How to make a good summary of Chinese in primary schools
First, extract students' interests.
Teachers should not only guide students to extract without increasing their academic burden, but also distinguish it from extracurricular assignments such as copying new words and answering after-school questions in writing, so as to give students a free and broad space in content, form and time. Let students do activities in their favorite way: you can read books, newspapers and magazines; You can read, copy, copy and recite; You can sit in the small study at home and enjoy copying slowly, or you can squeeze out a break at school to read the excerpts quickly. See what you want to see, write what you want to write, and enjoy it. Only in this way can excerpting become the active demand of students and really promote students' active reading.
Second, excerpts should be planned.
It is best to start extracting from the third and fourth grades. Due to the large amount of literacy in lower grades, according to the age characteristics of students, extracurricular learning mainly focuses on consolidating new words, and there is little time for reading and copying. By the third and fourth grades, the amount of literacy is gradually decreasing, and students can have time to read, copy and recite without being buried in the pile of words. In addition, since the third and fourth grades, students have become more and more proficient in the use of dictionaries, which also brings convenience to extracurricular reading.
Excerpted content can not be completely "unconstrained", which is not conducive to students' organization and accumulation of language. It is best to organize by semester, stage and classification according to the teaching materials and teaching facts. For example, writing landscapes this month and writing about human beings next month is targeted and gets twice the result with half the effort.
Third, the extraction should be gradual.
If abstraction continues from grade three to grade six, it is necessary to change the requirements for the quantity, content and form of abstraction in order to maintain students' "zone of proximal development" and promote them to learn more effectively. For example, according to the situation of students in this class, the requirements are as follows:
In this way, different stages have different specific requirements, even if the excerpt is implemented step by step, unconsciously cultivate students' good study habits, such as looking up the dictionary and thinking while reading.
Fourthly, excerpts should be combined with classroom teaching.
As the content of Chinese extracurricular learning, it is not completely divorced from classroom learning. On the one hand, we should have our own plans and arrangements, on the other hand, we should always be an assistant in classroom teaching, which complements classroom teaching. For example, when teaching the article "The Lion of Lugou Bridge", I considered that the historical significance of Lugou Bridge is a difficult point for students who don't care much about history. Therefore, when arranging the preview in advance, I arranged for students to extract the detailed process of the "July 7 Incident" and talk about their feelings. It not only understands the narrative method, but also the background of the text, and also mobilizes the classroom mood, which has become a powerful supplement to classroom teaching. From this aspect, excerpts also bear the heavy responsibility of collecting and sorting out information for classroom teaching.
5. Excerpt should be combined with recitation.
Psychologists' research tells us that the period from 6 years old to 13 years old is the golden age of memory development in one's life. Once a person misses the golden time of memory development before 13 years old, he can't form a lot of rich accumulation of knowledge, emotion and experience, which will leave irreparable regret for his life. Therefore, let students recite while extracting, that is, let students write down as many good things as possible that should be remembered and make full use of the memory advantages of students of this age, which is in line with the law of students' development. Moreover, memorizing can make the accumulation of language thicker.
Of course, in order to truly implement the extract, inspection is essential. But if you ask for excerpts and send and receive corrections every day, the effect will not be very good. Because as long as the excerpts are written in the exercise book, there won't be too many mistakes. Therefore, as long as there is a group leader to register at ordinary times, teachers can conduct unified inspections every week, minute and month, and check at ordinary times. In addition, the inspection of recitation is also a big project. Therefore, a combination of spot check and mutual check is adopted. Five minutes before each class, randomly find a few people to recite, and other deskmates recite each other, which not only plays the role of communication, but also ensures the effect of investigation.
Abstract guidance of primary school Chinese
1, fully arousing interest.
First of all, let students understand the truth of gathering sand into a tower and soldiers into A Qiu, and learn to take, accumulate and accumulate. The handy application comes from the accumulation on weekdays. Secondly, let students extract in their favorite way, either reading books, newspapers or magazines; You can read, copy, copy and recite; You can sit in the small study at home and enjoy copying slowly, or you can squeeze out a break at school to read the excerpts quickly.
2. Create a reading environment
In school, in addition to the school library, you can also hold reading activities such as class book corner and personal small bookcase. This kind of books accumulated in the form of school purchase and personal donation are numerous and involve a wide range. Before and after class, students can read their favorite books as long as they like.
3. Ensure sufficient time.
We will include reading in the teaching time of the Chinese language program and ensure a reading class every week. Reading class, not limited to the place of class, can be classroom, reading room, green forest tree, playground, corridor and so on. In addition to individual reading, we also advocate reading a book by two or three people, or even reading a book in groups. Reading while extracting, and reading while communicating, not only ensures the reading time, but also has the opportunity to communicate.
4. Combination of directionality and freedom
The so-called "directionality" is to specify the reading direction or reading goal for students. For example, before or after learning novels, students are required to find a large number of novels to read, which is "pointing"; On the basis of reading, students can extract good words from novels, and also write their own feelings brought by reading, which is "freedom".
The directionality of reading can save reading time and improve reading efficiency; The free energy of reading fully reflects students' dominant position, which is more in line with the development of students' personality, interests and specialties.
5, step by step, step by step.
Every time we read a book or a paragraph, for students with poor Chinese foundation, our requirement is to recite good words and sentences as much as possible while reading aloud; For students with slightly better Chinese ability, we require intensive reading on the basis of extensive reading. In addition to completing the general excerpt, you should also talk about it, discuss it, and write out your thoughts after reading it. For students with higher reading level, on the basis of a lot of reading, reading and writing, we hold seminars for a certain work to effectively improve reading level.
6, illustrated, enhance the aesthetic feeling.
At the beginning of the excerpt, I encourage students to design a cover for the excerpt and illustrate the copied text. At first, children simply matched the pictures. After a period of time, some students began to extract the pictures consciously. Behind the pictures and texts is the deepening of thinking and the improvement of aesthetics.
How to cultivate the habit of copying in Chinese teaching in primary schools
First, the theoretical basis of cultivating the habit of extracting Chinese.
In middle school Chinese teaching, the cultivation of reading ability and writing ability should be organically combined. Reading teaching focuses on cultivating students' ability to feel, understand, appreciate and evaluate; Writing teaching focuses on cultivating students' thinking, observation and evaluation abilities. Reading excerpts can help students understand articles, accumulate materials and develop good reading habits, which integrates the cultivation of these two abilities. "Chinese Curriculum Standard" clearly points out: "Chinese teaching should pay attention to the perception, accumulation and application of language, and improve students' Chinese literacy as a whole. "Obviously, abstraction is one of the effective ways to accumulate language.
Second, the scope of Chinese excerpts
"Ask the canal to be so clear, because there is running water at the source." The source of composition is naturally our daily life and other people's wonderful articles. Needless to say, in addition to masterpieces, excellent articles can recommend readers, youth digest, aphorisms, sentiments, youth Expo and other magazines to students.
When I organize students to read, I ask each student to prepare a notebook for excerpts and comments. What can be abstracted should at least include the following aspects: 1, famous sayings (poetry articles), epigrams, proverbs, aphorisms and beautiful sentences; 2. Lively and lively spoken English; 3. Typical people and things; 4. Exquisite short poems; 5. Classic jingles with distinctive features; 6. Wonderful description; 7. Touching lyric sentences; 8. incisive and original insights; 9. Exquisite beginning, transition, ending and so on. In Chinese teaching, I also guide students to refine and accumulate excellent texts they have learned. Such as "Wisteria Falls" and other texts at the end of the sentence, including excellent chapters in students' exercises, such as Bi Shumin's "Why Mom Hit You" and so on.
Third, the problems that should be avoided in the process of extracting Chinese.
In practice, I find that students are constantly abstracting, but the actual effect is not good. After reflection, I think there are several main reasons:
1, randomly selected. When dealing with excerpts, many students just regard it as homework, and even some students regard it as a burden. They lack the reading process in abstraction and are passive in abstraction. They just take an article and copy it, without screening or taste, and then do math problems after copying it. What's more, they don't even know what they have extracted, and only a few students can take it seriously.
2. I don't remember if I picked it. Some students' excerpts are exquisite, neatly written and rich in content, but unfortunately they have not internalized these beautiful sentences and paragraphs into their own things. Even the memorized content is fragmented, which can't be expressed in the language of soil preparation, let alone copied. Such excerpts are not conducive to the improvement of students' writing ability.
3. Remember it. Some students completely separate excerpt from writing. They are very careful when they extract, and they will not use what they have accumulated in their compositions when they write. Therefore, the articles written are exhausted, straightforward and plain.
Fourth, guide students to extract Chinese.
It's easy to make a request, but the question is whether students can follow it, so stimulating students' interest and making them willing to take the initiative to copy is the key to cultivating good Chinese excerpt habits.
1, the first stage extraction is not mandatory. In the first stage, there is no regulation on the content of excerpts, and students classify and extract according to their own preferences. Such loose regulations make students not feel that plagiarism is a burden, but copy when they see a good article and write when they feel it. For example, every week when readers first arrive, many students copy the above articles. After learning modern poetry, more students copied one poem and Shu Ting's poem ... In this way, students' knowledge was inadvertently broadened, their ideological literacy and understanding level went up, and their language expression ability was improved day by day.
2. The second stage is to select the designated theme. After students learn to extract, they are required to find articles to read every week according to the topic, such as "Touching", "Choice" and "Responsibility". As long as the article is related to the topic. It is required to extract the beginning and end of the article, and the content in the middle can be summarized in concise language. In addition, you can choose a passage from the text to recite and imitate, which can prevent a few students from being lazy and help students improve their understanding of a certain problem.
3. In the third stage, students are encouraged to write abstract articles. Excerpting short passages can analyze the beauty of good sentences and phrases in excerpts and write their own enlightenment; It can also be analyzed from the perspectives of content, expression, rhetoric and writing methods. You can also learn the writing skills of excellent works to imitate and write a sentence or two. Write if you can, copy if you can't (please mark "copy" when you want to extract).
4. Teacher's comments. I ask students to hand in excerpts once a week, check them in time and add some comments and encouragement appropriately, so that students can feel that excerpts are an organic part of Chinese classes. I tell students every week that someone's excerpts are what I am most looking forward to reading, and I hope that every student's excerpts will be more exciting. This encouragement is very effective.
The content is taken from the primary school language.
1, knowledge article
High school students have a strong thirst for knowledge and curiosity, and have a strong psychology of exploring the unknown world. Knowledge in astronomy, geography, politics, military affairs, history, literature and other fields will become the contents that students are interested in, which can broaden their horizons, enrich their minds and increase their knowledge. Therefore, I instruct students to extract different kinds of knowledge and encourage them to build their own treasure chest and database.
2. Story articles
Tears-jerking family stories, thrilling survival stories, thrilling vicissitudes, and touching details will all shock students. Such articles can purify the mind, cultivate sentiment and forge will. Reading this kind of article requires students to write their own feelings and comments in addition to excerpts.
3. Philosophical articles
The essays of Zhou, Yu, Bi Shumin and Shi Tiesheng are thought-provoking, with beautiful language and profound artistic conception. Reading such words often can deepen our thinking about life, improve our understanding of life, deepen our thinking, improve our language application ability and improve our aesthetic level and taste. In fact, many students like this kind of writing.
4. Biographies of celebrities and literary masterpieces
The growth experience of celebrities has an important influence on students. To this end, I guide students to read biographies of celebrities and extract typical celebrities. In the process of refining, these stories will not only gradually become the material of the composition, but also deepen their understanding of the world.
Literary masterpieces are the crystallization of human civilization and have a certain brand of the times. There is a certain distance between middle school students and famous books, so it is difficult to read. Therefore, we should be careful when recommending, have a choice, and give students some reading guidance when necessary. For example, introduce the general plot and main characters, and guide students to consciously enter the art world. If teachers can read deeply with students, copy and comment while reading, it will be the best time in life for both students and teachers.