In the fields of painting and music, Dante is also accomplished. In addition, Dante studied theology and philosophy very carefully, and the thoughts of the ancient godfather Saint Augustine had a great influence on him.
Dante had an unforgettable love, which left an indelible mark on his literary creation. It was in his youth that he attended a friend's party with his father and met a girl named Beatrice. The girl's dignity, chastity and elegance made Dante fall in love with her at first sight and never forget it. Unfortunately, Beatrice later obeyed her father's orders and married someone else. After several years of marriage, he died of illness. Sad Dante has written 3 1 lyric poems to Beatrice in recent years, and published them as "New Life" (1292- 1293). The poem expresses the poet's deep affection, pure love and endless yearning for the girl. The style is fresh and natural, delicate and euphemistic.
This collection of poems is one of the important works of the "gentle new style" poetry school in Italian literary world at that time, and it is also the first autobiographical poem in the history of western European literature to reveal the heart and secret feelings.
In the first few years of exile, Dante wrote two books, Banquet (1304- 1307) and On Common sayings. The former hopes to use morality and knowledge to eliminate conflicts and attacks between polis and factions within polis. The latter refutes the tendency to emphasize only Latin and despise Italian. This not only shows that Dante transcends narrow partisanship and thinks about national reality and future with rational consciousness, but also shows that he attaches importance to national language and culture, which is of far-reaching significance to the development of Italian literature.
Dante has the tenderness and passion of a poet and the sharpness and wisdom of a scholar. He was one of the most outstanding linguists at that time, and also a politician surfing in the torrent of the times, which was the basis for the publication of the profound divine comedy.
Personal life
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1. On one occasion, Dante attended a banquet hosted by Consul General Venice. The valet gave rich fried fish to the envoys of Italian city-states, but very small fish to Dante.
Dante didn't protest or eat fish. He picked up the small fish on the plate one by one with his hand, listened to it close to his ear as if he heard something, and then put it back on the plate one by one.
The consul was surprised and asked him what he was doing.
Dante said loudly, "A few years ago, a friend of mine died and was buried at sea. I don't know if his body has been buried at the bottom of the sea, so I asked these small fish one by one to see if they knew anything. "
The consul asked, "What did the little fish say?"
Dante said, "They told me that they were still young and didn't know the past. Let me ask the big fish at the same table. "
The consul laughed and told him to bring Dante the biggest fried fish at once.
When Dante was young, he liked to sit in the square in his hometown of Florence. Especially on midsummer night, he often sits in the starry morning. The lonely young poet has an amazing memory.
One night, a stranger went straight to Dante and bowed down and said, "I have heard a lot about your poems, and I know you are the pride of Fei Lengcui." I promised to answer a question, but I can't because of my shallow knowledge. I am here to ask Mr. Wang for help. The question I want to answer is: What is the most delicious thing in the world? "eggs." Dante blurted out. The man nodded and left. One day a few years later, Dante was still sitting in the square looking up at the starry sky, or the stranger stepped forward and continued the conversation a few years ago: "So, how to cook?" Dante glanced at the visitor and replied without thinking, "put some salt."
3. Florence Anonymous once recorded Dante's life in the block of San Polocolo, one of which was like this: "There was a Bellaqui, a citizen of Florence, a craftsman who made the neck of a lute and guitar. He was the laziest person and had never been there. It is said that respecting the teacher (referring to Dante) may be familiar with him; So, one day, the respected teacher made fun of him, and Bella quoted Aristotle to answer him:' Sit down and be calm, and the soul will have a lot of knowledge.' The respected teacher replied,' Indeed, if one can become a wise man by sitting, it is no wonder that no one has ever been more knowledgeable than you.' "
Personal work
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Love poem "New Life"
Philosophical poetry banquet
Lyrics "Poems"
The long poem Divine Comedy (the book includes three parts: hell, purgatory and heaven)? [3]?
Latin article "On common sayings"
Political paper "On the Kingdom"
Latin poem "Pastoral"
Dante's letters
Personal idea
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Ethical thought
Dante sculpture
Engels' judgment on Dante has always been the classic basis for China academic circles to study Dante: "Dante is the last poet in the Middle Ages and the first poet in the new era." However, Engels' poetic judgment has formed a rigid tradition in academic circles.
People have repeatedly excavated two things in Dante and his masterpiece Divine Comedy: one belongs to the old times, such as excluding Virgil, a symbol of reason and philosophy, from the kingdom of heaven, and Mr. Yang pointed out in the History of European Literature that "it is Dante's prejudice as a medieval poet to think that faith and theology are higher than reason and philosophy"; The other kind belongs to the bud of the new era thought, that is, the humanistic consciousness shown in many scenes of the Divine Comedy.
There is a very complicated relationship between human belief and reason, philosophy and theology. It is neither a simple comparison of which is higher or lower, nor an incompatible binary opposition, but the mutual connection and infiltration of spiritual orientation. Therefore, it is lack of dialectical analysis to put Dante's expression of the relationship between reason and belief into the prejudice of medieval poets. Virgil's failure to enter the kingdom of heaven does not mean that there is a prejudice that "belief and theology are higher than reason and philosophy" in Dante's thought, because Dante still introduced his contemporary Dr. Siegel of Paris University into the kingdom of heaven in the Divine Comedy, and Siegel only "affirmed rational truth, opposed belief in truth, and advocated that philosophy should be independent of theology."
Another influential academic point of view is that Dante's praise of pure crime in purgatory is described as "stale original sin theory and medieval soul redemption thought", which obviously lacks a concrete analysis of Dante and Christian ethics. The idea of original sin and soul salvation will only lead to extreme asceticism and lead to the denial of human secular happiness. Dante's attitude is by no means so simple. Although he praised the pure sin of human beings in the Divine Comedy, he also cared about the secular happiness of human beings. His imperialist theory repeatedly expressed the idea of "bringing happiness to the world". In addition, we should also see that the theory of original sin and soul redemption is still of great value to mankind in the ethical sense: it emphasizes the restraint of traditional ethics on people's own desires and makes people have the highest integrity when facing the same God.
The alternation of history always shows the negation of the previous era, which can only be dialectical negation. We can't simply attribute the so-called "old times" shown by Dante to falsehood, but should seriously consider its value. Dante's thought does have various impressions of two eras, but he has a unified thought; His works mainly involve the evaluation of the value of human behavior, which makes him more like a philosophical or ethical poet, so we propose to grasp him from the perspective of ethics.
The choice of narrative starting point of The Divine Comedy is intriguing: this grand dream course began at 1300, and Dante in reality is at the peak of his life. As a poet and philosopher, he enjoyed a wide reputation in Florence, and he reached the highest stage of his political career in this year; But Dante's political experience shows that he is actually a serious ethical thinker, not a Florentine politician, and he always takes reason as his code of conduct.
Dante in the Prelude to the Divine Comedy also showed the characteristics of ethical thinking: he became a lost man trapped in the dark forest by the symbolic three beasts, and he could not climb "Il Dilettosomonteche e Principio e Cagionidi Tuttaggioia", that is, he could not pursue "secular happiness" (Tanaka); He gave up this pursuit because he was afraid of the three beasts, that is, he didn't want to be the victim of lust, power and greed, which actually showed Dante's self-restraint. Therefore, Dante's fear of the three beasts is actually an ethical fear, and he will never let desire dominate his soul.
Dante's confusion has profound significance of the times and universal significance, because it symbolizes people's ethical doubts at the end of the Middle Ages; His Divine Comedy expresses the theme of "how individuals and human beings can go through hardships and tests from confusion and mistakes to reach a state of truth and perfection", thus making this literary work an image of an ethical monograph.
Patrick Boyde, an expert in Italian literature at Cambridge University, pointed out the ethical characteristics of Dante's works in the preface to the book "Human Sin and Human Value in Dante's Divine Comedy": "Many people who read Dante for the first time will feel that the poet is speaking directly to them across many centuries. He truly described the positive and negative of human nature, redefined the goal of life, and provided insight to help them make choices in the real world. " We believe that this sense of dialogue between Dante and his readers transcends time and space first comes from the ethical thinking put forward in The Divine Comedy, which is a common concern of Dante and his readers and an eternal topic in human social life. Divine Comedy focuses on human sin and virtue, and the basis for judging sin and virtue is human ethics. ? [4]?
Legal thought
1. The idea of world law
Battleship Dante Ali Gneki Cherie
Dante adopted a gradual deductive way, from family to region, from region to city, from city to country, from country to world, pointing out that only a single government and unified political power can bring happiness to cities, while mutual criticism and internal disputes often lead to destruction. So Dante's conclusion is: "Human beings are destined to have only one purpose, so human beings should implement unique rule and establish unique political power, which should be called monarch or emperor. It can be seen that in order to bring happiness to the world, a unified regime or empire is necessary. "
Dante pointed out that the need for a unified regime is also due to the need to resolve disputes to a large extent. The settlement of disputes requires a third party to mediate the referee. Dante reasoned: "This third power is either a world power or not. If so, then we have come to a conclusion. If not, it will inevitably encounter the equivalent power beyond its judicial authority; At this time, it is necessary to judge the third party, so it is of course impossible to go back and forth. In this way, we must have a Supreme Chief Justice who can judge all disputes directly or indirectly. This is our world ruler, that is, the emperor. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a world regime in this world. " Three hundred years after Dante's death, modern international law came into being. However, Dante's exposition here, in a sense, predicted the fundamental characteristics of modern international law, or predicted the important defects of modern international law.
Dante noticed that the world regime is vast, so it is difficult to coordinate the relationship between the whole and the part. Dante's idea to solve this problem is to formulate a world law, but at the same time leave each city with autonomy according to its specific characteristics. "Not every subtle regulation in every city comes directly from the world system ... nations, countries and cities have their own internal affairs and need to formulate special laws. ..... On the other hand, the world regime rules mankind on the basis of human commonness and leads all mankind to peace according to a common law, which we must understand in this sense. Local governments should accept this common norm or law, just as the information actually used accepts its premise from speculative information. "
2. Legal teleology
Dante pointed out: "Anyone who cares about national interests will actually care about the purpose of justice. ..... At the same time, the purpose of any society lies in the common interests of its members, so the purpose of axioms must also be to promote common interests; Therefore, what cannot be generalized cannot be axiomatized. Cicero put it very well at the beginning of his speech: "We should always interpret the law to promote national interests." Because, if the laws are useless to the people ruled by them, then these laws are useless. Laws should link people together for common interests. Seneca was quite right in his book Four Virtues. He said: "Law is the bond of human society." It can be seen that caring for national interests is the purpose of caring for justice. "
3. The theory of natural law and the relationship between natural law and divine law.
The thought of natural law has a long history, which exists in western philosophy. In the tradition of legal thought, it can be traced back to ancient Greece. Generally speaking, the theory of natural law refers to the laws made by the supreme master in the universe, which are applicable to all people and different from the positive laws made by specific countries or organizations. Dante's thought of "world regime" has an inherent correspondence with natural law. Therefore, in On World Empire, Dante also expounded his own natural law thought. "The order of nature is maintained by axioms. ..... The arrangement of all things in nature is obviously determined by the function of all things themselves, and the basic principle of axiom also permeates the essence of all things. " Dante paid attention to the world regime ruled by one person, and then he wrote: "We can be sure that nature has doomed a nation in a certain region of the world to dominate the world, otherwise, nature will be missing, which is impossible."
Battleship Dante Ali Gneki Cherie
Generally speaking, the development of natural law thought can be divided into four stages: ancient naturalistic natural law, medieval theological natural law, modern rationalistic natural law (also known as "classical natural law") and modern natural law (so-called "revived natural law"). No matter in time or content, Dante's thought of natural law belongs to the second stage, that is, theological natural law. Dante believes that "anything that goes against nature is not in line with God's will". So in Dante's view, natural law and divine law are equivalent, or natural law is a part of divine law.
Based on this logical premise, Dante proposed a method to discover the laws of nature. "The sacred purpose of dominating the world is sometimes revealed and sometimes hidden. It can be stimulated in two ways, namely through reason or through faith. " When human reason is not enough to grasp God's will, we should rely on faith. There are two ways to discover God's will through faith: through the Bible or through revelation.
4. The relationship between religious power and secular power.
In Dante's time, the actions of the church and the priests have shown that they are not worthy to be teachers of heaven and man at any time, but how to prove theoretically that the church is not higher than the secular regime is another matter. Dante's exposition in this part is cautious and treads on thin ice. Because at that time, the church still had supreme authority.
Dante first proposed that theologians compare secular power and church power with the sun and the moon, thinking that the moon itself has no light, only the reflection of the sun's light. Similarly, it is wrong to say that secular power itself has no authority and only depends on the authority of church power. Dante retorted that, first, God first created the sun and the moon, and then created human beings. Political power is to cure human sins and diseases, which was established after God created human beings. God did not create political power when he created the sun and the moon, so it is inappropriate to compare political power and religious power to the sun and the moon. Second, even if this metaphor can be established temporarily, it is one thing that the moon must absorb the brilliance of the sun, and the existence and function of the moon itself is another matter. The existence of the moon itself does not depend on the sun, nor does its function and its exercise depend on the sun. Thirdly, logically speaking, the moon's absorption of the sun's brilliance cannot be equal to the authority that secular power must absorb the power of the church, and brilliance does not mean authority.
Theologians suggest that Jacob, Adam's son, gave birth to two children, one was fame and fortune, the other was Yuda, Levi was the father of priests, and Yuda was the father of kingship. According to the Bible, Levi is old, so the authority of the church is higher than the secular. Dante retorted that "authority" and "age" cannot be equated in practice or in truth. Authority does not come from age, and the elders in age are not necessarily authoritative elders.
Battleship Dante Ali Gneki Cherie
Dante emphasized that the Pope is not God's plenipotentiary in the world, and God's power in heaven and earth cannot be granted to the Pope and the church. The "two knives" that embody secular power and sacred power are not in the hands of the church. The regime existed before the religious regime, and the Roman regime was not bound by the church before, so the church was not the origin of imperial power. The church cannot be authorized by God to secular countries. But it is invalid for secular emperors, such as Constantine the Great, to give kingship to the church. So Dante bravely put forward the idea of separation of church and state, although he knew that his views would offend the Pope. Based on the Bible and scholasticism, Dante refuted the popular "Sun-Moon Theory" and "Double Sword Theory" which supported the supremacy of religious power in the Middle Ages. It can be described as "attacking the child with a spear", which is ingenious and logical. ? [5]?
political thought
Dante's political thoughts are embodied in his political works about the world empire.
Dante's political thought shows the spirit of fierce criticism of the church.
Dante insisted on the theory of division of labor between church power and royal power, and refuted the view that sovereign power came from the Pope.
The center of Dante's political thought is to realize the unification of Italy.
Dante believes that the greatest unity can achieve the greatest peace. Therefore, he advocated the establishment of a unified world empire, ruled by a supreme monarch, to ensure the peace demanded by the people. ? [6]?
Personality influence
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Dante wrote many works in his life, the most valuable of which is undoubtedly the Divine Comedy. Through the dialogue between the author and various famous figures in hell, purgatory and heaven, this work reflects the achievements and some major problems in the field of medieval culture, and has the nature of "encyclopedia", from which we can also glimpse the dawn of humanistic thought in the Renaissance. In this epic with more than 14,000 lines, Dante resolutely opposed obscurantism in the Middle Ages, criticized all kinds of evil deeds of figures in the old century, praised the beauty and bright guidance of the soul, and expressed his persistent pursuit of truth, which had a far-reaching impact on the poetry creation of later generations in Europe.
In addition to The Divine Comedy, Dante also wrote poetry anthology New Life, Poetics of Language, Feast of Philosophy and Theology, and Monarchy in Political Science. There are thirty-one lyric poems in New Life, which mainly express feelings for Beatrice. Simple, beautiful and moving, it has reached the highest achievement of "gentle new style" poetry.
Dante is a great writer in the world and a symbol of an era.
Personality assessment
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Engels commented in the * * * Declaration: "The end of the feudal Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern capitalist era were marked by a great man, the Italian Dante, who was the last poet in the Middle Ages and the first poet in the new era." Engels' evaluation accurately shows that Dante and his creation have trans-generational significance.
Tagore thought: "A poet does not create his own life by creating poetry, and his life is not poetry" (Volume 22: 37). Tagore does not deny that the poet's life is intrinsically related to his poetry, but he thinks that only an extraordinary poet like Dante can show his genius in poetry and life practice at the same time. "Dante's poems condensed Dante's life. If we read the two together, then we will know ourselves better than his object. "
Personal quotations
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1. People who cherish time are most afraid of wasting time. ? [7]?
2. Easy to get angry; Is the most obvious weakness in character. ? [7]?
Love is the seed of virtue. ? [7]?
We should not only draw fresh water from our own wisdom to drink, but also mix some jade liquid with nectar picked or collected from others to provide the sweetest honey water. ? [7]?
Our only sorrow is to live in hopeless hope. ? [7]?
6. People should not live like animals, but should pursue knowledge and virtue. ? [7]?
7. A person often leads from one idea to another, which is far from the correct goal he pursues, and the second idea often lowers the first one. ? [7]?
8. The road to honor is not paved with flowers. ? [7]?
9. There is one of the most beautiful voices in the world, and that is the mother's call. ? [7]?
10. There is only one best woman in the world, and she is a loving mother. ? [7]?
1 1. Let people gossip! Like a tower in Li Zhuo, it will never be tilted by a storm. ? [7]?
12. Go your own way and let others talk! ? [7]?
13. Living in a hopeless wish is the greatest sorrow in life. ? [7]?
14. Love sublimates people's desire to perfection. ? [7]?
15. A person who sits on a carpet and is trapped under a silk quilt will never be famous; Silent life is like smoke in the air, bubbles on the water, and his traces on the earth disappear instantly. ? [7]?
16. If others return, I will not return; Others move forward, I move forward. People who want to climb this mountain are always difficult at the beginning, and the more they climb, the less painful they are. In the end, it is like riding down the river in a boat. ? [7]?
17. The smartest person is the one who is the least willing to waste time. ? [7]?
18. Morality can often fill the defects of wisdom, but wisdom can never fill the defects of morality. ? [7]?
19. A person with incomplete knowledge can make up for it with morality, and a person with incomplete morality can hardly make up for it with knowledge. ? [7]?
The more a person knows the value of time, the more he feels the pain of losing time.
2 1. The measure of a person's strength depends on his self-control.
As a tool, language is as important to us as a good horse is to a knight. The best steed suits the best knight, and the best language suits the best thought.