Confucius (September 28, 551 BC - April 11, 479 BC), whose name was Qiu and courtesy name Zhongni, was a native of Zouyi, Lu State, in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and was of Han nationality. . Confucius was a great educator, politician and thinker in ancient my country, the founder of Confucianism, and a world cultural celebrity. According to "Historical Records - Confucius' Family", Confucius's ancestors were originally aristocrats of the Song Dynasty (today's Shangqiu area in Henan Province). His sixth generation ancestor Kong Fujia was killed during the civil strife in the Song Dynasty. His great-grandfather Kong Fangshu wanted to evade pursuit. , fled from the State of Song (now Xiayi County, Shangqiu, Henan) to the State of Lu. Confucius was born in Changping Township, Zouyi, Lu State (now Luyuan Village, southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province) on September 28, 551 BC (the twenty-seventh day of the eighth lunar month); on April 11, 479 BC (the lunar calendar) On February 11th), Confucius died at the age of 73 and was buried on the Surabaya River in the north of Qufu City, where Confucius is today. Confucius' words and deeds are mainly contained in the collection of quotation-style prose "The Analects" and "The Four Books".

Confucius built his body based on five elements and two rituals formed his nature. For the rest of the saints, those who have a lot of gold energy are strong and decisive, those who have a lot of wood energy are simple and upright, those who have a lot of fire energy are vigorous and vigorous, those who have a lot of water energy are clear and harmonious, and those who have a lot of earth energy are calm and vigorous. , those with more yang energy will be bright and bright, while those with more yin energy will be silent and subtle. Since his temperament is limited, no matter how good he is, he will still be a partial saint. These seven sons have many things that are not consistent with each other, and many words that are not consistent with each other. What they have in common is a big foundation and a big problem.

Kong Yan lived in poverty, why not harm the world with his benevolence? I have the means to conquer the world with benevolence, and my heart to conquer the world with benevolence has never been forgotten...

According to legend, Confucius was called the Confucian Boy Bodhisattva. Or he said: "My master is the ancestor of all generations of gentlemen, and he is a child. A child is a child. A child is a child. He is a child, my teacher. How can it be strange that a Confucian is a Buddhist? And the monk is called a bhikkhu. "Qiu, the master is taboo. The monk is a disciple of the Buddha. How can he be a disciple of the Confucian scholar?" Children are also called pure and without falsehood. Manjushri is one of the seven Buddhist masters, and he is called Manjushri, a boy who benefits. Shancai attains supreme enlightenment in his life, and is called a boy with good wealth. Even the forty-two sages, who have "the abode of childlike innocence", all admire the extreme virtues and are not just children. That means. Therefore, it is said that a great person does not lose his innocent heart. Ruofu Bhikkhu is Sanskrit. Sanskrit bhikkhu, this is a beggar, it is also said to destroy evil, it is also said to fear demons. Bi is not a combination, hill is not a hill, it is just the pronunciation and not the word. For example, the Sanskrit word "Nawu" refers to the meaning of "Nanwu". "Nanwu" takes the "south" of "north" and "south". Alas! When the Master is born in the country of Zhu, he will promote Buddhism to save all living beings; when Sakyamuni appears in the country of Lu, he will expound Confucianism and Taoism to teach all generations. The same is true for changing places. The actions of the great sage are completely unknown to all emotions. Those who are Confucian cannot destroy Buddhism, but those who are Buddhist can only destroy Confucianism?

When Confucius was young, he served as a high-ranking official in the state of Lu, and he governed the country very well. Corrupt officials fled to other countries one after another, and the leaders of other countries also became very respectful of the state of Lu.

But he spent most of his life engaged in education. It is said that he had as many as 3,000 disciples, including 72 sages, and taught many knowledgeable and talented students. "Peach plums all over the world" came from here. Confucius served as the military commander of the State of Lu, and later traveled around the country with his disciples. Finally, he returned to the State of Lu and concentrated on teaching. Confucius had a profound influence on later generations. During his lifetime, he was known as the "Sage of Heaven", "Muduo of Heaven" and "Eternal Saint". He was one of the most erudite scholars in the society at that time, and was revered as the Holy Saint (Saint) by later generations. The saint among them), the teacher of all ages. He was named Qiu because his parents once prayed at Niqiu Mountain for the birth of a son. He once edited "Poems" and "Books", settled "Rites" and "Music", prefaced "Book of Changes", and wrote "Spring and Autumn" (some say it is "Spring and Autumn"). Written by Anonymous, revised by Confucius).

Confucius’ thoughts and theories had a profound impact on later generations. Jiang Guanghui believes that “faced with the reality of the Spring and Autumn Period when the princes were constantly fighting and the people were in dire straits, Confucius did not create an external, transcendent, omniscient and omnipotent savior like religious scientists—regulating people’s thoughts and behaviors through revelations and oracles. Instead, we look back at history and look for wisdom from the ancient "sage kings". Confucius said that he "states without writing". In fact, he uses "narrating" as "writing" and achieves the superposition and integration of values ??through contemporary interpretations of historical traditions. Transformation. He is upright, optimistic, and enterprising. He pursues truth, goodness, and beauty throughout his life, and pursues an ideal society throughout his life. His success and failure are all related to the strengths and weaknesses of his character. It has influenced Chinese people for thousands of years, especially Chinese intellectuals.

[Edit this paragraph] Political career

Confucius wanted to pursue an official career since he was in his 20s. , so he paid great attention to world affairs, often thought about various issues of governing the country, and often expressed some opinions. By the age of 30, he had become somewhat famous. In the 20th year of Lu Zhaogong, Qi Jinggong summoned Confucius when he visited Lu. Discussing with him the issue of Qin Duke Mu's dominance, Confucius got acquainted with Qi Jinggong. In the 25th year of Duke Zhao of Lu, civil strife broke out in Lu State. Duke Zhao of Lu was forced to flee to Qi State. Confucius also left Lu State and went to Qi State, where he was appreciated and praised by Qi Jinggong. He was treated favorably and even prepared to grant Confucius the fields in the Nixi area, but was stopped by the official Yan Ying. In the 27th year of Duke Zhao of Lu, the officials of Qi wanted to harm Confucius. Confucius heard about it and asked Qi Jinggong for help. Qi Jinggong said: "I am old. , it can’t be used. "Confucius had no choice but to flee back to Lu in a hurry.

In the State of Lu at that time, the political power was actually in the hands of the officials' retainers, who were called "accompanying ministers in charge of state affairs." Therefore, although Confucius had two opportunities to enter politics, he gave up until the 9th year of Lu Dinggong was appointed as the Prime Minister of the Central Capital. , Confucius was 51 years old at this time. Confucius governed Zhongdu for one year and made outstanding achievements. He was promoted to the rank of Little Sikong, and soon he was promoted to the rank of Great Sikou, taking charge of the affairs of the Prime Minister. The Lu State was in great rule. In the 12th year of Duke Dinggong of Lu, Confucius tried to weaken the three Huan clans (the Jisun family, the Shusun family, and the Mengsun family). They were called Sanhuan because they were the three grandsons of Duke Huan of Lu. The political power of the Lu state at that time was actually in their hands. , and some retainers of Sanhuan controlled Sanhuan to varying degrees) and took measures to destroy the three capitals (that is, demolishing the castles built by Sanhuan). Later, the action of falling into Sandu was abandoned halfway, and the conflict between Confucius and Sanhuan was also exposed. In the 13th year of Duke Dinggong of Lu, the State of Qi sent 80 beauties to the State of Lu. The Ji Huan family accepted the female musicians. The monarchs and ministers were obsessed with singing and dancing and ignored government affairs for many days. Confucius was very disappointed. Soon the State of Lu held a suburban sacrifice. After the sacrifice, they were sent as usual. The meat sacrifices were not given to Confucius when they were given to the officials, which showed that the Ji family did not want to use him anymore. Confucius left the state of Lu as a last resort, went to foreign countries to find a way out, and began a journey around the countries. In this year, Confucius 55 years old.

Confucius brought his disciple Confucius tomb to Wei State first. Wei Linggong began to respect Confucius very much and gave Confucius a salary of 60,000 yuan according to the salary standard of Lu State, but he did not give him any official position or let him Participate in political affairs. Confucius lived in the state of Wei for about 10 months. Because someone slandered him in front of Duke Ling of Wei, Duke Ling of Wei became suspicious of Confucius and sent people to openly monitor Confucius' actions. So Confucius took his disciples to leave the state of Wei and planned to go to the state of Chen. . When passing by Kuangcheng, he was besieged for 5 days due to a misunderstanding. He fled Kuangcheng and arrived at Pudi, where he encountered a rebellion by the aristocrat Gongshu of the Wei Kingdom and was besieged again. After escaping, Confucius returned to the state of Wei. Duke Linggong of Wei was very happy to hear that Confucius' master and apprentice had returned from Pudi, and went out of the city to greet him personally. After that, Confucius left Weiguo several times and returned to Weiguo several times. On the one hand, this was because Wei Linggong was good and bad to Confucius. On the other hand, Confucius had no place to go after leaving Weiguo, so he had to return.

In the 2nd year of Duke Ai of Lu (Confucius was 59 years old), Confucius left Wei and traveled through Cao, Song, and Zheng to Chen. He lived in Chen for three years. Wu attacked Chen and the war was in chaos, so Confucius took his disciples to leave. , the people of Chu heard that Confucius had arrived at the junction of Chen and Cai, and sent people to meet Confucius. The officials of Chen and Cai knew that Confucius had objections to what they were doing, and were afraid that Confucius would be re-employed in Chu, which would be detrimental to them, so they sent laborers to besiege Confucius' master and disciples in the middle of the road, without any access to the village. After leaving the store, he ate all the food he had brought and was without food for 7 days. Finally, Zigong found the Chu people. Chu sent troops to meet Confucius, and Confucius' master and disciples were saved from death. When Confucius was 64 years old, he returned to the Kingdom of Wei. When he was 68 years old, with the efforts of his disciple Ran Qiu, he was welcomed back to the Kingdom of Lu, but he was still respected and not used. In the 16th year of Duke Ai of Lu, Confucius was 73 years old. He fell ill and died without recovery.

[Edit this paragraph] Confucius’ character

He is so angry that he forgets to eat, and he is happy and forgets his worries

When he was 62 years old, Confucius once described himself like this: “He is so angry that he forgets to eat. "Be happy and forget your worries. You don't know that old age is coming." At that time, Confucius had led his disciples to travel around the country for nine years. They had gone through many hardships and not only failed to be appointed by the princes, but also almost died. However, Confucius was not discouraged and remained optimistic. Stick to your ideals even when you know they are impossible. Confucius said: "Being rich and noble without justice is like floating clouds to me." In Confucius' mind, doing justice is the highest value of life. When there is a conflict between wealth and poverty and morality, he would rather suffer poverty than give up morality. However, his belief in living in poverty and enjoying the Tao cannot be seen as not seeking wealth, but only seeking to maintain the Tao. This is not in line with historical facts. Confucius once said: "Wealth and honor are what people want; if they don't follow the right way, they won't get it. Poverty and lowliness are what people hate; if they don't follow the right way, they won't get it." " If you are rich and can be asked for, even if you are a man with a whip, I will do it. If you can't ask for it, just follow what I like."

Be tireless in learning and teach others

Confucius is famous for his love of learning. , showed a strong interest in all kinds of knowledge, so he was versatile and knowledgeable. He was famous at that time and was almost regarded as an omniscient sage. However, Confucius himself did not think so. Confucius said: "The sage is my No, I am never tired of learning, and I am never tired of teaching." Confucius studied impermanence. He would worship anyone who had knowledge and something he didn't know as his teacher. Therefore, he said, "If three people are walking together, they must be my teacher." . Walking the Straight Path Confucius was an upright man by nature and advocated walking the straight path. He once said: "As for me, who will discredit and who will praise me? Those who are praised will have to be tested. As for the people, the reason why the three generations have been straight and straight "Historical Records" records that when Confucius was in his thirties, he asked Laozi for courtesy. When he was leaving, Laozi said: "Those who are wise and thoughtful and close to the dead are those who are good at discussing others and endangering themselves." People are evil. He who is the son of others should not be self-reliant, and he who is the subject of others should not be self-respected." This was Laozi's kind reminder to Confucius. He also pointed out some of Confucius's shortcomings, which were that he looked at problems too deeply and spoke too sharply, which hurt him. Some people with status will bring great danger to themselves. Be kind to others Confucius founded a moral theory centered on benevolence. He himself was also a very kind person, compassionate, helpful, sincere and generous to others. "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", "The beauty of a gentleman is the beauty of a gentleman, the evil of a gentleman", "Be kind to oneself and blame others lightly", etc., are all his principles of life.

[Edit this paragraph]Confucius’ Thoughts

The essence of Confucius’ thoughts and doctrines can be found in the book "The Analects", with ***20 chapters and 11,000 chapters More than a thousand words. The Analects of Confucius contains quotations from Confucius, and some are records of the words and deeds of Confucius's disciples. They are the recollections of Confucius' words and deeds by Confucius's disciples and his subsequent disciples. This book had a profound and huge impact on Chinese history. Its ideological content, way of thinking, and value orientation have long been integrated into the blood of our nation, precipitated in our lives, and formed the personality of our nation. The book "The Analects of Confucius" focuses on the core connotation of Confucianism - benevolence. "Benevolence" is the center of all theories, and all norms about "benevolence" and "happiness" are nothing more than means, serving the ultimate perfection of the morality of "benevolence". As a representative of Chinese culture, "The Analects of Confucius" was introduced to North Korea and Japan as early as the Qin and Han Dynasties. Japan's "Dabao Order" also designated it as a compulsory course for Japanese students. After the missionary Matteo Ricci translated it into Latin in 1594, it was translated into Italian, French, German, English, Russian and other languages, and was widely spread in Western countries.

Confucius’s thought centered on “benevolence” and believed that “benevolence” means “loving others”. He put forward arguments such as "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", advocated the principle of "loyalty and forgiveness", and believed that the implementation of "benevolent government" should be based on "propriety": "Restraining oneself and restoring propriety is benevolence." Regarding the religious superstition of ghosts and gods since the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, they adopt a skeptical attitude, thinking that "if you don't know life, how can you know about ghosts" and "if you don't know fate, you can't be a gentleman". He also pays attention to the combination of "learning" and "thinking", and puts forward the views of "learning without thinking is a waste, thinking without learning is peril" and "reviewing the past to learn the new" and other views. He pioneered the private teaching style, advocating teaching in accordance with aptitude, "teaching without distinction", "never tired of learning, never tired of teaching", emphasizing that "a gentleman will love others when he learns the Tao, and a villain will learn the Tao easily". In politics, he put forward the idea of ??"rectification of names", believing that "lords, ministers, fathers, sons and sons" should all live up to their "names", and proposed that "not worry about fewness but about inequality, not worry about poverty but worry about insecurity" point of view. Since the Western Han Dynasty, Confucianism has become the cultural orthodoxy of feudal society for more than two thousand years and has had a profound influence.

When it comes to governing the country, Confucius paid great attention to the suffering of the people, called for benevolent government, and hoped that rulers would treat the people with benevolence and righteousness. He said that "tyranny is fiercer than a tiger." He also emphasized that no matter what laws and regulations, rulers must We must first set an example, "If your body is upright, you can do it without being told; if your body is not upright, you can't do it even if you are told." In interpersonal communication, Confucius emphasized loyalty and forgiveness.

"Loyalty" means treating people with loyalty and honesty, and treating things with due diligence; "forgiveness" means treating oneself with respect to others, "Do not do to others what you do not want others to do to you, do not do to others." "The beauty of a gentleman is not to do to others." The evil of adulthood.” In dealing with the world, Confucius advocated self-love and love for others. Confucius was cautious about destiny, and he believed more in man's own power. He believes that "sexuality is similar, but habits are far apart", and everything depends on the individual's acquired efforts. Of course, there are also some thoughts in "The Analects" that deviate from the historical trend, such as his political retro tendency, his overemphasis on hierarchy and order, his introverted personality value orientation, etc., all of which are undeniable. The development of Chinese society has brought negative impacts, and we need to correct them with modern consciousness. But the flaws do not hide the flaws. In the pre-Qin era when human civilization had just begun to dawn, our ancestors had such profound wisdom about life, which is enough to make us descendants proud of it.

The new development of Confucian thought in modern times refers to the New Confucianism that emerged under the conditions of the collision and blending of Chinese and Western civilizations after the introduction of modern Western civilization into China. The emerging "popular Confucianism" is another result of the development of contemporary New Confucianism.

Don’t do to others what you don’t want others to do to you.

If you want to establish yourself, you can establish others; if you want to reach yourself, you can reach others.

If you are generous to yourself but do not blame others, you will be far away from resentment.

When you see a virtuous person, you think about them; when you see a virtuous person, you introspect yourself.

When three people walk together, they must have a teacher. I will choose the good ones and follow them, and change the bad ones.

Be respectful wherever you live, be respectful in your work, and be loyal to others.

A gentleman is respectful and courteous, and he is respectful and courteous to others. He is a brother in the world.

He is loyal in words and respectful in deeds. This is true even in a barbaric country. If you are not faithful in words and sincere in deeds, how can you do it even if you live in the state?

A person who behaves in his own way is shameful and can be used in all directions without dishonoring the emperor's order. He can be called a scholar.

Confucius said: "He who can do the five things will be benevolent in the world." Please ask. Said: "Gong, generosity, trust, sensitivity, and benefit. Being respectful means not insulting, being lenient means winning people, being trustworthy means being able to do whatever you want, being sensitive means being successful, and being merciful means being able to win over others."

A gentleman's righteousness is a pledge, etiquette is used to practice it, grandson is to show it, and faith is to fulfill it. What a gentleman!

To make mistakes without correcting them is to make mistakes!

If it is passed, it will be changed in a hurry.

Don’t express your anger, don’t make mistakes twice.

Three armies can seize the commander, but an ordinary man cannot seize the will!

If a person has no long-term worries, he must have immediate worries.

No desire for haste, no small gain in sight. If you want haste, you will not achieve anything; if you see small gains, you will not achieve great things.

If one does not uphold one's virtues and does not have a firm belief in one's faith, one can live or die.

When making friends, keep your word.

Use literature to make friends, and friends to help people.

Three friends will benefit you, and three friends will harm you. Friends who are straight, friends who are understanding, and friends who are knowledgeable are beneficial. If you have friends, you will be brave. If you are friendly, you will be gentle. If you have friends, you will be sycophantic, which is a loss.

A gentleman wants to be slow in words but quick in deeds.

A gentleman has nothing to eat and nothing to live in, and he is sensitive to things and careful in his words.

Spoken words confuse morality.

Clever words and charming words are fresh and benevolent.

Strongness, perseverance, woodiness, indifference and benevolence.

Those who are virtuous must educate themselves in words, but those who are eloquent do not need to cultivate virtues.

Listen to his words and watch his actions.

You don’t use your words to lift people up, and you don’t use people to trash your words.

The ancients could not say anything, and they could not catch it in shame.

The name of a gentleman must be eloquent, and his words must be actionable. A gentleman is nothing more than scrupulous in his words.

If you can talk to someone but don’t talk to them, you will miss someone; if you talk to someone you can’t talk to, you will miss your words. He who knows does not lose people, nor does he lose words.

To say something without mentioning it is called impatience; to say something but not say anything is called concealment; to say it without seeing the color is called blindness.

If you love benevolence but don’t learn, you will be a fool; if you love knowledge but don’t learn, you will be blind; if you love faith but don’t learn, you will be a thief; if you love straightforwardness but don’t learn, then you will be blind; if you love to be brave but don’t learn, then you will be blind. If you love to learn, you will be confused; if you are rigid and don't want to learn, you will be crazy.

If you are respectful but rude, you will be tired; if you are cautious but rude, you will be embarrassed; if you are brave but rude, you will be chaotic; if you are straight but rude, you will be strangled.

Serve the king, respect his duties and then eat them.

When it comes to etiquette, harmony is the most valuable thing.

Those who act in favor of profit will have many complaints.

Don’t worry about others but you don’t know yourself, and you don’t know others when you are worried.

Three thousand disciples and seventy-two sages.

Isn’t it great to learn and practice it from time to time? Wouldn’t it be great to have friends from far away? Isn't it a gentleman if a person doesn't know something but doesn't get upset?

When the year is cold, you will know that the pines and cypresses will wither.

The wise enjoy the water, the benevolent enjoy the mountains. The wise are active, the benevolent are still. The wise are happy and the benevolent live long.

Is it tolerable? Which one is intolerable?

A scholar who aspires to the Tao but is ashamed of those who wear bad clothes and eat badly is not worthy of discussion.

Being so angry that you forget to eat, being happy and forgetting your worries, not knowing that old age is coming...

Eat sparingly, drink water, bend your arms and rest on them, and enjoy yourself there. Being rich and noble without justice is like a floating cloud to me.

Xianzai, come back! A basket of food and a ladle of drink, in a back alley, people can't bear to worry about it. Even if I return, I will not change my joy.

Xianzai, come back!

Wealth and honor are what people want; if they don’t follow the right path, they won’t get it. Poverty and lowliness are what people hate;

If you don’t follow the right path, you won’t get rid of them.

If you are rich and can be sought after, even if you are a whip-wielding man, I will do it. If you can't ask for it, do as I like.

Isn’t it great to have friends from far away?

Think of justice when you see benefit, and give orders when you see danger.

Cultivation of oneself to respect oneself, cultivation of oneself to bring peace to others...Cultivation of oneself to bring peace to the people.

You can support an orphan six feet away, you can send a life a hundred miles away, and you can't take it away during the big festival.

A man with lofty ideals and benevolence will not harm his benevolence by seeking life, but will kill himself to fulfill his benevolence.

You died due to illness and your name is not known.

Those who are upright are upright and righteous. Observe words and colors, and consider the following people.

A gentleman is arrogant but not arrogant, and a villain is arrogant but not arrogant.

For a gentleman, things are easy but difficult to say (pleasure). Saying (pleasure) is not done in the right way, not saying (pleasure).

A gentleman’s official position is to act righteously.

Zi said Yu Chan. There are four principles of a gentleman: he behaves respectfully towards himself, he is respectful in his conduct, he benefits the people when he supports them, and he treats the people righteously.

Gentlemen are harmonious but not harmonious; villains are harmonious but not harmonious.

A gentleman is reserved and does not fight, and he is a group but not a party.

A gentleman is not careful in comparing himself with others, while a villain is not careful in comparing himself with others.

A gentleman is magnanimous, but a villain is always worried.

The benevolent do not worry, the wise do not be confused, the brave do not fear.

Those who act in favor of profit will have many complaints.

If you seek benevolence and gain benevolence, why complain?

If quality is better than literature, then the country will be wild; if literature is better than quality, then history will be achieved. Be polite, then be a gentleman.

A gentleman seeks the road but not food; a gentleman worries about the road but not poverty.

How can we not care about French? Change it to expensive. If you hold your hand and talk to it, can you say nothing?

Is it possible? Make it valuable. If I say it but don’t explain it, and therefore don’t change it, then I’m done with it.

Seeing good is like exploring a soup.

A gentleman respects the virtuous and tolerates others, praises the good but is reserved.

It is not enough to be a scholar just because you are a scholar!

If you don’t learn etiquette, you can’t stand up.