The preface, which begins with a chapter, in many cases, the reader decides whether to continue reading this article through the beginning of the chapter. The ancients had the so-called "phoenix head and leopard tail" theory in the text structure, which explained the importance of the beginning of the text. The beginning of a chapter is closely related to the title of the chapter and the whole theme. After determining the topic, the beginning should be directly related to the topic and play a role in pointing out the topic. The beginning of a chapter is the entrance to the theme, and it is necessary to closely follow the theme of the chapter and closely contact the center, so as to play a leading role. A good beginning should be straight to the point, fascinating, open-minded and concise. Such a beginning can attract readers to quickly enter the "mountain pass" at once, and they will have a strong interest in jumping up in the face of peaks and peaks and lush mountains; Such a beginning can broaden our thinking, lay a solid road for the future and leave a broad space. If you want to write a good beginning, you should pay attention to the rhetorical requirements at the beginning, that is, the "general rules" at the beginning.

1. Keep the beginning simple.

The detailed content of the chapter should be conveyed through the main part, and the beginning is only the introductory part of the whole article, which plays a leading role and should guide the reader into the theme with the least words. So the number of words at the beginning is not much, but detailed. For example, Dujiangyan, which was first written in:

I think the most exciting project in the history of China is not the Great Wall, but Dujiangyan.

At the beginning, express your views concisely and clearly to attract readers' attention.

The beginning of lev tolstoy's Anna karenin:

Happy families are all alike; Every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.

The beginning is concise and philosophical, and the bag is very big and intriguing.

Be attractive at first.

Li Yu's "Essay" said: "At the beginning of the book, you should be eye-catching with strange sentences, so that people are surprised at it and dare not give it up." His passage requires prominent remarks after the beginning to attract readers. If people regard the Great Wall of Wan Li as the pride of China, they will naturally think that it is the greatest project in history, and Dujiangyan in Yu begins with "I think the most exciting project in China history is Dujiangyan", which is contrary to the traditional concept and makes people feel very curious. Read it quickly. The Beginning of Su Shi s On Jia Yi;

The difficulty lies in talent, so it is really difficult for people to use themselves. Treasure it! Jia Sheng is the king's assistant, but not for his own use.

"Not meeting talents" is a popular topic in the history of China literature. Su Shi refuted this traditional concept, and made a new interpretation of Jia Yi's fate with his profound insight that talents are easy to get but difficult for personal use. Han Yu's "Ma Shuo" also started from a different point of view:

Where there is Bole, there is a swift horse. A thousand miles away, there are not many boles. Therefore, although there is a famous horse, it is only humiliated by a slave, and it is not called a thousand miles to die in a trough.

It is generally believed that there was a swift horse before Bole, and the author started with extraordinary epigram language to stimulate readers' interest in reading.

Another example is the beginning of Qian Zhongshu's prose "Eat":

Eating is sometimes like getting married. Nominally, the most important thing is often accessories.

Such a beginning immediately makes you eager to continue reading. Why is "eating" like "getting married"? What's the most important thing in a name? Read on, the witty explanation makes people laugh.

3. It is convenient to expand the following.

It is easy to develop into the following two aspects: as far as style is concerned, the opening plays the role of setting the tone for the full text, and the opening style should be consistent with that of the whole emperor, so that the following can naturally transition; As far as the plot is concerned, the writing of a chapter is a process of cutting and splicing the material. The beginning of a chapter does not mean the beginning of the whole event. We want to intercept a point that can smoothly expand the following as the beginning, as a breakthrough to expand the full text. Lu Xun's "Blessing" begins with flashback and the death of Xianglinsao, which contrasts with the lively atmosphere of the New Year in Luzhen, highlighting the tragic fate of Xianglinsao, thus providing sufficient space for the later development. Lu Xun's medicine started from the environmental atmosphere:

In mid-autumn, the moon goes down and the sun hasn't come out yet, leaving only a blue sky; Everything fell asleep except the things that traveled at night.

The moon goes down and the sun hasn't come out yet, which is the lowest temperature in a day. It's dawn, but everything is still asleep, which sets the tone of sadness and depression for the full text.

Another example is Wang Xiaobo's prose, many of which are cut from the most appropriate, comfortable and interesting angles, and some simply tell stories directly. For example:

I used to study science, and I was the first to study chemistry. (the beauty of science)

I was born in the western suburbs of Beijing. When I grow up, I will study in America. If I want to praise my classmates from Hong Kong and Taiwan, I will say: You speak Mandarin very well! (Beijing Film and National Confidence)

My brother was a graduate student when I was an undergraduate. I study science and my brother studies logic. I once asked him: In your opinion, among the scientific works written by China people, which one is the most worth reading? He answered without hesitation: Fei Xiaotong's jiang village economy. ("honesty and freedom")

As the saying goes, "everything is difficult at the beginning", so is writing articles. It is precisely because of the difficulty that the beginning is more important. Whether an article can attract readers and arouse their interest in reading depends on the beginning. From the creative point of view, how to start a chapter, that is, where to start writing, is an important step to form a chapter. Gorky once said: "The first sentence is difficult, just like the tune in music, it often takes a long time to find." This sentence shows the difficulty and importance at the beginning of this chapter.

It is because the beginning is so important to the text that writers have always attached importance to it. They always carefully conceive, choose words and make sentences, and conceive a wonderful beginning for their masterpieces. Looking at the famous works of past dynasties, according to the characteristics of opening ways and rhetorical expressions, the opening can be divided into the following types:

(1) begins with a metaphor. The author does not directly express his views at the beginning of the chapter, but uses metaphors of other things to express the author's thoughts. Starting with metaphor, comparing things with reason, feelings with things, feelings with things and things with things can give full play to readers' thinking ability in images and enhance the expressive force of language. For example, Han Yu's "Preface to Send Wen He Yang Jun" begins:

As soon as Bole crossed the wilderness in northern Hebei, the horse was empty.

This begins with a metaphor, which leads to Wu Gong's eye for talents. It not only congratulates Wen on being reused, but also contains the author's true love for talents.

On Wei Zhi's Ten Strategies for remonstrating Taizong;

When I hear the elders asking for wood, I will consolidate their roots; Those who want to flow far away will dig their springs; A man who considers national security will accumulate his morality. The source is not deep, but it flows far. Roots are not solid, but seek the length of wood. If virtue is not thick, the country will be safe. Although I am stupid and I know it is impossible, what is the situation?

In order to draw out the original intention, the author explained the truth of "accumulating virtue and benevolence" and made Emperor Taizong accept his "Ten Thoughts". At the beginning, I used several figurative sentences one after another, skillfully comparing national politics with the simple and easy-to-understand truths of "the length of the wood must be solid" and "the flow must be deep", making the abstruse problems popular and the abstract problems concrete.

The beginning of Bob Landis's life:

There is a tall tower here, and everyone must climb it. At most, it is more than one hundred levels. This tall tower is hollow. If a person reaches the top of it, he will collapse. But it is hard for anyone to fall from that height, which is everyone's fate.

This article starts with a complicated metaphor, and then goes down layer by layer.

(2) Starting with questions and rhetorical questions. At the beginning of some chapters, instead of directly describing things or putting forward arguments, questions or rhetorical questions are used to arouse discussion or express strong thoughts and feelings. For example, Su Shi's "Teaching War and Defending Strategy" begins:

Honey, are you safe from the people who suffered today? It is to know safety without knowing danger, and to get something for nothing. I didn't see this problem today, so I'll see it another day. If you don't do it today, there will be people who can't save it in the future.

The author begins with a concise rhetoric, and strongly puts forward the central idea: if the country does not strengthen its preparations, it will suffer endless troubles. This rhetorical question is full of reason, which makes people feel that the author's argument is like a mountain spring, and it has reached the point where it must be said.

Ouyang Xiu's History of the Five Dynasties Biography of Lingguan begins:

Oh! The truth of ups and downs, although called destiny, is it not human nature? The original Zhuang Zong won the world for a better reason than those who lost it.

The author begins by asking questions, and puts forward the argument that the rise and fall of a country lies not in fate, but in personnel, which strengthens the momentum, condenses the author's infinite admiration, and produces a torrent of thoughts and thoughts.

The beginning of Saleh's palm trees:

You ask, who planted this palm tree named Walter Hamid?

Son, it's not a seed!

Where palms grow, is there any soil suitable for planting? Didn't you see that it was solid and calm, and suddenly rose out of the river bank, like the base of a statue?

The beginning is full of emotion, which accords with the plot design of the whole article: the old man tells stories to his children.

(3) Start with a reference. Some chapters don't directly describe things or express opinions at the beginning, but quote others' remarks. There are two kinds of quotations: one is to express the theme from positive quotations, and the other is to set the object to refute from negative quotations. For example, at the beginning of Jia Yi's On Accumulation and Storage:

The pipe said, "You know the manners in the barn." Those who can be treated because there are few people have never tasted it since ancient times. The ancients said: "A husband does not plow or suffers from hunger; Women don't knit or get cold. " Born with the degree of death, material resources are bent. The ancient laws of this world need to be known, so its accumulation is sufficient. ...

In order to persuade Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty to develop agricultural production and advocate grain storage, the author first quoted Guan Zi, a famous politician in the Spring and Autumn Period, and then quoted the famous sayings of the ancients, which made the center of the article-grain storage more credible from the beginning. Another example is the beginning of Su Shi's Shi Zhongshan Collection:

"Water Mirror" said, "There is no Shi Zhongshan in Peng Li's mouth". Tang gaozu thought there was a deep stream beside him, and the breeze was blowing on his face, and the water and stone were fighting, and the sound was like Hong Zhong. This statement is often doubted. Today, the clock is put in the water. Although the storm can't make a sound, what is this? It was not until the Tang Dynasty that Rip began to pay tribute to the remains that he got two stones and put them on the pool. After listening to them, the voice in the south sounded loud and clear, and the voice in the north was clear and silent. I think I understand. He thinks he has found the reason for Shi Zhongshan. The sound of stones is everywhere, and this is just named after the clock. Why?

Starting with the origin of the mountain name of Shi Zhongshan, the author leads to two viewpoints of Li Daoyuan and Li Bo, pointing out that he and others have doubts about his statement, and leads to a night tour in Shi Zhongshan to understand what a passage is. According to his own personal experience, the author revised and supplemented the views of Li Daoyuan and Li Bo, and on this basis, he came to the conclusion that it is wrong to judge whether something is wrong without seeing it.

(4) Start with chanting. In order to express the author's strong feelings, some chapters often begin with sighs or sighs, expressing the author's feelings about people, things and things in a strong sigh tone, arousing the reader's feelings from emotions and forming a rhetorical effect of "singing high into the clouds". For example, at the beginning of Han Yu's Preface to Send Dong Shaona to Hebei:

In ancient times, Zhao Yan was regarded as a sad person. Dong Shengju missed the Jinshi, had a division, embraced sharp weapons, and was depressed and suitable for this place. I know there must be a combination, but Dong Shengmian is awkward!

At the beginning of the article, he praised the "people who feel sad and sad" in Hebei, and then lamented passionately that Dong Sheng "embraced sharp weapons" but "even failed in his determination to learn", so he left with a depressed mood. This exclamatory sentence contains the author's sympathy, exhortation and encouragement to Dong Sheng, which makes people deeply moved after reading it. Another example is the beginning of Zhu Ziqing's "The Price of Life-70 cents":

Life should not have a price; And there is a price! Traffickers, pimps, and even the recent kidnapping bandits all sell their property to others at uneven prices; I think there will be an open market in the future!

Full of anger, the author strongly condemns the evil reality of cannibalism in the dark society and shows great sympathy for the tragic fate of the bottom people.

(5) Start with an objection. In order to highlight the theme, some chapters do not start from the front and central content of the topic, but from the opposite side of the topic and central content, and deduce the theme from the opposite narrative or discussion, thus causing a ups and downs and swaying rhetorical effect in language. For example, Wang Xiaobo's Science and Heresy begins:

According to the history books, in Germany in the late 1930s, many scientists began to teach their German chemistry, German mathematics and German physics in schools. A german physicist pointed out: "some people say that science is and will always be international-this is wrong;" Science, like everything else created by human beings, is racial and conditional on blood. "This is really interesting.

The theme of this article is: science has no national boundaries, and any unscientific and irrational prejudice can't change the direction of science. Starting with counter-intention, the thinking is clearer and the fallacy is even more untenable.

The beginning of some chapters is written from the side or other aspects. On the surface, it seems that it is not closely related to the theme, but in fact it is a powerful foil to the theme. For example, the beginning of Mr. Fujino by Lu Xun:

So much for Tokyo. In Ueno, when the cherry blossoms are in full bloom, it looks like a crimson light cloud, but under the flowers, there are groups of "Qing students" crash courses, with big braid tied on their heads, which makes the students' hats rise high, forming a Mount Fuji. There are also braids that are flat, except that the hat shines like a little girl's bun and the neck is twisted a few times. It's really beautiful.

The concierge department of China International Student Club has some books to buy, and sometimes it is worth visiting. If in the morning, you can sit in some houses. But at night, the floor of a room will inevitably give off a lot of echoes, and the room is full of smoke and dust; Ask someone who is proficient in current affairs and answer, "That's learning to dance."

How about going somewhere else?

At the beginning of the article, the author did not directly write about Mr. Fujino, but wrote two things from the side: the ugly performance of Qing students in the park and the boring action of "learning to dance" in the hall. By describing the scene of Qing students having fun in Tokyo, they are drunk and dreaming of death, paving the way for the following writing about Mr. Fujino. It is precisely because of these corrupt scenes that the author has great dissatisfaction and disgust, prompting him to leave Tokyo and go to Sendai to study medicine. This beginning not only explains why the author can get to know Mr. Fujino, but also shows the author's patriotic thought of learning medicine well for the people of the motherland.

(6) Start with the central argument. Some chapters begin with concise and powerful sentences, pointing out the central point of the full text. For example, at the beginning of Reese's book of remonstrance and expulsion:

I heard that the official discussion about expelling guests, I think it's too much!

At the beginning of the article, the author put forward his own argument, which is straightforward and straightforward, giving people a lively feeling and letting people know the theme of the article at a glance. Such an opening can easily shock the reader and make him read the following: What's wrong with expelling guests? How did the author persuade the king of Qin? ..... This attracts readers tightly. Another example is the beginning of Wang Meng's andante:

Tchaikovsky seems to have been living in my heart.

The next part of the article is the extension, development and deepening of this sentence.

Above, we introduced several common ways to start the article. There are many ways to start a chapter, no matter which way is adopted, it must adapt to the content, genre and style and serve the theme. If we simply pursue gorgeous language forms without expressing the theme of the text, it will destroy the rigorous structure of the text and affect the expression of the theme content.

The ending should be memorable.

The end of a chapter is the cohesion of the whole chapter in content and structure. Like the title and the beginning, it is also an important organic part of the text. The significance of the end of the article is not only for the integrity of the article itself, but also to express the effect that other parts of this chapter can't achieve. In order to strengthen the expression effect, we should try our best to sublimate the full text to a new height, and pay attention to the vividness, conciseness and implicitness of the language. When the reader is about to finish reading, he leaves a deep impression with a powerful voice, which has the effect of "endless words and endless meanings". This is what Xie Zhen in the Ming Dynasty said in "Poems of Four Things": "Closing a sentence is like ringing a bell, and the sound is not clear". For example, Shi Tiesheng's "I and Ditan" ends:

But the sun, it will always be the sunset and the rising sun. When he went down the mountain to collect all the desolate afterglow, it was just the time when he climbed to the other side of the mountain to burn. One day, I will go down the mountain quietly, with a cane. On that day, in a ravine, a happy child will definitely run up and hold his toy.

Of course, that's not me.

But isn't that me?

The universe refines a song and dance into eternity with its endless desire. What kind of name this desire has can be ignored.

This ending turns all the thoughts in the article into the last dignified point, ending in profound lyricism. After a long space, involving scenes, plots and years of struggle, the ending is extremely compact and concise, with a profound charm.

It is a basic requirement that the ending should conform to the theme of the text and be strong and concise. But a good ending should have artistic charm, so that readers can feel an effect like chewing dried fruit and tasting fragrant tea. Looking at the end of the chapters of past dynasties, the following ways are more artistic.

1. summarize the main idea and refine it.

This conclusion summarizes the contents of the previous article and points out the central idea of this chapter. In Song Dynasty, Li Tu said in Essentials of Articles: "If there is no intention at the end of the article, if there is intention at the end of the sentence, Jia Sheng's" On Qin ""benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive situation is different. " The theme of this article is to discuss the reasons for the rise and fall of the Qin Dynasty. In the narrative, the author deliberately highlights many contradictory phenomena, such as the sinister situation of Qin State, the large-scale annexation, the invincible rise and subsequent collapse and defeat, the counselors of the six Kanto countries, Mazhuang and the rising rabble, and the dismal management and final demise of Qin State when it annexed the world. In the last paragraph, the author exposed this point and made a series of comparative analysis, which kept them hovering in the readers' minds. In the last sentence of the article, the author puts forward a concise and powerful argument: "Be merciless, the offensive and defensive situation is different." This conclusion solved the problem at once and let people know the truth. This echoes before and after, pointing out the end of the theme, which is really a passing, ingenious. Another example is the end of Kaii Higashiyama's "Listening to Spring":

The fountain of the soul taught me that only by giving up on myself can I see the truth.

I think it is difficult or even impossible to give up self. However, the whispering spring water clearly said to me: beauty is here.

2. Implicit and vague, intended to imply.

At the end of some chapters, the theme is not clearly stated, but a profound and vague meaning is expressed in implicit and beautiful language, which produces an implicit rhetorical effect. Liu Xie said: "Those who are hidden (that is, implicit) are also those who emphasize the purpose outside the text." ..... the husband is hidden as the body, and the righteousness is outside the text. Secret precepts are connected, and hidden hair is hidden. For example, the change of elephants is mutual, and the jade in Sichuan is also a pearl. As a result, the mutual body became stubborn and turned into four elephants; ZhuYuQian, and LanBiao Fiona Fang. The beginning is right and the end is strange, and the inside is bright and the outside is moist, which makes the people who play endless aftertaste and the people who taste it enjoy it. "In Liu Xie's view, the implication of a chapter is that what it contains is beyond the literal meaning. The characteristic of implication is that the meaning comes from outside the text. At first glance, the implicit content can make people feel ordinary, but only by careful appreciation can we find its beauty. Applying this implicit and vague way to the end of the chapter will often receive the expression effect that will last for three days. This ending is often used in Wang Xiaobo's essays. For example, discuss the "interesting" problem in the essay "Give a little atmosphere":

Everything I say is nothing more than reminding people who arrive at this intersection. There is not only one road, but it extends in all directions. You can make a choice.

Another example is Creff Nico's essay Climate, in which he personified himself as a balloon and was chased by a group of children along the river bank. It wrote at the end:

Under the bridge, in that hard-to-see shadow, there was a thin-necked glass bottle jumping and the upper end was broken. So it looks ominous, and I'm worried about myself. I want to call for help, but-I can't: I'm just a ball. The snowballs thrown by the children changed my trajectory. The wind drives me, it drives me for a while, the glass bottle is jumping, and it points its sharp mouth at me mercilessly.

This ending not only shows the fate of the balloon being punctured by a glass bottle, but also does not break, so the article ends in a worrying atmosphere and is full of charm.

3. chanting, singing, with long feelings.

Some chapters end with sighs to express or admire, or sad or indignant thoughts and feelings, which are really touching. Liu Xie said: "Love is a classic of literature; Obedience is the latitude of reason. The origin of this essay is those who are right and then weft, rational and then smooth. ..... complicated and boring, and the taste will be disgusting. " Liu Xie believes that "emotion" is the most fundamental thing in a text. If writing an article is only rich in literary talent and lacks natural true feelings, it will be boring to read. The ending is the destination of this chapter. Ending with exclamation and rhyme can increase the appeal of the text. For example, Tagore's Twilight and Dawn has a very strong lyric at the end:

Oh, it's dusk on your left and dawn on your right. Please combine both! Let the shadow and the light hug and kiss each other! Let this song of dusk bless the song of dawn!

Another example is the end of Zhu Ziqing's "Back":

After I came to the north, he wrote me a letter, which said: "I am in good health, but my arm hurts badly." It's not convenient to pick up a pen, so my departure time is not far away. " I read here, and in the crystal tears, I saw the back of that fat, blue cotton robe and black mandarin jacket. Ahem! I don't know when I can see him again!

A sigh at the end of this article reveals the author's true feelings of missing his father, which is touching, friendly and easy for readers to scream.

4. Ask questions and summarize them, which makes people think deeply

At the end of some chapters, in order to make the theme clearer, stronger or express stronger feelings, questions and rhetorical questions are used. For example, Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower" ends:

Hey, honey! Try to seek the heart of ancient benevolent people, or do something different from them. What? Don't be happy with things, don't be sad with yourself; If you live high in a temple, you will worry about your people; If you are far away, you will worry about your husband; It's worrying about going in and going out. But when will you be happy? It must be said that "worry about the world first, and then enjoy the world." Hey! Wes, who are we going home with?

September 15th, six years.

At the end of this article, the author first sighed with "my husband", put aside the above and turned to emotion. Then use "he is" to ask questions, which causes the following. "Don't rejoice in things, don't grieve for yourself" means that they are different from the above two kinds of people: they are not easy to be happy because of changes in the environment, and they will not be happy because of personal gains and losses; When I became an official in North Korea, I cared about the people. When you are not in the office, you care about the supreme king. Whether you succeed or not, you can't change your ambition. Then, with a turning point, I further asked "when will I be happy", which led to my own anxiety and optimism: worry about the world first, and enjoy the world later. At the end, a rhetorical question indicates that such people must be led to be colleagues, and a firm ambition and sincere tone are expressed in the rhetorical question. By using two rhetorical questions and one rhetorical question, the author gradually becomes better and better. Another example is the end of Tao Yuanming's biography of Mr. Wu Liu:

No one with a family? GM Shi Tian's people?

At the end of a question, the author compares his Dionysian writing with the customs and human feelings of the ancient ideal society, and further expresses his happiness and self-satisfaction that he is not greedy for profits and does not collude with the secular world. It is deep and implicit, and the sound is lingering.

5. Summarized by metaphor, vivid image.

At the end of some chapters, the theme, thoughts and feelings of the full text are vividly summarized by using figurative rhetoric, which leaves a deep impression on people. For example, at the end of Lu Xun's Hometown:

In the gloom, I spread out a green beach by the sea, and a golden full moon hung in the dark blue sky. I thought: Hope is nothing, nothing. It's like a road on the ground; In fact, there is no road on the ground. If there are more people walking, it will become a road.

This novel depicts the tragic scene of rural depression, decline and bankruptcy in China during the decade of the Revolution of 1911. At the end of the article, contrary to the tone of the novel, the metaphor of "road" shows the author's vision and confidence in a new life, and encourages readers to gain enlightenment and strength from the determination of "I" to persist in struggle. It tells people a philosophy: the starting point of the road of hope lies at the foot of the explorer. At the end, metaphor is used to highly summarize the theme, and the language is implicit, vivid and vivid, so that readers can deepen their understanding of the article through their own thinking and analysis, thus gaining an endless artistic enjoyment. Another example is the end of Zhu Ziqing's Spring:

Spring is like a newborn doll. It's new from head to toe and still growing.

Spring is like a little girl, dressed up and walking with a smile.

Spring is like a strong young man with iron arms, waist and feet. He led us forward.

At the end of the article, the author used three metaphors in succession, praising the infinite vitality of spring and inspiring readers to be as vigorous and enterprising as spring.

6. Take advantage of the scenery to express emotion and melt feelings into the scenery

At the end of some chapters, the description of natural scenery is used to express sincere and strong thoughts and feelings, and feelings are integrated into the scene. For example, Yuan Mei's "Sister Sacrifice" ends:

Oh! The front can't think, and the back can't know; Cry that you don't smell your words and drink your food. Paper dust, north wind crazy, my brother is back, and I will look back at you. Alas! Alas!

This is a lyric eulogy, in which the author mourns the unfortunate fate of his third sister Su Wen and misses the deep feelings between brother and sister in the past. At the end of the article, the author described the scenery and expressed his feelings. When he paid homage to himself, "paper dust, the north wind is crazy", and the north wind raged over the wild grave. How can it not make people feel "unimaginable ahead, unknown behind" at a loss? In the cry of the north wind, in the dust, the author lost his mind and couldn't bear to leave. He looked back step by step. That moment was nine years old. So far, the author has been extremely sad at the end of this scene, with tears in every word and sadness in every sentence. After reading it, it hurts and tears like a waterfall.

Above, we talked about the basic requirements and methods of the beginning and end of a text from the perspective of rhetoric. Both the beginning and the end are part of the article. A good chapter must echo from beginning to end, with consistent content and views, coherent structure and thorough organization, and mutual help and assistance in language. Only in this way can we form a complete whole.