Wen Tianxiang (June 6, 1236-January 9, 1283), Han nationality, was born in Luling, Jizhou (now Qingyuan District, Jiangxi Province), a national hero in the Southern Song Dynasty, whose first name was Yunsun, and his word was Tianxiang. After Gong Shi was selected, he changed his name to Tianxiang, and changed his words to be good. In the fourth year of Bao You (1256), the word Song Rui was changed after winning the top prize. Later, because he lived in Wenshan, he was named Wenshan, and there was a floating Taoist. Wen Tianxiang was handed down to later generations in the name of loyalty and heroism. During his captivity, Yuan Shizu surrendered with a high official and generous salary. Wen Tianxiang would rather die than surrender, and went to righteousness calmly. His life story was praised by later generations, and he was called "three outstanding men in the late Song Dynasty" with Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie.

Chinese name: Wen Tianxiang

alias: Wen Yunsun

Nationality: Song

Nationality: Han

Birthplace: Futian, Luling County, Jizhou County, Jiangxi Province

Date of birth: June 6, 1236

Date of death: January 9, 1283

. Major achievements of Tang Tang's commander-in-chief and commander-in-chief of the various armies

Representative works: Crossing the Zero Ding Yang, Songs of Righteousness

Contents

Birth and growth

Rise and fall of the official sea

Raising the army to save the nation

A narrow escape

Struggling hard in the southeast

Being upright < At the beginning of the 13th century, the Mongolian ministries became stronger outside Wen Tianxiang, and Temujin, the tribal leader, established the Mongolian khanate. For decades, Mongolian fighters swept across Europe and Asia, attacked the city and basically unified Eurasia. After his second son, Wokuotai, succeeded to the throne, he destroyed the State of Jin one after another, then waved his whip to the south and marched into the Southern Song Dynasty. From 1235 to 1279, the Southern Song Dynasty resisted for more than 4 years, and the monarch, ministers, soldiers and civilians died in the sea. Wen Tianxiang's life has always been related to this heroic national survival war. He is a patriotic general and a famous poet who will be recorded in history forever. At the critical moment when the powerful enemy invaded, the territory fell, and the lives were ruined, he produced his own products and organized the rebel army and dispatch troops to fight against the Mongolian fighters. After the defeat and capture, he was righteous and stern, denounced traitors and Mongolian khanate, and generously died. Wen Tianxiang was born in Futian, Luling County, Jizhou County, Jiangxi Province (now Qingyuan County, Jiangxi Province) on the second day of May in the third year of Song Duanping (June 6, 1236). This is a beautiful and quiet small town, not far from the town is Wenshan, which has the victory of hills, valleys and forests. His ancestors were ordinary people, and they never worked as officials. Therefore, Wen Tianxiang repeatedly said that he was a "white house". However, because their ancestors had good moral conduct, they gained a little fame in the countryside and were called "gentlemen and elders". This has a far-reaching impact on the character of Han scholars in Wen Tianxiang.

strict father's mentor

Wen Tianxiang's photo album (2 photos) Wen Tianxiang's father, Wen Yi, is a bookworm and has never been an official in his life. He loves books like a life. As long as books are in hand, he forgets to eat and sleep, often sitting alone with a lamp and studying hard all night. It's twilight, and I stand under the eaves and read the small print. However, his knowledge is very profound, and he has made a thorough study of hundred schools of thought's classics and history, and even extensively dabbled in astronomy, geography, Chinese medicine and divination books. He also has a hobby of buying books. Sometimes he has no money. Even if he pawns his clothes, he will buy books. Wenyi is full of sympathy for the hard-working village and has the ambition to study to make up for the world. He has written 3 volumes of Treasure and 2 volumes of Random Records. Wen Tianxiang's literary style is outstanding, and his father's literary education has really made great contributions.

Meeting the Sage Si Qi

Wen Tianxiang admired heroes when he was a child, especially reading biographies of loyal ministers. One day, he came to the Xuegong in Jizhou to pay tribute to the portraits of the sages. He saw the portraits of Ouyang Xiu, Yang Bang Wa and Hu Quan in Jizhou displayed solemnly, which made him admire and admire. These brave men are all local people. What they can do, Wen Tianxiang feels that he will do it. He secretly vowed: I must follow the example of national heroes. If I can't be respected and sacrificed like them after my death, I will be a gentleman in vain!

No.1 scholar and

in the fourth year of Baoyu (Gregorian calendar year 1256), Wen Tianxiang went to Lin 'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang), the capital, to take the imperial examination. Will try to release the list and pass the primary election. In palace examination, Wen Tianxiang was ill, but he still managed to get to the examination room with his sick body. When I entered the door, I was crowded and sweated. I suddenly felt much more comfortable and my mind was clear. When I saw the topic, I thought about it a little, but I didn't type the draft, so I just brushed it off. Song Lizong went to the Jiying Temple to decide the ranking, and took Wen Tianxiang as the first place in the First Division. Wen Tianxiang was only twenty-one years old in 1997.

In the fourth year of Song Lizong's Bao You (Gregorian calendar 1256), Wen Tianxiang went to Beijing to take an examination. When he was in palace examination, the examiner ranked his paper as the seventh, and Li Zong went to Jiying Hall to read the examinee's paper, and put Wen Tianxiang's paper as the first. Wang Yinglin, a famous scholar who participated in the review at that time, praised: "This paper is excellent in discussion and accords with the road of ancient sages. The article shows loyalty to the monarch and patriotism, and is as firm as stone. I congratulate your majesty on getting such a talent! "The paper is sealed. When you open it, the candidate's name is Wen Tianxiang. Li Zong felt very lucky and said happily, "Tianxiang, Tianxiang, this is good luck from heaven, and it is a sign of auspicious spirit in the Song Dynasty. Since then, people have taken "Song Rui" as the auspicious word.

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The ups and downs of Guan Hai

Write a letter to suggest

In the year of Qing Yuan (Gregorian calendar 1259), Mongols launched a large-scale invasion war against the Southern Song Dynasty. In September, Kublai Khan surrounded Ezhou (now Wuchang, Hubei). The news reached Lin 'an, and the ruling and opposition parties shook. Dong Songchen, a pet official nicknamed "Living Yamaraja", suggested moving the capital to Siming (present-day Ningbo, Zhejiang) in order to avoid the soldiers' front, and repeated the story of Emperor Gaozong Zhao Gou fleeing to the sea in the early Southern Song Dynasty. However, this is very unfavorable for uniting the military and the people's hearts. Wen Tianxiang knew that one of his own people spoke lightly, and many words caused trouble, but for the sake of the people of his country, he stepped forward and wrote to the emperor, pointing out that the proposal to move the capital was a mistake by a villain, and Dong Songchen was full of evil and should be beheaded. Wen Tianxiang also suggested reforming politics, expanding troops, resisting Mongolia and saving the nation. It's a pity that Rizong didn't adopt his suggestion.

willing to be indifferent

In the first year of Jingding (Gregorian calendar 126), Wen Tianxiang was appointed as the Southern Army of Qianshu Town (now Nanchang, Jiangxi Province) to save the official business of the judge's office, but he didn't want to go to his post and asked for "Ci Lu". The court agreed, and ordered him to be the head of Xiandu Taoist Temple, the Jianchang Army (now in the south of Jiangxi). Xiandu Taoist Temple is a Taoist temple, and this position is an idle job. Wen Tianxiang is only 25 years old, but he has the idea of retiring and being born. Why? This is caused by the times. When the imperial court was in power, his reform ideas failed, and he was very disappointed. He didn't want to be a vegetarian, and he didn't want to be in cahoots with the officialdom. He would rather stay out of the political whirlpool for a while. As the saying goes, "if a country has a way, it will be an official; if it has no way, it will be hidden". This is Wen Tianxiang's philosophy of life.

A good official in Ruizhou

In the fourth year of Jingding (Gregorian calendar 1263), because the emperor was not in coachable, Dong Steven Song was re-employed, and Wen Tianxiang resigned in anger. Later, Wen Tianxiang was demoted to a local office by the court to govern Gao 'an City in Jiangxi Province, which was then called Ruizhou. Ruizhou was once ravaged by Mongols, the city walls were destroyed, the people brutally tortured and killed, and cultural relics were looted. After taking office, Wen Tianxiang implemented the policy of leniency, tried his best to appease the people, and raised funds to set up a "convenience bank" for loans and relief, so as to restore local order. He also restored some historic sites, such as "Biluo Hall" and "Sanxian Hall", and built "Savage House" and "Songfeng Pavilion" to promote the national integrity of the sages and inspire the patriotic spirit of the people. Under the rule of Wen Tianxiang, everything in Ruizhou has flourished.

Touching the dignitaries as their agents

After five years of Jingding (Gregorian calendar year 1264), Lizong passed away. Jia Sidao, the powerful minister, made the Prince Emperor (that is, Duzong) and further manipulated the state affairs. He is dissolute and shameless, covering the sky with one hand, and the political affairs in the Southern Song Dynasty are even more corrupt. In 127, Wen Tianxiang was appointed as a military equipment supervisor (in charge of weapons manufacturing) and a storyteller in the government hall (explaining the history of books and the righteousness for the emperor). On one occasion, Jia Sidao, a traitor, made an excuse that he was ill and threatened Duzong by leaving his post and returning to his hometown. However, Duzong, who was weak, cried and stayed. Wen Tianxiang drafted the imperial edict for the emperor. Instead of praising Jia Sidao like some ministers, he bluntly said that his lieutenants should attach importance to state affairs, pointing out that Jia Sidao's behavior was "cherishing his body" and "violating my heart". As a result, the traitor Jia Sidao bore a grudge, and Wen Gong was removed from all his posts.

In September of the sixth year of Xianchun (Gregorian calendar 127), Wen Tianxiang returned to his hometown after being dismissed from office. He was deeply moved and sinister, and the world was dirty, so he decided to retire. He built a mountain villa in Wenshan, lived in seclusion here, and wrote many beautiful poems. However, his heart is not quiet at all. Every time he sees the leaves rustling and the cool moon falling, he is worried about the country and the people. In the ninth year of Xianchun (Gregorian calendar 1273), the court used him to carry out the punishment for Hunan and was in charge of the prison proceedings. He could not refuse, but left for office.

Parents of Ganzhou

In the tenth year of Xianchun (Gregorian calendar 1274), Wen Tianxiang was appointed as the prefecture of Ganzhou (now in Jiangxi). Ganzhou is his hometown, and he is very diligent in doing things for fellow villagers. He advocated less punishment and more justice for the people, and the people of the 1 counties he belonged to loved him very much. In addition, this year, the weather was good and the rice harvest was good, and there was a brief scene of happiness. However, in less than a year, Mongolia invaded the South on a large scale, and the Southern Song Dynasty reached the most dangerous moment. Wen Tianxiang ended his 15-year official career and embarked on a military journey.

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Enlighten the army to save the nation

Start an army and work hard for the king

In July of the tenth year of Xian Chun (Gregorian calendar 1274), he died of illness. Jia Sidao's restraining the growth of children and helping four-year-old Zhao Kou (Ji removed, pronounced "xian shows Wen Tianxiang") acceded to the throne for Song Gongdi. In September, 2, Mongolian fighters led by Prime Minister Bo Yan attacked the Southern Song Dynasty in two ways. Huaixi made Xia Gui flee without fighting. In December, Ezhou fell, and all Cheng Pengfei surrendered. Song Jun generals from all over the country defected in succession when the fighters were under siege. Huangzhou, Qizhou (now Qichun South of Hubei Province), Jiangzhou (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province), De 'an (now Anlu, Hubei Province), Lu 'an and other places fell one after another, and the Southern Song Dynasty suffered a crushing defeat.

after Song Gongdi ascended the throne, Mongolia was trapped in Ezhou, and the capital was shaken. Xie Daoqing, the wife of Lizong, wrote a "Mourning Imperial edict", telling that his stepfather was young, he was old, the people's livelihood was miserable, and the country was in danger. I hope that civil servants and military commanders and heroes everywhere will be anxious for the royal family, share the same enemy, and * * * will go to the national disaster, and the court will reward him generously. I don't know why most of the generals around the country are holding back. Only Wen Tianxiang and Zhang Shijie responded to "A Letter of Sorrow", called the military forces and soldiers, and set out for him.

To serve the country with death

In the first month of the first year of Deyou (Gregorian calendar 1275), Wen Tianxiang received a special decree from the small court, ordering him to "send a diligent king and a righteous man as soon as possible and go to the place where the emperor left Beijing to live". Wen Tianxiang read the imperial edict and wept bitterly. He immediately issued a notice to recruit brave men, and at the same time raised his salary. He donated all his family wealth for military expenses and sent his mother and family to his younger brother to support him, as a sign of destroying his family and alleviating difficulties. Inspired by Wen Tianxiang, a patriotic rebel army composed mainly of peasants and supplemented by intellectuals was formed in a very short time, with a total of more than 3, people. He turned a new page in Wen Tianxiang's life.

A friend once said to Wen Tianxiang, "Now that the Yuan Army is advancing on three fronts, you are fighting against the enemy with a mob, which is tantamount to driving a flock of sheep against a tiger. "Wen Tianxiang replied," I know so. However, the country has raised its subjects for more than 3 years. Once there is an emergency, it is extremely sad that no one is called to ride. Therefore, I overreached myself and went to the disaster with my own body. I hope that the loyal people in the world will rise on the news and gather all the strength, which may save the country. He also said: by the grace of your monarch, you should serve your country with death.

March into Lin' an

After Wen Tianxiang set out, he actively asked to go to the front to stop Meng Yuan, and the statue of Wen Tianxiang attempted to turn the tide. However, it was obstructed by the imperial court leaders and the powerful ministers, and some people falsely accused Qin Wangjun of robbery in Le 'an and Yihuang. Wen Tianxiang wrote a letter of defense in anger, and public opinion generally supported him. Even Taixue wrote a letter attacking the capitulators. Under various pressures, the imperial court finally issued a decree calling Wen Tianxiang to lead the troops into Beijing. In August of the first year of Deyou (1275), the troops arrived in Lin 'an, and there was no offense all the way through the autumn, which greatly increased Wen Tianxiang's reputation.

Battle of Changzhou

In October, Changzhou (now Changzhou, Jiangsu Province) was in an emergency. The court ordered Wen Tianxiang to lead an army to defend Pingjiang, and sent Zhang Quan to lead 2, troops to reinforce Changzhou. Starting from the overall situation, Wen Tianxiang sent three thousand important rebel generals, Yin Yu, Zhu Hua and Ma Shilong, to Zhang Quan for restraint and reinforce Changzhou's troops. However, Zhang Quan was mean and selfish. When the three generals and Meng Yuan fought hard against the Wen Tianxiang Memorial Hall, they watched the fire from the other side, sitting on their hands and not helping. In the battle, they fled by night, trapped the rebel army in an isolated place, and lost the battle. Wen Tianxiang asked Zhang Quan to be beheaded, but was opposed by Prime Minister Chen Yizhong. Wen Tianxiang was very indignant at the unknown rewards and punishments in the DPRK, and was very worried about the national security. After Mongolian fighters attacked Changzhou and Pingjiang, Lin 'an was in danger. The main peace and main battle factions have different opinions and go their own way. Wen Tianxiang and Zhang Shijie fought the main battle, and they jointly invited the imperial court to fight against the city, seeking peace in times of danger. Chen Yizhong, the Prime Minister, stepped up planning for the surrender, and the Empress Dowager was also prepared to "serve the table (surrender the book) as a vassal", "beg for the preservation of the territory" and "make it a small country". Zhang Shijie despaired of the imperial court and went to the south to recruit soldiers in order to make a comeback. Wen Tianxiang's strategy of saving the nation was not supported, and he also wanted to leave Lin 'an and return to Jiangxi to continue his fight. Enemy at the Gates, left Prime Minister Liu Mengyan and right Prime Minister Chen Yizhong fled successively, and the small court was in a mess.

going to Yuanying

In the first month of the second year of Deyou (Gregorian calendar 1276), Lin 'an was besieged by soldiers and horses of Mongolian Tieqi No.3 Road. Outside the city, the Song Dynasty generals surrendered and fled, and all became traitors. Empress Dowager Wen Tianxiang was appointed as the right prime minister and a Tang Dynasty envoy to clean up the mess. Seeing that things have reached this point, Wen Tianxiang can't refuse, and promised to go to Mengyuan Camp to get a glimpse of the actual situation and act according to circumstances. However, he didn't expect the Mongolian to be harsh, and after a desperate sophistry, he was detained by Bo Yan, the prime minister. After the Empress Dowager lost Wen Tianxiang, there was no one to rely on and she finally surrendered to Mongolia.

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narrow escape

reprimanding the commander

After the emperor surrendered, the commander Lu Shimeng sarcastically asked Wen Tianxiang, "The Prime Minister once wrote to ask Lu Shimeng to kill his rebellious legacy, so why not kill me now? "Wen Tianxiang rebuked him rudely:" Your uncles and nephews all surrendered and didn't kill you, which is the punishment of this dynasty. You live shamelessly, what's your face? It was easy for you to kill me by taking refuge in the enemy, but it made me a loyal minister in the Southern Song Dynasty. I have nothing to fear! Hearing this, Lv Shimeng admired Wen Tianxiang's spirit and said, "What a good scolding!

Zhenjiang escapes

Although Wen Tianxiang was detained, he was unwilling to fail and refused to submit. Bo Yan had no choice but to send him to Yuan Dadu. The ship landed in Zhenjiang (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), and Wen Tianxiang was imprisoned in a resident's home. He ordered his followers to spy on the enemy secretly, contact the ship, plan to escape, and secretly hid a dagger in case they had to commit suicide. On the night of the escape, Wen Tianxiang's ship was found by the patrol boat, but it ran aground when the patrol boat chased it, so it was impossible to move around, so we could only watch Wen Tianxiang and his party escape.

Zhenzhou is suspected

After Wen Tianxiang and his party arrived in Zhenzhou (now Yizheng City, Jiangsu Province, southwest of Yangzhou City) (map of Jiangsu Province), they were warmly welcomed by the soldiers and civilians in Zhenzhou. Miao Zaicheng, the garrison commander, thinks that it is not difficult to save the overall situation by calling on Wen Tianxiang's prime minister and tang dynasty to join forces with Jianghuai. Unexpectedly, Huaidong made Li Tingzhi fall into the trap of the enemy, thinking that Wen Tianxiang had surrendered to Mongolia and came to Zhenzhou to attack the city, asking Miao to kill him again. Miao couldn't bear it again, but his boss's orders couldn't be ignored, so he had to cheat Wen Tianxiang out of the city and drive him away. Wen Tianxiang couldn't help sighing, and the tide was gone.

Yangzhou passer-by

from the truth.