Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844 - August 25, 1900) was a famous German philosopher. The founder of modern Western philosophy, he was also an outstanding poet and essayist. He was the first to criticize modern Western society. However, his theory did not attract people's attention in his time. It was not until the 20th century that it aroused far-reaching echoes with different tones. Later philosophy of life, existentialism, Freudianism, and postmodernism all responded to Nietzsche's philosophical thoughts in their own forms.
Biography of the character
Childhood
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (3 photos) On October 15, 1844, Nietzsche was born in Saxony, Prussia. A country priest family in the village of Loken near the town of Ken. Nietzsche's birthday happened to be the birthday of the then King of Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm IV. Nietzsche's father was the court teacher of William IV. He had taught four princesses and won the king's trust, so he obtained permission to name his son after the king. Later, the king assigned Nietzsche's father to serve as a priest in the town of Leken, where the genius Nietzsche who influenced the world was born. Nietzsche recalled: "In any case, I chose to be born on this day, which has a great advantage. Throughout my childhood, my birthday was a day of national celebration." His grandfather was a devout Christian and wrote Theological writings, his maternal grandfather was a priest. Nietzsche was a silent child in his early childhood, and did not learn to speak his first words until he was two and a half years old. Nietzsche, 1861
In July 1849, Nietzsche's father died of encephalomalacia. A few months later, his 2-year-old brother died again. Nietzsche was only 5 years old at the time. The successive deaths of his relatives made this naturally sensitive child prematurely appreciate the dark side of life, which shaped his melancholic and introverted character. Later he himself recalled: "In my early life, I have seen a lot of sorrow and suffering, so I am not at all innocent and carefree like a child...Since childhood, I have sought solitude and like to hide in A place where no one is disturbed. This is often in the free palace of nature, where I find true happiness." The year after his father's death, Nietzsche moved to Naumburg with his mother and sister, and he grew up in a completely different place. in women's homes. Grandmother's indoctrination about her Polish aristocratic family history had a profound influence on the formation of Nietzsche's aristocratic plot. Nietzsche believed that he had Polish aristocratic ancestry and was proud of it. But Nietzsche did not forget his father. His father's figure had long been engraved in his memory. He hoped to follow his father's example and become a pastor, so he often recited certain passages from the Bible to his friends. For this, he received a small award. The title of pastor. Due to the premature death of his father, he was surrounded by religious women at home (his mother, sister, grandmother and two aunts). They pampered him to be fragile and sensitive. As a child, Nietzsche deeply felt the impermanence of death. As a result, he became withdrawn. Nietzsche once described his childhood like this: "All the sunshine that belonged to other children's childhood could not shine on me. I had learned to think maturely prematurely." As Nietzsche grew up, he was pious. The influence of his Puritan mother cannot be ignored. He later maintained his Puritan character throughout his life, as simple as a stone sculpture.
Middle school
When he was 10 years old, he attended the Naumburg Liberal Arts Middle School and was extremely interested in literature and music. At the age of 14, he entered Pufda Middle School. The curriculum of this school is all classical and the training is very strict. It has produced many great people, such as the poet and playwright Novalis, the linguist and Shakespeare scholar Schlegel, and Kant's The successor, the great representative of transcendentalism and moral philosophy, Fichte. But Nietzsche found it difficult to accept this new life. He rarely played and was unwilling to approach strangers. At this time, in addition to his intellectual development and amazing progress, music and poetry have become the sustenance of his emotional life. When Nietzsche was young, he was taught by the best female pianist in Prussia at that time. When his mother hired this teacher for him, Nietzsche felt that his future life would be inseparable from such spiritual support. Nietzsche, 1864
In 1861, at the age of 17, Nietzsche fell seriously ill and showed signs of deteriorating health for the first time, so he was sent home to recuperate. Received Christian ordination in March.
University
In 1864, Nietzsche and his friend Paul Deussen entered the University of Bonn to study theology and classical philology, but after the first semester, they stopped studying theology. . He often listened to conversations among his classmates. Some people repeated the various formulas of Hegel, Fichte, and Schelling without any conviction or passion. Those great systems had lost their power to inspire people; there were also a group of people who liked empirical science. , read Vogt and Bichner's treatises on materialism. None of this attracted Nietzsche. He was a poet who needed passion, the extraordinary, and the mysterious. He was no longer satisfied with the clarity and calmness of the scientific world. Nietzsche was an aristocrat in terms of cultivation and temperament, so he was not interested in civilian politics, and he never wanted to live a peaceful and comfortable life, so he would not have such a pity for controlled joy and pain. interested in life ideals.
Nietzsche had his own preferences. He loved Greek poets, admired various characters with distinctive characteristics in Greek mythology, and cleverly combined them with the German national spirit. When Nietzsche was still studying in school, he deeply realized the importance of mastering and promoting the culture of his country and nation, which was fully reflected in his love for ancient characters, literature, and classic art. He loved Bach, Beethoven, and later Wagner, the opera giant whom Nietzsche enthusiastically praised in "The Birth of Tragedy." Nietzsche
In 1865, his beloved classical linguistics teacher F. W. Ritschls came to teach at the University of Leipzig, and Nietzsche followed him there. Although Nietzsche was still young at that time, he had already begun to meditate on philosophy. While in Leipzig, he accidentally bought Schopenhauer's "The World as Will and Representation" at an old bookstall. He was ecstatic. He went to bed at 2 a.m. and got up at 6 a.m. every day, immersed in this book. , my heart was filled with neurotic excitement. He later recalled that at that time he was experiencing some painful experiences in isolation and helplessness, almost on the verge of despair, and Schopenhauer's book was like a huge mirror, reflecting the world, life and his state of mind. He felt as if Schopenhauer had written this book especially for him. At that time, Nietzsche was very confused: Why would a genius like Schopenhauer be abandoned by the world, and why could his great works be found only in remote corners of bookshelves? Schopenhauer was the idol in this young man's heart, and he was later considered to be the successor of Schopenhauer's voluntarism. At this time, he also absorbed traditional abstract concepts from Lange, Speer, Teichmuller, Dühring, and Hartmann. The same year his refusal to take part in Easter Communion caused consternation in the family. In the autumn of 1867, Nietzsche served a year of military service in Naumburg. This service ended prematurely when he was injured while riding a horse. Amid the rumble of cannons, he whispered: "Schopenhauer bless you!" Schopenhauer actually became his God. He fell from his horse and suffered a serious injury to his sternum. In the autumn of 1868, Nietzsche met the music master Wagner, whom he had admired for a long time, at Wagner's sister's house in Leipzig. The two talked for a long time about their favorite Schopenhauer philosophy. In the following years, Wagner and his wife became Nietzsche's artistic and intellectual mentors and surrogates. And he was recommended to the University of Basel by his mentor Li Qiersi: "In the past 39 years, I have witnessed so many young people grow up, but I have never seen a young man as precocious as this Nietzsche. And he is so mature at such a young age... If God bless him with a long life, I can predict that he will become a first-class German linguist in the future. He is 24 years old, strong, energetic, healthy, and mentally and physically strong... He is the darling of the whole circle of young linguists here in Leipzig... You will say that I am describing some kind of miracle, and yes, he is a miracle, at the same time lovely and humble. "Litcher is the first. A person who predicted to the world that Nietzsche was a genius.
Professor career
Nietzsche
In February 1869, Nietzsche, who was only 25 years old, was appointed professor of classical linguistics at the University of Basel in Switzerland. The next ten years were a relatively happy period in Nietzsche's life. In Basel, he made many friends, both old and young, such as the famous Swiss cultural and art historian Jakob Burckharat. In April 1869, Nietzsche obtained Swiss citizenship and became a Swiss. On May 17, 1869, Nietzsche visited Wagner for the first time in Tripp, a suburb of Lucerne, Switzerland. On the 28th of the same month, he delivered an inaugural lecture at the University of Basel, entitled "Homer and Classical Linguistics." At that time, the doors of all the noble families in Basel were open to him, and he became the new favorite of Basel's academic elite and the local upper class. In 1870, Nietzsche was appointed full professor. Soon the news came that Germany and France were going to war, and Nietzsche volunteered to go to the front. While passing through Frankfurt, he saw a group of neatly dressed cavalry galloping through the city. Suddenly, Nietzsche's inspiration came out like a tide: "For the first time, I felt that the most powerful 'will to life' was not manifested in the tragic struggle for survival, but in a 'will to fight', a kind of 'will to fight'." Will to Power', a 'Super Will'!" In October 1870, Nietzsche returned to the lecture hall at the University of Basel. He met the theologian Franz Overbeck, and the two soon became close friends and lived in the same house.
Published works
The Birth of Tragedy
Nietzsche published his first book "The Birth of Tragedy: The Soul from Music" in 1872 ( Die Geburt der Trag?die aus dem Geiste der Musik), which was republished in 1886 as Die Geburt der Trag?die, Oder: Griechentum und Pessimismus (The Birth of Tragedy: Greek Culture and Pessimism). The second edition contained a preface, "An Attempt at Self-Criticism," in which Nietzsche made some comments and examinations of his early work. Different from the traditional view of ancient Greek civilization as noble, simple, elegant, and magnificent in the Enlightenment period, Nietzsche described ancient Greek civilization as a constant struggle between two unique factions-the Apollonian and the Dionysian.
Apollo, according to Nietzsche, belongs to principle individuationis (individualism in principle). With its elegance, calmness, and emphasis on appearance and beauty, man can immediately distinguish himself from the simple nature. Dionysus represents drunkenness, irrationality, and inhumanity. Nietzsche also shows here that he was influenced by Schopenhauer's concept of irrational elements dominating human creativity. Nietzsche describes how Apollonism came to dominate the thinking of Western civilization after Socrates, and proposes German Romanticism (especially represented by Richard Wagner) as a possible way to revive Dionysianism in order to save Europe. culture. When "The Birth of Tragedy" was first published, it was fiercely criticized by classical philologist Wilamowitz-Moellendorff and others. In 1886, Nietzsche also had reservations about this book, calling it "an intolerable book...poorly written, dull, embarrassing, crazy."
Human nature, too Humanity
The first part of "Humanity, All Too Human" was originally published in 1878, and Nietzsche published the supplementary second part "Views and Principles" in 1879, which was published in 1880 Part Three "The Wanderer and His Shadow". The three parts were published together in 1886 under the title Menschliches, Allzumenschliches, Ein Buch für freie Geister (Menschliches, Allzumenschliches, Ein Buch für freie Geister). This book represents the beginning of Nietzsche's "mid-term works" in his creative career. He abandoned the influence of German Romanticism and Wagner and began to show a complete positivist tendency. The writing style of this period is that it rarely proposes a constructive philosophical system. These works are composed of hundreds of aphorisms, sometimes only one sentence, sometimes as long as one or two pages. The main content of the book is to expose many false assumptions rather than to propose explanations for them, although Nietzsche also used some of his ideas in many of his arguments: he used positivism as well as the concept of the will to power as a means of explaining the problem , although the concept of will to power had not yet developed maturely at this time.
Personal Quotes
1 Since I got tired of searching, I have learned to find it once I find it; since a headwind came, I have been able to resist the wind from all directions and sail on the boat .
2 I have abandoned many things, so I am regarded as arrogant by you. If you drink from an overflowing wine glass, you will inevitably spill a lot of fine wine, so do not doubt the quality of the wine.
3 "He perishes and he falls." You mock again and again, but know that he fell above you. His extreme joy brings sorrow, but his bright light is closely followed by your darkness.
4 This man goes to higher places---he should be praised! That man always descends from on high. He lives and voluntarily gives up praise. He is a man who comes from high!
5 Even the most conscientious people are weak in the face of such emotions: "This or that thing is against social customs." The strongest people are also afraid of the cold eyes and contempt of others. , he is educated among these people, and he is educated for these talents. What is he afraid of? Afraid of isolation! This reason defeats the best reason for being a person and doing things! ---Our group nature says so
6 We have created a world suitable for living in for ourselves, accepting all kinds of bodies and planes, cause and effect, movement and stillness, form and connotation. Without these trustworthy things, no one can persist in living! However, those things are not proven. Life is not an argument; the conditions of existence may be inherently wrong.
7 Where there is rule, there are masses; where there are masses, there is need for servility; where there is servility, there are few independent individuals; and these rare individuals also have the ability to oppose individuals. of collective intuition and conscience.
8 Be careful! As soon as he thought about it, he immediately prepared a lie.
9 The greatest benefit of a big victory is that it relieves the winner of the fear of failure. "Why can't I fail once?" He said to himself, "I have enough capital now"
10 He is poor now. The reason is not that others deprived him of everything, but that he Abandoned everything. Why is this so? ---He is accustomed to searching. The so-called poor are those who have a wrong understanding of his willingness to be poor.
11 He is a thinker, which means: he is good at treating things simply--simpler than the things themselves.
12 The most cunning way to destroy something is to deliberately defend it with fallacies.
13 People regard need as the cause of things happening, but in fact, it is often the result of things happening.
14 A wise man asks a fool, what is the way to happiness? The fool did not hesitate, just like someone asking him for the way to the nearby city, and replied, "Appreciate yourself, and then wander around." The wise man shouted: "Shut up, you are asking too much, self-appreciation is enough." La!" The fool replied: "How can you continue to appreciate without consistent contempt?"
15 People either never dream, or they have interesting dreams; people must also learn to be awake: or never. Sober, or sober and interesting.
16 "Oh, I am so greedy! What lives in this soul is not the spirit of selflessness, but the self that is greedy for everything. It seems that it wants to use many people to help it observe and seize the self, and to save everything. , who doesn’t want to lose everything that belongs to him!” “Oh, my greedy flame! How I would like to be reborn and become a hundred people!” Whoever cannot understand this sigher through his own experience cannot. Understand the passion of the seeker.
17 Where there is a lack of will, there is an urgent need for faith. Will, as the emotion of command, is the most important sign of autonomy and power.
18 You have no idea what you are going through. You are like a drunkard rushing through life, falling, and rolling down the stairs. Fortunately, you were not injured because of your intoxication. Your muscles are weak and your mind is unclear, so you don't think the stones on the steps are so hard as we do!
19 Advice: Are you just trying to gain popularity? If so, please remember this credo: give up your reputation voluntarily and in a timely manner!
20 Voltaire! Humans! idiot! Truth and the pursuit of truth are a bit difficult to deal with. If you make it too human - just pursue the truth for the sake of doing good, I bet you will achieve nothing!
21 If there were not so much shame to overcome on the road to knowledge, knowledge would have little charm.
22 People who despise themselves respect themselves as despisers.
23 The need to fill the stomach is the reason why people cannot regard themselves as God so easily.
24 Those who fight monsters should be careful not to become monsters themselves. If you stare at the abyss for a long time, the abyss will also stare at you. 25 "Where there is the tree of knowledge, there is paradise"---the oldest and most modern vipers say so.
26 The will to overcome one emotion is ultimately just the will of another emotion or several other emotions.
27 All trust, all calm state of mind, and all evidence of truth arise from feelings.
28 Praise has more of an element of imposition than blame.
29 What people ultimately love is their own desires, not what they want!
30 The vanity of others is objectionable to us only when it is contrary to our vanity.
31 People don’t believe that smart people will do stupid things: people’s rights have been lost to such an extent!
32 People who are more similar, more common, always have the advantage, while people who are more outstanding, more elegant, more unique and difficult to understand are often lonely; they often die in loneliness. Accidents rarely survive.
33 Whoever does not want to look at a person's height, but just opens his eyes and stares at the obvious low points on this person---who will expose himself through this.
34 A noble soul respects itself.
35 Wandering man, who are you? I saw you, Yuyu, walking alone, without ridicule or love, with unfathomable eyes, as wet as a thread, looking endlessly sad. It has just explored every depth and pulled it up from the water. It looks dissatisfied - what is it looking for under the water? There is never a sigh in the chest, the lips cover up the feeling of disgust, and one hand is just slowly clenching: Who are you? What did you do? You can take a rest here! Everyone is welcome here - come and refresh yourself! Who are you and what would make you happy right now? What will refresh you? Say it, as long as I have it, I will give it to you! "Refresh me? Refresh me? Hey, you are really nosy, you have said enough! But give it to me, please~~~" Give you what? What? Say it! "Another mask! A second mask"
36 "Looking freely here, the spirit is extremely high." But there is another kind of person who is opposite to this. This kind of person is also at a certain height and has shown his own prospects. ---But he looked down.
37 What every profound thinker is more afraid of is being understood rather than being misunderstood. The latter may hurt his vanity; but the former will hurt his heart and his sympathy. His heart always says: "How come you have suffered the same as me?" 38 There should be a certain distance between people. This is the necessary living space for everyone's "self". A person who lacks "self" often does not know how to respect other people's "self" and need living space. Just when you are about to experience and think about your pain alone, there is a knock on your door, and the sympathizers arrive in an endless stream, drowning you and your pain in the noise of sympathy! 39 You respect me, but what will happen if the person you respect falls down one day? Be careful, don't let a statue pillar crush you to death.
40 The closer we get to the origin of things, the less interesting they become to us.
41 Some people rule because they want to rule; others rule because they don't want to be ruled - for them, rule is the lesser of two evils.
42 I am walking on the road that fate has prescribed for me/Although I am not willing to walk on this road/But I have no choice but to walk on this road full of sorrow and indignation/p>
43 Another reason to live alone. A: "Now you plan to return to your desert" B: "I am not a quick thinker; I have to wait for myself for a long time - the water always refuses to gush from the fountain of my self And I often lose my patience with thirst. I retreat into solitude so that I don't have to drink from the public sink. When I live among people, my life is just like theirs. Nor did my thoughts seem like my own; after having lived among them for some time, it always seemed to me as if all were trying to take me away from myself, to take my soul away from me--I was in love with all of them. are angry and afraid of them. Therefore, I must go into the desert in order to return to normal."
44 The wisdom of turning a deaf ear - if we are filled with what others are saying about us all day long, if we are Even if we try to speculate on what others think about us, even the strongest people will not be spared! Because other people can only allow us to live beside them if they are stronger than us; if we surpass them, if we even just want to surpass them, they will not be able to tolerate us! In short, let us live with them in a rare and confused spirit, turning a deaf ear to and not even thinking about all their comments, praises, condemnations, hopes and expectations about us.
45 Praise makes some people humble and others rude.
46 Don’t forget. The higher we fly, the smaller we appear in the eyes of those who cannot fly.
47 To the lonely. —We cannot be honest men if we do not respect the honor of others when we are alone as when we are in public.
48 Life is our panacea. ---If we, like thinkers, are surrounded by a constant torrent of thoughts and emotions every day, and are driven by them even in our night dreams, then we will be eager to engage in life in order to obtain tranquility and rest, while others On the contrary, there is a desire to leave life and enter contemplation in order to rest.
49 Unfounded basis. You hate him and provide a lot of reasons for this hatred - but I only believe your dislike, not your reasons! By presenting to yourself and to me those instinctive actions as the result of rational thinking, you improve your standing in your own mind.
50 The act of becoming moral is not itself moral. The reasons that lead people to obey morality are various: servility, vanity, selfishness, dark passion, resignation or desperation. Obeying morality is like obeying a monarch. There is nothing moral in itself. 51 God is dead and everything needs to be re-evaluated.
52 Superman is the ocean, and your great contempt will sink in the sea.
53 Man is a rope that connects animals and supermen --- a rope that hangs over the abyss.
54 The reason why a person is great is because he is a bridge, not a goal.
55 Everyone has the same needs and everyone is the same. Anyone who feels different will end up in a lunatic asylum.
56 My soul is calm and bright, like the mountains in the morning. But they thought I was cold, a mocker who made terrible jokes.
57 Human existence is terrible and always meaningless: a mischievous person can be its doom. I want to teach people the meaning of existence. This meaning is Superman, the lightning in the dark clouds.
58 There are many heavy things for a strong, load-bearing spirit. There is something awe-inspiring about this spirit: its power demands heavy loads, even the heaviest.
59 A loaded spirit must carry all these heaviest things, just like a loaded camel rushing towards the wilderness. This is how the spirit hurries into the wilderness. However, a second transformation occurred in the lonely wasteland: the spirit became a lion, and it wanted to win freedom for itself and become the master of its own desert.
60 Stop burying your head in the sands of such things as heaven, and set your head free so that this earthly head can create meaning for the world!
61 I have learned to walk, and from now on I let myself run; I have learned to fly, and from now on I can fly away on the spot without being pushed first. I am at ease now, I am flying now, looking down, now there is a god dancing inside me.
The situation of 62 people is the same as that of trees. The more it wants to branch out to high places and bright places, the more its roots will go downward, to the soil, to the darkness, to the depths - to evil.
63 When I reach high places, I find that I am always alone. No one spoke to me, and the lonely winter made me tremble. What on earth do I want to do in high places?
64 Even if you are gentle and kind to them, they still feel despised by you. They repay your kindness with covert acts of harm.
Your silent pride is always at odds with their taste; if you are ever so humble as to be vain, they will be delighted. 65 There will come a time when loneliness will tire you, your pride will be twisted, and your courage will gnash your teeth. One day you will shout: "I am lonely!"
66 To truly experience life, you must stand on top of life.
67 Late youth is lasting youth.
68 I am the sun!
69 The idealist is incorrigible: if he is thrown out of his paradise, he will create an ideal hell again. 70 How can the light of day understand the depth of darkness at night?
71 What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger.
72 What real thinkers yearn for most is leisure. The ordinary scholar avoids it because he does not know what to do with his leisure, and his comfort is books.
73 Although a diligent person may damage his insight or spiritual freshness and creativity because of his diligence, he will still be praised
74 The desire of a real man Two different things: danger and game.
75 For truth, belief is more dangerous than rumor
76 Many truths are told in the form of jokes.
77 Human beings are great because of their dreams.
78 Action is something that can be promised, but feelings cannot be promised.
79 Only when a person becomes his own master can he become the master of the world. Nietzsche 7 years old
80 Struggle is food, it gives strength to the soul.
81 Human laws are clever and beautiful lies.
82 If what you seek is comfort, then you believe; if what you desire is truth, then you explore.
83 To become immortal, the price is sometimes life.
84 Any great idea is dangerous, and the danger lies first in its novelty.
85 I am the last philosopher, I am the last man.
86 Pain is knowledge, and only those who have experienced pain most deeply can mourn the fatal truth.
The influence of later generations
The influence of Nietzsche’s works on later generations is undoubtedly huge. His thought has an extremely powerful impact. It subverts Western Christian moral thought and traditional values, and reveals the spiritual crisis that mankind must face after the death of God. Jaspers said that Nietzsche and Kierkegaard brought a tremor to Western philosophy, but the final significance of this tremor has not yet been assessed. An entire generation of thinkers and artists at the beginning of the 20th century found in Nietzsche's writings the ideas and images that inspired their most creative works. Jaspers, Sartre, Heidegger, Jack London, Foucault and Derrida are all philosophers deeply influenced by Nietzsche's thoughts, and there are also countless writers who were directly influenced by him: Zweig, Thomas Mann, Bernard Shaw, Hesse, Rilke, Gide, and the familiar Lu Xun.
Objective evaluation
Lou Salome, Paul Ree and Nietzsche
If we look at it from a secular perspective, Nietzsche’s life was unfortunate. His end was tragic. He is a typical loser: the development of his thoughts failed to achieve the expected goals; there were very few people who could understand him in the era in which he lived, and he was always surrounded by terrible loneliness; finally, the disease came slowly and quietly , even became a part of his life. Conversely, one could also say that his life and writings would be unimaginable without his illness and suffering. However, any unprejudiced person who picks up Nietzsche's works will find that they are brilliant, dazzling, and heroic. Of course, there is also a mixture of exaggeration and neurotic narcissism. In these works, Nietzsche used extraordinary courage and astonishing insight to easily overturn various accepted concepts, ridiculed all virtues, and praised all evils. Nietzsche did not establish a closed and huge philosophical system. He only wrote prose, aphorisms and aphorisms; he did not prove anything between the lines of his words, but only predicted and inspired him; but it was not with logical reasoning but with magical imagination that he Conquered the whole world; what he dedicated to mankind was not just a new philosophy, not just a poem or an aphorism, but a new faith, a new hope, a new religion. It is a pity that Nietzsche's life was too short and his experience was too simple, and he did not have time to develop his one-sided truth into wisdom. If he could have lived longer, if he could have received more encouragement, perhaps he would have sorted out his rough and chaotic ideas into a harmonious and beautiful philosophy.
In any case, Nietzsche’s thought is a towering milestone in modern thought. In the century after Nietzsche's death, his thoughts have deeply influenced people such as Jaspers, Heidegger, Rilke, Hesse, Thomas Mann, Stephen George, Bernard Shaw, Gide, Salvador Sartorius, etc. Famous thinkers such as Te and Mallu; his works are not only famous in the German and French regions, but also spread in distant North America, South America, Asia, Oceania, and Africa.
Nietzsche fearlessly opposed philosophical metaphysics and its absolute superiority in epistemology; he opposed the huge rational-centered speculative system established by philosophy for thousands of years by observing the universe purely rationally and using logical reasoning procedures; he loved Life advocates bold vitality and vigorous willpower, affirms the value of the human world, and regards nature as the only real world. It injects fresh blood into European classical philosophy and opens up a new era of classical linguistics. In this sense, he created a new era in the history of human thought. The history of philosophy can be divided into pre-Nietzsche and post-Nietzsche. After Nietzsche, the traditional philosophical system disintegrated. Philosophy changed from non-existence to existence, from heaven to earth, from magical and unpredictable, mysterious and mysterious to the infinite resonance that aroused the hearts of hundreds of millions of people.