In Economist, how far are you from practice? In this part, Mr. Li Kaifa talked about:
"There is a famous saying that the theory is gray and the tree of life is evergreen. In the China Revolution, both Chen Duxiu and Zhang were defeated. What they lacked was the study of revolutionary practice. China is characterized by China's national conditions. Only when you go deep into the situation of state-owned enterprises, make friends with all kinds of people in the enterprise, combine all kinds of opinions and analyze them, and then look for all kinds of data, get rid of the rough and the fine, discard the false and keep the true, and study them carefully, can you understand something, but it may not be correct. Some boastful economists are not even clear about the drawbacks of the 20-year reform of state-owned enterprises. They don't know what the problem of state-owned enterprises has been tackling in the past 10 years. Such people are economists, if not extreme, at least superficial. "
"I hope that economists can guide their attention to the practice of in-depth study of state-owned enterprise reform, study how to make state-owned enterprises more dynamic under the national conditions like China, study how to reform state-owned enterprises with difficulties, and how the reform measures have good operability. Then the country is very lucky and the people are very lucky."
Mr. Li Kaifa speaks very well. In particular, he talked about "studying how to make state-owned enterprises more dynamic under the national conditions like China". That's the point.
What we want to ask now is, does China's national conditions need property rights reform? If we understand this problem clearly, it will be clear at a glance whether Professor Lang Xianping is right or wrong: if China's national conditions require property rights reform, it is naturally wrong for Professor Lang Xianping to stop the property rights reform of state-owned enterprises; On the contrary, if China's national conditions do not require property rights reform, Professor Lang Xianping's proposition of stopping the reform of state-owned enterprises is correct, and there is no need to argue!
1. What is the national condition of socialist China? Does it need a property right system?
Now we will understand the national conditions of socialist China according to Mr. Li Kaifa's ideas. In our popular reader, it says: "With the birth of 1949 New China, China has established a regime of people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants. 1956 transform the private ownership of small producers and basically realize socialist public ownership. "
Here, what does it mean to "transform the private ownership of small producers and basically realize socialist public ownership"
First of all, it means that the bourgeoisie and asset owners have been eliminated. We are wrong to say that the Cultural Revolution, because our country has eliminated the bourgeoisie.
Second, it means that people's differences in all aspects of assets have been eliminated. Whether it is ownership by the whole people or collective ownership, there is no difference between social members and the same ownership in the production process. In other words, people no longer have the requirement of asset ownership or property rights, because there is no difference in all aspects of assets. This is like everyone on the earth has the same right to breathe air, so there will be no requirement for the right to breathe air.
It can be seen from this that China, as a socialist country, has neither the owner of assets as the subject of property rights nor the ownership basis of asset ownership. What reforms have been made to establish the property rights system?
Second, as a populous country, what is China's national conditions? Does it need a property right system?
In the second part. Mr. Li Kaifa discussed China's national conditions: "The population of China is 65.438+0.3 billion, while that of the United States is less than 290 million. If the population of China and the United States is removed, the per capita GNP of the United States will drop by 70%, the social productivity will drop by more than 60%, and the competitiveness of enterprises will also drop sharply. The United States may become a second-rate country. The proportion of industrial high technology will drop greatly, and the population and family planning will also be a big problem. If China has a population of 300 million and abundant resources per capita, the efficiency of reform will be much higher. The per capita income will be much higher, and talents from all over the world, especially those from the United States, will also flow to China. " "The biggest difficulty in China's reform lies in employment, relative shortage of resources, small living space and unequal opportunities. The biggest crisis lies in the contradiction between the rich and the poor."
Here, Mr. Li's first concern is that China is a populous country, and the biggest difficulty in reform lies in employment. However, Mr. Li neglected that among the population of China1300 million, there are 740 million laborers; China1300 million people live in socialist China, that is, China, where the bourgeoisie has been eliminated. Therefore, the only class feature of China population is that there are only laborers and no property owners. This is the real national characteristic that distinguishes our country from western countries. This national characteristic also determines that the most basic and important task of China's reform is not employment, but how to bring into play and mobilize the enthusiasm and sense of responsibility of the broad masses of workers. The so-called liberation of productive forces, first of all, is to lift the shackles of 740 million workers and give play to the enthusiasm of thousands of workers in Qian Qian and Qian Qian; The so-called development of productive forces, first of all, is to improve the labor productivity of these 740 million workers.
To give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the broad masses of workers, we must establish an economic system that fully reflects the interests of workers. As labor owners, the interests of socialist workers are manifested in labor ownership-that is, we usually say that workers are masters of the country and distribute rights according to work. However, what kind of system is property right system? It is an enterprise system that takes the owner of assets as the main body and fully embodies the ownership of assets, that is, it denies that workers are masters of their own affairs and distributes basic rights according to work. This is an economic system that opposes the interests of workers.
Judging from the characteristics of China as the only populous country in the world, the establishment of property rights system can not represent the interests of the vast majority of people, which is harmful to productivity and development.
Third, from the basic characteristics of enterprises, what are the basic characteristics of China state-owned enterprises? Does it need a property right system?
As a form of ownership that embodies the essential requirements of socialism, state-owned enterprises are the concrete embodiment of "eliminating exploitation and polarization". In fact, it does eliminate the differences between the owners of assets and people in all aspects of assets, thus eliminating the foundation on which property rights depend. To sum up, socialist state-owned enterprises or other public enterprises have three characteristics: only labor owners, no asset owners; There is only the interest requirement of labor ownership, but there is no interest requirement of asset ownership; It can only exist and develop as an independent production and labor entity, but not as an independent production material entity. However, the property right system is an enterprise system which takes the owner of assets as the main body, fully embodies the ownership of assets and is suitable for the existence and development of enterprises as means of production. Contrary to the objective requirements of socialist state-owned enterprises or public-owned enterprises.
Judging from the basic characteristics of state-owned enterprises in China, what it needs is the Lao Quan system, not any property right system.
Fourth, from the nature of enterprises, what are the characteristics of state-owned enterprises in China? Does it need a property right system?
Public ownership economy exists not only in China, but also in western countries. However, it is also a state-owned enterprise with different nature. Everyone knows that goods are twofold. Enterprises that also produce goods are also twofold. As a natural body to meet certain social needs and form use value, an enterprise is a transformation system composed of market, products, capital, technology, equipment, personnel and production, supply, marketing and production management, and it must meet all conditions for the formation of use value. From this perspective, there is no difference between socialist enterprises and capitalist enterprises; As far as its social attribute is concerned, any enterprise is always a tool for producers to satisfy their own interests. State-owned enterprises in China are not different from those in western countries in natural attributes, but they are fundamentally different in social attributes:
The state-owned enterprises in western countries or capitalist countries are state-owned enterprises with the bourgeoisie or asset owners as the main body. Because the interests of asset owners are the basic requirements of asset ownership, state-owned enterprises in capitalist countries are the tools for asset owners to meet the interests of asset ownership; This requirement objectively requires enterprises to exist and develop as independent means of production (the value of labor is in a predetermined state, and the production and operation of enterprises are characterized by fluctuations in the value of means of production and surplus value; Property right system is an enterprise system suitable for the existence and development of enterprises as means of production entities; Therefore, it is reasonable for state-owned enterprises in capitalist countries to establish property rights system.
China's state-owned enterprises are state-owned enterprises with labor owners as the main body. Because the interests of labor owners are the basic requirements of labor ownership, China's state-owned enterprises are the tools for workers to meet their labor ownership interests; This need objectively requires enterprises to exist and develop as independent productive labor entities (the value of means of production is in a predetermined state, and the production and operation of enterprises are characterized by fluctuations in productive labor value and consumption value; If an enterprise wants to exist and develop as an independent production labor subject, it must establish an enterprise system with labor owners as the main body and fully embodying labor ownership. The establishment of the property right system of state-owned enterprises in China is precisely "copying mechanically, divorced from the national conditions".
Therefore, judging from the characteristics of state-owned enterprises in China, what we need is the Lao Quan system, not any property right system.
5. From the historical environment of China's development, what are the characteristics of state-owned enterprises in China? Does it need to establish a property right system?
The state-owned enterprises in China not only have their own characteristics in their own nature and living environment, but also have different historical bases. Because China is a direct transition from a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society to a socialist society and has not gone through the course of capitalist development, there are neither qualified asset owners-capitalists or shareholders, nor standardized employees, nor mature managers. In such an environment, although state-owned enterprises have also established a property rights system, they cannot get the efficiency of western countries.
Six, from the perspective of enterprise management mechanism, what are the characteristics of China's state-owned enterprises? Does it need a property right system?
In the process of reform, we have always emphasized the transformation of the operating mechanism of state-owned enterprises. So, what is the enterprise management mechanism?
The so-called mechanism, from the perspective of economics, is the manifestation and process of some economic law. For example, we have a very specific understanding of the market mechanism. This market mechanism is the manifestation and process of the law of value. It is the market reflection system that shows the state of supply and demand as price fluctuation, and regulates the social production process (regulation system) through the effect of price fluctuation (A fluctuation) on commodity producers, so that the state of supply and demand tends to be consistent.
What is the enterprise management mechanism? The so-called enterprise management mechanism is the manifestation and process of the basic laws of social economy. The operating mechanism of capitalist enterprises is essentially the expression and process of the law of surplus value. It shows the operating condition of the enterprise as the fluctuation of surplus value caused by the distribution system according to capital, which acts on the asset owner, who then adjusts the production process of the enterprise through the corresponding management system, so that the production and operation condition of the enterprise conforms to his own interests. Because the property right system is an enterprise system with the owner of assets as the main body and fully embodies the ownership of assets, its operating mechanism is the distribution mechanism according to capital.
China's state-owned enterprises have no asset owners, only labor owners. And the interests of labor owners require labor ownership. Therefore, the operating mechanism that China state-owned enterprises can play a role should be based on labor owners and characterized by labor income fluctuation. It should reflect the production and operation of enterprises through the distribution according to work system, form the fluctuation of labor income, and urge workers to adjust the production and operation of enterprises. This kind of management mechanism can only be the manifestation and function process of the basic socialist economic law.
Before the reform, state-owned enterprises also established a property rights system. Why didn't they form an effective operating mechanism? That's because the establishment of state-owned enterprises before the reform is also a property right system, which is an enterprise system with asset owners as the main body and fully embodies asset ownership. Because the production subject of public-owned enterprises in China is already the labor owner, not the asset owner, but the management mechanism formed by the property right system is the one with the asset owner as the main body, which is not suitable for the objective needs of state-owned enterprises, so this mechanism is in an invalid state.
Therefore, the reform suitable for the transformation of the operating mechanism of state-owned enterprises should be to establish the Lao Quan system, not the property right system.
What conclusions do we draw from this? That is, the establishment of property rights system and property rights reform cannot transform the operating mechanism of state-owned enterprises.
Seven, if the "ugly phenomenon in the reform" is caused by the existence of the property right system, shouldn't the property right reform be stopped?
Li Chu once said, "To be fair, I did see one side of the problem. He saw the undisclosed, opaque and black-box operation in the reform of state-owned enterprises and the unfair side. However, he saw the symptoms, but he didn't diagnose them, let alone prescribe medicine. The ugly phenomenon in reform should not be the reason for not reforming, but should be the driving force for continuing to deepen reform. " However, what we want to ask here is: if the ugly phenomenon in the reform itself is caused by the establishment of property rights system or property rights reform, shouldn't property rights reform be stopped?
We know that the foundation of socialism is public ownership of the means of production. Public ownership has three characteristics: only personified labor owners, not personified asset owners; There is only the interest requirement of labor ownership, but there is no interest requirement of asset ownership; It can only exist and develop as an independent production and labor entity, but not as an independent production material entity. If we adapt to the basic characteristics of public ownership, establish an enterprise system with labor owners as the main body, fully embody labor ownership, and adapt to the existence and development of enterprises as productive labor subjects, then public-owned enterprises will have standardized production subjects, and every employee of enterprises will be the masters of their own affairs to manage enterprises, and enterprise managers and management behaviors will be in an effective state of restraint, and corruption and bureaucracy will be difficult to produce and last. How can a phenomenon like capital flight happen?
Specifically, if a distribution model of production results similar to the agricultural production responsibility system is established in state-owned enterprises-that is, "what is paid for consumption, what is turned over to the state, what is left to the collective, and the rest is their own", so that state-owned enterprises and other public-owned enterprises can exist and develop as independent production and labor subjects on the premise of maintaining the value, and the production and operation status of enterprises will be manifested through the fluctuation of labor income; The fluctuation of labor income will inevitably urge all employees to pay attention to the production and operation, managers and management behaviors of enterprises, and adjust the managers and working conditions of enterprises through corresponding management systems, so that enterprises are often in a normal development state. Obviously, under the condition of establishing enterprise system in Lao Quan, Zhi 'an flight will never happen.
However, what we are establishing in public enterprises is not the enterprise system in Lao Quan, but the property right system. Obviously, public-owned enterprises have only personified labor owners and no personified asset owners, but we have established a property right system with asset owners as the main body to fully reflect asset ownership. On the one hand, the establishment of the property right system denies the right of labor owners to be masters of their own affairs and disarms employees of corruption and corrupt officials; On the other hand, it will inevitably make state-owned enterprises or public-owned enterprises become non-subject enterprises. In this case, the manager who lacks restraint is a parasol-lawless, do whatever he wants, and flee with capital. What's so strange?
On the surface, state-owned enterprises or other public-owned enterprises that establish property rights system also have shareholders, directors and supervisors. And these shareholders, directors and supervisors representing state-owned assets are just "fake foreign devils". When the interests of state-owned enterprises or other public-owned enterprises are damaged, cutting other people's meat does not hurt them. How can they supervise managers like real asset owners? Not only that, if conditions permit, they can collude with corrupt officials, harm the public and enrich the private interests and make common profits!
It can be seen from this that a series of problems of state-owned enterprises are caused by the fact that the property right system is not suitable for the basic characteristics of state-owned enterprises and the property right reform is not suitable for state-owned enterprises. If we do not stop the property right reform and replace the property right system with an enterprise system suitable for the basic characteristics of state-owned enterprises, how can we fundamentally eliminate many problems existing in state-owned enterprises?