Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong have all kinds of characteristics of common proverbs. As an integral part of the folk literature in eastern Guangdong, they are considerable in quantity and of high value, which is worthy of our in-depth exploration and study. Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong are rich and colorful, with all-encompassing contents, and almost all fields of social life can be expressed in proverbs. It often reflects sharp social contradictions and class struggles, exposes the darkness and injustice of the old society, lashes the ugly forces and phenomena in life, and laments the cruel world and human feelings. Such as two famous proverbs lamenting the world: a. A man respects his rich friends, and a dog respects his shit friends. B. when the wife dies, the generals will die, and there will be no news. Under private ownership, it is a common phenomenon in society to cheat each other and the law of the jungle. In this regard, the Hakka folk proverb in eastern Guangdong is highly summarized as "the big worm eats the fine worm (the worm is another word) and the toad eats the old crab". The wicked can live a long and happy life, while the good people are in poverty, and good and evil are not reported. This is also a prominent manifestation of social injustice. The people call it "no justice" and have created a large number of proverbs to expose it, such as: "Hanging the belly, tying the horse in front of the door." "The rectum is straight, and there is no rice to cook in the pot." Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong often reflect the daily life and customs of local people, including people's daily necessities, weddings, funerals, birthday festivals and so on. Such proverbs account for a large proportion, such as: "many families are married, many families are married, and many aunts and sisters are unloved", "one generation of relatives, two generations of representatives, three generations of leisure", "in-laws are in-laws, and the head of the bed hits the tail of the bed" and so on. Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong also like to take personnel as the object of comment, so as to reason and be alert, which makes people clap their hands. The following two cases are quite influential: A. A needle has two advantages, but a knife has two advantages. B. Petunia loves to lead by the nose, and she will hit the snake for seven inches. This kind of reasoning folk proverb often has obvious enlightenment color, which teaches people how to stand in the world, how to learn self-cultivation, how to make contributions, how to treat people and make friends, how to deal with family relations, and so on. It is a collection of maxims for being a man. "I'm afraid of no ambition, but I'm not afraid of a long road." "People should be long-lasting and count short." As a proverb like this, women and children can understand. According to the practical activities of local working people from generation to generation, Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong have comprehensively summarized the experiences in nature, production, medicine and health, making them an inexhaustible treasure house of knowledge and an art with great scientific and practical value. Natural phenomena such as seasons, phenology and weather are closely related to the production and life of the broad masses of people. Relevant folk proverbs are like a walking dictionary, which enables people to grasp the changes of various natural phenomena in time, arrange various daily affairs and farm work reasonably and timely, and effectively avoid various natural disasters and their possible losses. There are so many natural proverbs that it is impossible to calculate them. Give two examples: a. It's sunny in October, with no rain and warm temperature. B: Two spring and one winter, ten cowshed and nine empty. Production proverbs reveal knowledge and experience related to agricultural and sideline production in rural areas, involving agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, fishing and gardening, and are particularly practical. The following examples are listed for appreciation: a. Hay is cultivated for three times until it dies; In the evening, when the grain is three to three, it will burst into the valley. (Agriculture) B. When you are a hillock pine, you will fall into a nest. (Lin > C. The pig's tail grows over the knee and eats the owner's juice in vain. (animal husbandry) D. Don't let bees fly when it's windy, but it's easy to fish when it rains. (fishing) e. peach meets plum until it dies; Li Jietao, hit nothing. (Horticulture) There are also many proverbs about medicine and health, and they focus on daily life hygiene and food hygiene, all of which are exquisite and lovely. Also list a few treasures for appreciation: a. Eat without talking, sleep without talking. B) Eating ginger in Rachel in winter and in summer will not make the street look for a prescription. C) Washing feet before going to bed is better than taking tonic medicine. D. if you don't eat green for three days, the road is heavy and light. From the above description, we can see that the content of Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong has the characteristics of knowledge, expression, philosophy, education and discipline and locality. The expressiveness of Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong not only means that they widely reflect all aspects of social life and various customs in Hakka areas in eastern Guangdong in the past, but also fully reflect the values and moral concepts of Hakka people in eastern Guangdong, their scientific attitude and realistic spirit towards natural and objective things, their unique philosophy of life and health care thoughts, and so on. We can even see their unique creative psychology and way of thinking from them. It should be pointed out that in the past, Hakkas in eastern Guangdong had a concept of being honest, kind and conscientious, and they extremely despised and hated those behaviors that were subservient to the situation, deceiving others with power, being treacherous and cunning, and harming others. "Once the power is in hand, the egg will be a bomb." Such famous proverbs focus on exposure and criticism, which are produced against all kinds of wicked deeds in society. Of course, folk proverbs also contain some bad spirits, and the values and moral concepts of Hakkas in eastern Guangdong are not all healthy. Closely related to expressiveness is the local characteristics of Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong. Since this proverb reflects all aspects of local social life and various customs in the past, it is impossible not to be infected with a strong color of Lingnan and Yuedong. Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong are deeply rooted in this fertile soil under their feet. People's lives, social customs, history, anecdotes, and even folk stories and folk songs circulating in the local area are all the objects of their materials: "three rich men, three pounds of dogs without money" and "eyes and eyebrows match good looks" are all evolved from popular folk stories. Naturally, folk sayings in agricultural production and medical care cannot go beyond locality. "When you go to long summer Festival, you shouldn't go into the mountains to fight ferns", "When it's a little summer, it's yellow, and when it's a big summer, it's full of light", and "When it's autumn in July, it's getting colder in August, and it's a double ninth festival in September, and it's a little spring in October". These farming laws and climate characteristics reflect the actual situation of early spring, long summer and short winter days in Guangdong. Undoubtedly, in the cold North China Plain, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River or the Northeast Plain, it is unthinkable to have a "small spring in October". Many Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong are reasonable and full of rational interest. Here are two additions: First, most proverbs can accurately reveal the contradictions in social life and the laws of objective things, making people feel that they hit the nail on the head and get to the point, which is the top grade. A few proverbs are limited by the people's world outlook and cognitive ability, and they distort the object, which is inferior. There are also some proverbs that are true to reality, but at the same time reveal superstition, discrimination against women and other feudal bad cypresses, which are Chinese products, such as "I am not afraid of empty cabinets, but only love to marry a good husband." Second, the proverbs that belong to the top grade are often tempered and are the product of dialectical thinking, and the level is quite high. Dialectics tells us that things contain major contradictions and minor contradictions. In all work, we should grasp the major contradiction and solve the problem easily. In this regard, the Hakka folk proverb in eastern Guangdong says: "Petunia should lead by the nose, and play the snake seven inches." However, "the mud can't paste on the wall" vividly expresses the dialectical relationship between internal and external causes in philosophy. The development and change of things, of course, has a lot to do with external factors, but in the final analysis, it is internal factors that play a decisive role; If a person doesn't have good quality ("mud"), even if there are many people to support and help, he can't achieve anything ("paste on the wall"). In addition, some proverbs reveal the relationship between universality and particularity of things. Some proverbs reveal the law that things are divided into two parts: a. No matter how good the grassland is, there are lean cows, and no matter how good the fertile fields are, there are also corn. B. The eggs are not full (in a word, the mouth is full), and people are not satisfied. The educational function of Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong has been mentioned briefly above. Another example is: "Don't light two lamps when you have oil, so as not to touch them without oil." "It is not good to waste water near the water, and it is not good to waste firewood near the mountain." Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong often admonish some people's unhealthy psychology and behavior, with the aim of making them lose their way, sometimes with serious tone and sometimes with good irony. Gambling and whoring are the behaviors most ridiculed by Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong. The so-called "gambling is bad, whoring is sick" hit the nail on the head. Proverbs have not easily let go of idle behavior and the mentality of expecting something for nothing. On the issue of love and marriage, some people often lack a definite view, a clear purpose and a correct attitude. When choosing a spouse, they are choosy and change their minds. As a result, one hundred is too much for fifty pairs, and they delay themselves. In this regard, Hakka proverbs are ridiculed as "pick a rotten lamp" and "pick the top and pick the bottom, pick a dazzling flower", which is very humorous and can make people wake up in laughter. It should be pointed out that Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong not only expose and attack those shameful evils, but also exhort others to be kind. However, this kind of exhortation is always associated with warnings, so that people can shake their souls and then turn over a new leaf. The proverb, "Drive a dog into a poor alley, and a dog bites in a poor alley", advises people not to bully others too much, forcing others to do more. You should know that even a cowardly person will fight back when there is no way out and give the oppressor a ruthless counterattack. Some people in the society always enjoy playing politics, calculating others and setting others up, so the Hakka folk proverb in eastern Guangdong warns: "Don't talk about your mind (plan) and compete with the car. Calculate it and count yourself." This reminds people of the famous saying in A Dream of Red Mansions: "The organs are too clever, but they miss your life." It also reminds people of Mr. Lu Xun's famous saying: "Playing tricks is skillful and effective, but it is limited, so those who achieve great things by it have never existed since ancient times." As mentioned earlier, there are some dross in the feelings and reasons contained in Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong, so when it acts as an educator, it does not all have the above positive effects. Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong are the most exquisite and compact works in Hakka folk literature in eastern Guangdong. A good proverb often has artistic characteristics such as rich words and meanings, vivid images, neatness and harmony, strong expressive force, etc. It is catchy to read and memorable after reading. Most of the Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong have been circulated for a long time, and they have been constantly revised and processed by people for a long time. Therefore, they can express rich ideological content with very few words, which is to say that words are meaningful. First of all, it is manifested in endless words, with words in the words and sounds outside the strings. Readers can experience many deeper and more subtle things outside the sentences. "The king of hell doesn't think ghosts are thin, and corrupt officials don't care about people's poverty." This proverb is only twelve words, but the content it expresses is very rich. It equates "corrupt officials" with "Yan Wang", implicitly reflects the love and hate feelings of the working people, and vividly depicts the ugly faces of corrupt officials. Similar examples are: "It's hard to eat without wine, but it's hard for a widow", "A scholar meets a soldier, but his reason is unclear" and so on. The same proverb, used in different occasions, can produce different effects and express different ideas, which is the second meaning of words and deeds. We can at least understand the proverb that "a pole has made bamboo shoots" from the following two angles. When it is used by the elders to teach the younger generation, it means: I once had a vibrant and golden youth like yours, and I have experienced those things myself. And when it comes from the mouth of the younger generation, it means: didn't you elders also have a youth? Why can't we young people be understood? Two occasions, two feelings and two meanings. Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong are mature art. When working people create proverbs, they pay great attention to the imagery of proverbs, including the essence of ideas in the images, explaining the truth by vivid and concrete images, imparting knowledge and expressing things. It is rare to see such purely abstract reasoning examples as "bad years, good deeds are rewarded with good deeds". "A mouse excrement spoils a pot of soup." "The big bug eats the small bug, and the toad eats the old crab." The above two cases are all metaphorical methods to summarize a certain life phenomenon, which is extremely vivid. If we say that "the big worm eats the small worm and the toad eats the old crab" as "the rich exploit the poor and the nobles oppress the people", it will be unintelligible and artistic. In addition, as mentioned above, "hanging the belly across the intestine, tying the horse in front of the door, keeping the rectum straight, and cooking rice in the pot" is also a very typical example of proverbs reflecting social life. Proverbs that impart knowledge are generally well-compiled, such as "when the hillock is loose, the cedar falls in the nest" and "when the trees are planted in winter, the bamboos are planted in spring", but some of them are very vivid: "The strange carp, the clever goose (silly)" endows animals with human character, "Dress up the fields before Qingming Festival, and dress up the beans after Qingming Festival" makes agricultural labor life. For the convenience of reciting and using, the creation of Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong pays great attention to the neatness of form and the harmony of phonology, making them beautiful, memorable and pleasant to listen to. It rarely has a single sentence, usually two or four sentences, and a few six sentences. The sentence pattern is neat and symmetrical, and the four-sentence pattern with two short and two volts is very common, and the antithetical sentence is also common, paying attention to the bright and beautiful rhythm and the harmony of rhythm. A. It was cold and miserable on March 3rd, and the quilt was covered on March 35th. Each sentence is seven words in neat form. Rhyme and the natural beat of 223 form a beautiful melody. B. One marriage and two marriages, clean hall and elegant house, three marriages and four marriages, and a thatched cottage. Four sentence patterns. Because the sentences are short and neat and rhyme everywhere, the works have a particularly obvious rhythmic beauty. C. if you have money, your wife is virtuous and your son is filial, but if you have no money, the snake sounds like a ghost. The four-sentence structure with short front and long back is easy to read and listen to. D. the first month is loose, the second month is fir, and the third month is bamboo tail. Three sentences, two short and one long, change in order. Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong can use all kinds of rhetorical devices to perfection, thus greatly enhancing their artistic expression. We can find one or several figures of speech in almost every Hakka folk proverb in eastern Guangdong, such as antithesis, metaphor, contrast, personification and exaggeration, etc. Needless to say, even the combination and truthfulness are common. For example, "A turtle can't laugh at a turtle, but it's okay for a turtle to laugh at a turtle." "Relatives don't have money, and money has nothing to do with each other." "People wear cloth and cloth is covered with pulp." Many proverbs are the products of natural integration of several rhetorical devices, which are more vivid, vivid and beautiful. Such as: A. Many people gossip, and many people are idle. B. Good human feelings make water sweet. C. Lei Gong sings first, and there is not much rain. D. thunder cries in the twelfth lunar month, and the grain is in the jar. Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong are created and spread in Hakka dialect, which uses a lot of extremely vivid spoken languages of the masses, which greatly enhances the expressive force of proverbs. If those excellent Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong are translated into standard Mandarin, they will lose their luster and become unrecognizable. In Hakka dialect, the word "Yan Yan", which is quoted as "the first month is loose, the second month is fir, and the third month is March", refers to the gentle and charming fluttering of bamboo tails under the breeze. If it is replaced by "shaking" and "swinging" in Mandarin, it will be lifeless.