There are three forms to refute wrong and reactionary arguments:

① directly refute the other side's arguments. First, point out the absurd arguments of the other side, and then directly refute them with correct truth and conclusive facts, revealing the contradiction between lies and facts, absurdity and truth. In some articles, first of all, it is proved that the argument opposite to the argument against the enemy is correct, so as to prove that the argument against the enemy is wrong.

② refute each other's arguments by refuting each other's arguments. Argument is the basis of argument, and it proves the argument. Wrong and reactionary arguments are often based on false arguments. If the arguments are refuted, the arguments will be untenable.

③ refute the other side's argument by refuting the fallacy of the other side's argument process (refuting its argument). Refuting the key issues in its argument also refutes the fallacy.

There are three refutation methods for refuting papers: refuting arguments, refuting arguments and refuting arguments. Counterargument is a higher level than the first two.

although there are two ways of argument and refutation, they are not completely separated. Refutation and establishment are dialectical unity. In argumentative articles, sometimes we have to refute wrong arguments; In refuting articles, it is generally necessary to clarify the correct views while refuting the wrong arguments. Therefore, argument and refutation are often combined in argumentative writing.

the difference between direct refutation and indirect refutation

① If you directly start from an argument, it is a direct refutation

② If you refute an argument through various arguments, it is an indirect refutation

③ If you demonstrate the center through arguments from beginning to end, it is a typical refutation, such as Lu Xun's On Frightened Friends.

In short, when writing argumentative articles, we should also pay attention to the following points:

① Aim at the target. To write an argumentative article, we must first set out the fallacy or reactionary views of the other side and set up a target. How to set up a target? There are usually two ways. The first is an overview. That is to say, retell the refuted enemy theory in general language. And also emphasize the disadvantages of the enemy theory. When summarizing, some original words can be quoted appropriately, but the focus should be focused and the tendency should be clear. The second is quotation. That is, extract the key parts or relevant parts of the negative material, and then aim at the target to refute it. You can quote some typical examples and classical famous sentences. Prove your point more forcefully.

② grasp the key points. Lu Xun said: "It is the key to' discussing the enemy', and only one blow will give fatal injuries." We must grasp the reactionary nature of fallacies and expose and criticize them in depth.

③ Pay attention to discretion. A distinction must be made between the enemy's counter-revolutionary fallacies and the erroneous ideas among the people. Expose the enemy mercilessly, criticize him bitterly and deal a fatal blow; We must adhere to the principle of "unity-criticism-unity" for erroneous ideas among the people, and we must never compare them.

The term "common papers in classical literature" refers to a conversation or an exchange of ideas. Nowadays, papers are often used to refer to articles that carry out scientific research and describe scientific research results, which are called papers for short. It is not only a means to discuss problems for scientific research, but also a tool to describe scientific research achievements for academic exchange. It includes academic papers, graduation papers, degree papers, scientific papers, achievement papers, etc., which are collectively called papers.

A paper generally consists of title, author, abstract, keywords, text, references and appendices, some of which (such as appendices) are optional.

The title of the paper

should be accurate, concise, eye-catching and novel.

table of contents

a table of contents is a short list of the main paragraphs in a paper. (Short papers don't need to be listed in the table of contents)

The executive summary

is an excerpt of the main content of the article, which should be short, concise and complete.

1. Establish an argument first. This paper focuses on this argument. The statement that "opening books is beneficial" can neither be completely denied nor refuted; It is also not appropriate to affirm everything and write a thesis. Because this statement has its correct side. There are also some places where it is not comprehensive enough, so we should adopt the method of "splitting into two" to analyze this view, affirm its beneficial side, deny its harmful side, and sum up the correct argument from it. Only in this way can we make a factual evaluation of this statement and finally achieve the purpose of convincing people by reasoning.

2. Using the method of "one divides into two" to analyze, we should prevent such a problem: self-contradiction. One moment, it is beneficial to open books, and the other moment, it is harmful to open books, which makes people confused. In order to avoid this phenomenon, it is necessary to point out the connection between the two in the article in order to truly explain the truth.

3. From the argument method, if the book you read is bad, it may not be beneficial to open it. Here, we can take the example method, supplemented by the citation method and the metaphor method, taking the flood of pornographic books in society in previous years as the factual argument and the famous sayings as the theoretical argument to fully demonstrate the harm of pornographic books and the benefits of reading good books. On this basis, the two are unified in a correct way. It shows that we middle school students should not only read more books, but also carefully choose and read good books. In this way, from the positive and negative aspects of argument, the problem will be more comprehensive and profound, and the article will have irrefutable logical power.

Daosi: This is a composition for materials. Although this topic specifies the composition topic, it still leaves a lot of room for students' thinking. From the stylistic point of view, writing an argumentative essay is the best choice. Students can talk about their views and expound their opinions and opinions from the aspects of right and wrong, attitude towards life, and spirit of scholarship. To write an argumentative essay, we must do the following three things:

1. Determine the argument. According to the materials provided by the proposition, many viewpoints can be extracted from different angles, but a short article of 6 words cannot cover everything. Therefore, we must select an argument and fully demonstrate it.

2. Choose your arguments. Argument can fully prove the argument, and the choice of argument should follow two principles: ① it is true and conclusive, and there can be no false elements; (2) typical and persuasive, can play a greater role.

3. Organize the argumentation structure. The most commonly used structure is generally "asking questions (introduction)-analyzing questions (thesis)-solving questions (conclusion)".