Wang Anshi's political reform is mainly a political impulse to deal with the crisis, not an internal need of economic development. Regarding the economic content of this political reform, Huang Renyu commented: "In the nine hundred years before us, China tried to manipulate state affairs by means of financial control, and its scope and depth were never put forward in other parts of the world at that time. However, modern finance is an omnipresent and all-round organizational force, and its rules must be all-encompassing, and other factors similar to it should not be allowed to participate in the competition. " The feudal regime in Song Dynasty is an insurmountable dilemma, and the conclusion is self-evident, and the distortion and failure of reform are inevitable.
Second, the essence of the new law "accumulating wealth" leads to the loss of social foundation.
The real excitement of political reform is to enrich the country, not to enrich the people. In fact, Wang Anshi's "financial management" mainly harms the interests in the distribution field, and takes the interests of businessmen, landlords and farmers back to the state finance, just to redistribute the interests. This made him regard almost the whole society as the object of "taking money", so when the new law was implemented, it harmed the interests of all classes and strata of society and led to the loss of the social foundation of reform. The growth of fiscal revenue in the political reform mainly does not depend on the development of production, but is the result of "tax increase" in the name of young crops and exemption from service.
Third, reform is quick success and instant benefit.
Wang Anshi knew that the reform was "slow and beneficial"; If it is urgent, it will be a great harm, but it is too hasty to reform. He only set a goal, but ignored a series of problems that will inevitably appear in the process of achieving this goal. In just a few years, more than a dozen reforms have been fully rolled out. I am afraid that all social classes at that time did not necessarily have this kind of spiritual and material endurance, so the reform fell into a dilemma of haste makes waste.
Fourth, the deviation between motivation and effect, and the deviation between regulation and implementation have made a series of political reform measures move from peaceful to disturbing the people.
Although the Young Crop Law limited some interests of big landlords and usurers and eased the urgent needs of poor peasants, in the process of implementation, local officials implemented rigid apportionment in order to complete and exceed the task of lending interest. It is a historical progress that the exemption law changed from service to service. However, in the implementation, the exemption law stipulates that poor rural households must pay service fees that they did not have before, which is an extra burden. The result of the implementation of the exemption law is that "the rich are strong and the poor are weak, which is beneficial to the rich but not to the poor", which completely violates the original intention.
Five, improper employment
Chairman Mao has a famous saying: "After the correct route is determined, cadres are the decisive factor." Apart from Wang Anshi's personal integrity, his most important supporters and assistants, such as Wang Anshi, Wang Anshi, Wang Anshi, Wang Anshi, Wang Anshi, Wang Anshi, Wang Anshi, Wang Anshi, Wang Anshi, Wang Anshi, Lu Cai Jing, Deng Wan and Xiang Xue, all had many personal quality problems, and some of them were regarded as villains at that time. The reformists, represented by Wang Anshi, only paid attention to the legal system of death and ignored the living, so the problems that should have been solved at the administrative and technical levels became moral problems. On the latter level, reformists are immediately at a disadvantage compared with conservatives, and the prospect of political reform is self-evident.
Six, the split within the reformists
First of all, Song Shenzong and Wang Anshi, the core figures of the political reform, could not coordinate. When Wang Anshi became prime minister again, Song Shenzong's attitude towards him changed, that is, "I'm tired, but I can't do anything". Wang Anshi saw the stagnation of political reform and was forced to resign again. Secondly, there is opposition within the reformists. Many reformists only consider their own interests and ignore the overall situation of reform, resulting in the fragmentation of people involved in reform. How do they deal with the attack of powerful conservative forces?
7. Conservatives strongly oppose it.
The dispute between the reformists represented by Wang Anshi and the conservatives represented by Sima Guang is not a power dispute in essence, but a policy dispute. It is not a debate about whether to reform, but a debate about how to reform. There are many conservative talents, including Sima Guang, Han Wei, Wen Yanbo, Ouyang Xiu, Fu Bi, Han Qi, Fan Li and Su Shi.
Eight, Wang Anshi is paranoid and makes too many enemies.
Wang Anshi, who is known as "quarrelsome", is paranoid. Paranoid people are generally very self-respecting, very sensitive, opinionated and pretentious. In addition, paranoid people are also very lacking in empathy, unable to consider problems from the perspective of others, and easy to shift the responsibility to others or various objective reasons. All these will make the parties show all kinds of prejudice, prejudice, eccentricity, preference and extreme behavior in their communication with others, which will bring great obstacles to their interpersonal communication and cooperation. In the process of political reform, Wang Anshi always went his own way, which led many ministers in the DPRK to break with him. Some of them were his supporters, such as Han Wei and others. Some people are his patrons, such as Wen Yanbo and Ouyang Xiu. Someone turned out to be his boss, such as Fu Bi, Han Qi and others; Others turned out to be his friends, such as Fan Zhen and Sima Guang. Although they were all great heroes and important officials of the imperial court, they were all expelled from the imperial court one by one because they disagreed with some practices of Wang Anshi. Sima Guang, in particular, wrote to Wang Anshi three times because of his friendship with Wang Anshi for several years, urging him to adjust the strategy of governing the country. Unfortunately, Wang Anshi was stubborn and looked at one rebuttal after another, which led to Sima Guang finally parting ways with him and never seeing him again.
In a word, the failure of Wang Anshi's political reform was caused by many factors. Although its reform failed, it gave us profound enlightenment. First of all, the success of reform must conform to the historical trend. Second, the reform should take into account immediate and long-term interests, national interests and personal interests, and must strive for a broad social foundation. Third, the reform should proceed from reality, make scientific decisions, step by step, and avoid quick success. Fourth, the reform must cultivate a large number of talents and create an excellent cadre team, while paying attention to the integrity of official management and maintaining internal unity. Fifth, reformers must resolutely oppose conservative forces. Sixth, reformers should improve their self-cultivation.