First of all, be good at observation.
How to cultivate students' observation ability
I often hear some middle school students say, "I'm afraid of writing. I had a headache when I started writing, and I always felt that there was nothing to write. " Some simply said, "I really don't know what to write and where to start." Although some students handed in their compositions, they just perfunctory a few words at first and ended up hastily. The content is vague and I don't know what to say. In view of these circumstances, I often encourage students to write. Write a composition if you can talk. If you want to have something to say, you should pay attention to the people and things around you and avoid building cars behind closed doors. Because of the lack of observation and analysis of things around me and the lack of material in my mind, I feel that I have nothing to say and can't write.
What is observation? The so-called observation is to see with your eyes. You should "observe from a distance" and "observe from a distance", pay attention to everything and get into the habit. Mo Bosang, a French writer who is known as the king of short stories in the world, once worshipped Flaubert, a famous writer at that time. One day, he told Flaubert the story he wrote in his room. Flaubert said, "I advise you not to be busy writing these empty things." Record everything you see on the road accurately and carefully. "So Mo Bosang realized that Flaubert taught him to observe life with his eyes, understand life and practice this basic skill. From then on, he spent a year or so, went out to observe every day, and finally wrote the novel "Point to Heart" and became a world-famous novelist. Later, Mo Bosang summed up his creative experience and said, "We have to observe carefully what you want to show for a long time before we can find the features that others have not found and written. In everything, there are undiscovered things ... "Mr. Lu Xun once said:" Pay attention to all kinds of things, read more, and write when you see nothing. "This is a summary of Lu Xun's long-term creative experience. It can be seen that if you want to write a good article, you must pay attention to observing things and improve your observation ability. But how can we attract students' attention to the things around them? Here I want to talk about two points:
Stimulate students' interest in observation
Psychologists believe that there is no learning without motivation, and motivation is the premise of learning. For composition teaching, teachers should be good at stimulating students' writing desire, mobilizing students' writing enthusiasm and turning passivity into initiative. High school students have a strong ability to distinguish right from wrong, and they often have a strong desire to express themselves. Teachers should firmly grasp this desire and guide them to write excellent articles.
The syllabus clearly stipulates the composition teaching of each grade, and requires a planned and step-by-step implementation in the classroom. In-class composition should be specific, and students are constrained by various aspects, which are often passive but essential. To this end, I have always adopted a "two-pronged" approach in composition teaching: on the one hand, I arrange necessary compositions in class, on the other hand, I arrange a certain number of extracurricular writing exercises. For example,
Writing a composition is to give students full freedom: freedom of material selection, freedom of proposition, freedom of style and freedom of words. Only write about the people or things you are most familiar with, interested in and impressed by. You can talk, express your feelings, describe and do anything you want. Can't have too many words. It is never too few to dribble dozens of words: long words, short words and enjoyable writing. This unconsciously cultivates students' interest and ability to observe things. The contents they wrote were relatively simple at first, and gradually, their observation horizons were also expanding, so they began to write about society and life from the little things around them. The content is getting richer and richer: class life and turmoil, family happiness and sadness, and society. Get to the bottom of it. A student often makes careful observation on campus, from scenery to people, from people to things, and writes one, two and three articles on campus life one after another ... In the composition, I see the students' desire for writing, and I also get the students' interest in observation caused by their enthusiasm for creation. They not only have something to write, but also are more real and closer to life. Over the past year or so, they have achieved remarkable results. Many students have talked about it. Everyone agrees that the requirement of writing a composition urges them to observe and think. Someone said, "I must keep my eyes open every day and look for it in my life." Others said, "Because of the need to write a composition, I observe and listen all the time, whether at home, in the car or at school ..." Students in both classes have completed the task of writing three compositions a week, and many people are interested in things around them.
At the same time, in the classroom composition teaching, I also consciously stimulate students' interest in observation. For example, I have arranged an essay "Remembering a most familiar classmate in this class", asking everyone to take a classmate in the class as the description object, grasp its appearance characteristics to describe and portray, and see who carefully observes and writes like it. Most students can grasp the characteristics of the people they write. For example, after cloisonne is made. I also arranged an essay "The Making of ×× Dishes", which aroused students' interest in observation. As a result, students' interest was mobilized and their creative enthusiasm was stimulated, and they wrote one practical excellent work after another. In short, in order for students to write good articles, we must first practice the basic skills of observation.
Methods of guiding students' observation
While stimulating students' interest in observation, we should also guide students how to observe and how to observe.
I once told a story to my students: a jeweler in ancient Persia was good at doing business. When he sells gold and silver jewelry, he always pays attention to the customers' eyes. As a result, his business is very prosperous. Others wanted to explore the mystery, but he kept his mouth shut. Until his death, he taught his only son this trick: "Look at each other's eyes, no, to be exact, look at each other's pupils." If one of them. If a necklace can't make the other person's pupil wide open, you can change it immediately ... In short, stare at the other person's pupil! "
Of course, the business class taught by this jeweler is not for us to learn, but this method of grasping the external expression of buyers and inferring their psychological changes is worth learning from.
In observation, I pay attention to guiding students to grasp the essence and characteristics of things, not just "watching". Lu Xun, a famous modern literary star, is an excellent observer. Especially in observing characters, he is really insightful and meticulous. He once said: "It is best to draw a person's characteristics in a frugal way." Not long ago, when I was teaching his short story "Blessing", I focused on it. When she went to Lujia for the second time, although she still followed her orders, she "had tears in her eyes and her eyes were not as energetic as before", indicating that she was greatly stimulated mentally and extremely sad. Xianglinsao, who became a beggar, is completely different from before: her face is "like a woodcut" and "only an occasional flash of eyes can show that she is a living thing", which shows that she is on the verge of death, mentally numb and mentally devastated. Lu Xun caught the eye of the protagonist Xianglinsao, and wrote the tragic experience of the character and the change of her inner world through comparison. Then, I arranged a composition. Let the students observe through their own eyes and remember a retired worker in our school, Lao Yuan. Although the worker retired several years ago, he has been responsible for sending and receiving newspapers. Every morning at 6: 30, every letter is delivered to each class on time, and newspapers and magazines are delivered to the teaching and research group at 8: 00 in the morning on time. It never stops. Therefore, some students focus on his "glasses"; Some people grasp the unstable posture of Lao Yuan because there is something wrong with his left leg. There is also the intention to make a fuss about his clothes. Thus, from every student's pen, from different sides and different angles, an ordinary and great ordinary person jumped out. In this way, students gradually learn to "observe" all kinds of things around them, not just "look".
Of course, while emphasizing that students should pay attention to observation, we should also guide them to observe with correct and healthy thoughts. For example, some students see all kinds of corruption and unhealthy tendencies in our social reality, and think that writing with practice is to expose the dark side and make them complain. This is actually a misunderstanding. I have analyzed with my students that there are ignorance, intrigue, frustration and failure in life, and these things are not recognized. From your birth to becoming a senior three student in a key middle school, have you experienced more sunshine and rain, or more ups and downs? Are there many positive factors or negative factors around you? Furthermore, unhealthy trends in life are really hated by people today and should be exposed and lashed, but we must not lose confidence in life because of this, let ugly things occupy our hearts and make our lives full of sunshine. After my guidance, many students realized that what they wrote through observation was true and heartfelt; On the other hand, it should be healthy and positive.
Because I pay attention to cultivating students' observation ability, many students' writing level has gradually improved, especially many good works that express their true feelings have emerged. A student wrote an article to "beat" one of his neighbors, a young man who failed in the college entrance examination. The young man dropped out of the list at two o'clock last year, looking at his father's "rickety body", his mother's "wrinkled face" and that. He can't stand reviewing any longer. Although his father said he wanted to borrow money, he went to work in the south with a bitter heart and a lot of college entrance examination review materials. During this year, he worked during the day and studied hard under the account at night. A year passed quickly, and he came back to take part in this year's college entrance examination. As a result, the notice from the Provincial Institute of Finance and Trade came. The student wrote, "He left again." He saw his father's rickety body and his mother's wrinkled face again, so his eyes blurred ... "What a touching scene, what a real shot! Later, I asked the student if what he wrote was true. He said, "I saw it with my own eyes. This young man is a cousin of mine. On the day of seeing him off, I specially asked for leave to go home and say goodbye to him. What I wrote is true. I just want to write down what I see. "
Yes, as long as we pay attention, many things in daily life will make us discover something, won't they? It is normal for apples to fall to the ground, but Newton discovered the law of gravity from it and opened a new era of science. It is common for a kettle to boil, but Watt invented the steam turbine, which triggered the industrial revolution. As Chekhov once said to a young author, "Look at this wall, it seems that there is nothing interesting, but if you look at it with your heart, you will find something in it, something that others have not noticed before, and then you can write it down ..." That is to say, you should observe.
Pay attention to the daily things around you, which will enable you to gain knowledge and discover the true meaning of life.
Composition should learn to accumulate.
The ancient summaries of "reading is like writing" and "a clever woman can't cook without rice" illustrate the importance of "accumulation" in writing from both positive and negative aspects. "Usually rely on accumulation, the examination room depends on play", which is the same experience of the students in the examination room.
(A) language to establish a "vocabulary". Vocabulary is the cell of an article. Vocabulary in a broad sense refers not only to the collection of words and phrases, but also to sentences and sentence groups. There are two ways to establish "vocabulary": one is reading. Usually read books, newspapers and periodicals extensively, take reading notes, and extract some beautiful words, sentences and paragraphs from a specific notebook.
(2) Strengthen the accumulation of materials. Materials are the flesh and blood of the article. Many students worry every time they write a composition, because they don't pay attention to it, or they make it up or copy it. The solution to this problem is to accumulate materials. Usually, if possible, they can take cameras and tape recorders, observe life deeply, actively participate in life, and record family life and campus life in time in the form of sketching, keeping diaries and writing observation notes.
(3) Strengthen ideological accumulation. Opinion is the soul of an article. The unclear center of the article or the lack of profound thoughts often indicate that the author's thoughts are superficial. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a "think tank". There are two ways: first, be thoughtful. "Think more and gain more." Think deeply at ordinary times and ask "why", "what" and "what" when something happens.
In short, the composition should be accumulated, and the three writing warehouses of vocabulary, material and thought should be counted regularly, sorted and sorted, and constantly enriched and expanded.
Second, learn to observe before writing a good composition.
When answering the question of "how to write a good article" by young artists, Mr. Lu Xun emphasized two points: one is to read more books, and the other is to practice more. Here, "reading more" means observing more. This shows that in order to write a good article and master skillful writing skills, it is necessary to observe more and learn to observe, and observation is the necessary premise and foundation of writing.
Russian novelist Chekhov earnestly warned beginners: "A writer must train himself to be a keen observer and never give up! -It is a habit to exercise yourself to observation, which seems to be second nature. " It takes time to hone observation into habit and second nature, which is very useful and great.
Pay attention to the people, events, sights and things around you, and hunt for the materials needed in the composition: be interested in some seemingly insignificant but meaningful things, and pay attention to the cause, process and result of things; You should pay attention to how the plants in the campus flower beds change their colors all year round, and learn to get to the bottom of it and find out the ins and outs of these changes; You should go out, enter the society, meet more people, observe their words and deeds, think about some things, and integrate into your own thoughts at any time. This is the process of observation. In the process of observation, you should pay attention to the following points:
(1) Observation should never be limited to "seeing with eyes". More practical observation, in a broad sense, is to mobilize all the five senses of a person: listening with ears, feeling with the body, and more importantly, thinking with the mind, so that observation will be more delicate and profound.
(2) Pay attention to the use of "bad writing" in the observation process. As the saying goes, a good memory is not as good as bad writing. Many students see a lot and think a lot every day, but they are not good at writing it down at any time, which will waste the observed materials and a lot of valuable things.
(3) Pay special attention to the perseverance of observation. Don't make "brain fever". Three minutes of heat is not conducive to writing a good composition. You should observe life and think about every day in your life, so that you can write wonderful articles.
Learning to observe is a great foundation and motivation for writing a good composition. Without observation, you often find it difficult to write. May you learn to observe, constantly cultivate and improve your ability to observe, and make great progress in your writing practice.
Third, the meaning is high, and the text wins.
Intention is to establish the center and intention of the article. So what problems should we pay attention to when designing the article?
(A) the idea should be correct
Correctness is the first essence of article conception. The so-called correctness is to ensure that the feelings and thoughts of the article are correct, in line with the nature and laws of objective things, in line with China's basic political principles, in line with people's basic moral requirements, and can give people positive inspiration.
(2) single-minded.
"Writing is more important than single, practice makes perfect, and dispersion is stupid." No matter how complicated things are, the main idea cannot be dispersed. If an article wants to explain this problem and that point of view, it is bound to be ambiguous. In fact, if you want to cover everything, it is definitely not in place. In addition, an article can only have one center. Instead of "biting off more than one can chew", it is better to concentrate on pen and ink.
(c) Ideas should be novel.
The article should avoid conformity, and novel angle is the core of composition innovation. The idea of the novel requires jumping out of the old box, not following the advanced thinking, habitual thinking or the original psychological formula, but examining the alternative content contained in the topic from a unique perspective to avoid what others often write and what others have not written. Even the same writing object can always be cut from multiple angles, as long as we break the mindset and stand at the height of the times. Avoid "vulgarity" and seek "difference", think from multiple angles and sides, associate, expand, analogize or reverse, and you can build your most beautiful rainbow without saying a word in the colorful sky.
(4) profound ideas.
Profound conception means that the established theme is not the superficial truth that people are familiar with, but to look at the essence through the phenomenon and dig deeper meaning.
(5) ingenious conception.
In limited words, if you want to express profound thoughts, you can only see the world from a grain of sand, reproduce the whole picture of life from one branch and one leaf, and describe and think about society and life from one drop, one fragment, one moment and one phenomenon, that is, you should focus on the big picture and put pen to paper in a small place, but you can see great dullness from a small angle.
Fourth, how to write a good article about things.
How to write a good article? Please remember the following five points:
(1) Explain the origin
Introduce the history of the article in one or two sentences at the beginning of the article, which naturally leads to the following.
(2) Specific description
Through color and shape, the shape of an object is accurately outlined, and its characteristics are written, giving people a distinct feeling. Use some appropriate rhetorical devices to expand a reasonable imagination and give it emotion, so that the object will come alive on paper.
(C) the combination of static and dynamic
Write the static shape characteristics first, and then write its dynamics. This will add some interest and make the article more vivid.
(4) Interpretation function
Each item has its own unique function. Generally speaking, this kind of article should explain the function of the article at the end, which will highlight the characteristics of the article.
(5) Integration with feelings
Between the lines, it is necessary to reveal the author's love and cherish for the things described, which will enhance the appeal of the article.
Five, to make a long story short
You must be very moved to read a good article, right? If you want to introduce the story to others simply, you can use abbreviations. This exercise is abbreviated, and the main content is required to be complete and focused; The language is concise, with no more than 300 abbreviations.
Abbreviation is a common form of formation. Abbreviation is to compress a long article into a short article without changing the center and genre and retaining the main content of the original text. Learning abbreviations can help us better understand the content of the text, cultivate our reading ability and generalization ability, and then improve our language expression ability. So, how to abbreviate it?
(1) Keep the trunk and leave the branches and leaves. When writing a short text, you should cut out the minor characters and events, as well as explanations and explanations, leaving the main content of the text. For example, in the article "the little scribe", we should first think: under what circumstances did Sellyew start to help his father, why did he do it secretly, how did he do it, and what was the result? Then draw the place that touches you most.
(2) Simplify the task language directly. In narration, direct narration should be changed into indirect narration, and the language of characters should be simplified as much as possible. In this way, the plot is coherent and the sentence is "concise".
(3) Keep the context of the article clear. When abbreviating the text, we should pay attention to keeping the main context of the article clear and complete, especially the time, place, person, cause, process and result of the event, so that people can have a general understanding of the original text after reading it.
(4) Don't change the meaning of the original text. The most important thing of abbreviated words is that the original intention of the words will not be changed after abbreviation, so that the content is basically consistent with the original text and readers will not be confused.
First, the composition should learn to accumulate.
The ancient summaries of "reading is like writing" and "a clever woman can't cook without rice" illustrate the importance of "accumulation" in writing from both positive and negative aspects. "Usually rely on accumulation, the examination room depends on play", which is the same experience of the students in the examination room.
(A) language to establish a "vocabulary". Vocabulary is the cell of an article. Vocabulary in a broad sense refers not only to the collection of words and phrases, but also to sentences and sentence groups. There are two ways to establish "vocabulary": one is reading. Usually read books, newspapers and periodicals extensively, take reading notes, and extract some beautiful words, sentences and paragraphs from a specific notebook.
(2) Strengthen the accumulation of materials. Materials are the flesh and blood of the article. Many students worry every time they write a composition, because they don't pay attention to it, or they make it up or copy it. The solution to this problem is to accumulate materials. Usually, if possible, they can take cameras and tape recorders, observe life deeply, actively participate in life, and record family life and campus life in time in the form of sketching, keeping diaries and writing observation notes.
(3) Strengthen ideological accumulation. Opinion is the soul of an article. The unclear center of the article or the lack of profound thoughts often indicate that the author's thoughts are superficial. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a "think tank". There are two ways: first, be thoughtful. "Think more and gain more." Think deeply at ordinary times and ask "why", "what" and "what" when something happens.
In short, the composition should be accumulated, and the three writing warehouses of vocabulary, material and thought should be counted regularly, sorted and sorted, and constantly enriched and expanded.
Second, learn to observe before writing a good composition.
When answering the question of "how to write a good article" by young artists, Mr. Lu Xun emphasized two points: one is to read more books, and the other is to practice more. Here, "reading more" means observing more. This shows that in order to write a good article and master skillful writing skills, it is necessary to observe more and learn to observe, and observation is the necessary premise and foundation of writing.
Russian novelist Chekhov earnestly warned beginners: "A writer must train himself to be a keen observer and never give up! -It is a habit to exercise yourself to observation, which seems to be second nature. " It takes time to hone observation into habit and second nature, which is very useful and great.
Pay attention to the people, events, sights and things around you, and hunt for the materials needed in the composition: be interested in some seemingly insignificant but meaningful things, and pay attention to the cause, process and result of things; You should pay attention to how the plants in the campus flower beds change their colors all year round, and learn to get to the bottom of it and find out the ins and outs of these changes; You should go out, enter the society, meet more people, observe their words and deeds, think about some things, and integrate into your own thoughts at any time. This is the process of observation. In the process of observation, you should pay attention to the following points:
(1) Observation should never be limited to "seeing with eyes". More practical observation, in a broad sense, is to mobilize all the five senses of a person: listening with ears, feeling with the body, and more importantly, thinking with the mind, so that observation will be more delicate and profound.
(2) Pay attention to the use of "bad writing" in the observation process. As the saying goes, a good memory is not as good as bad writing. Many students see a lot and think a lot every day, but they are not good at writing it down at any time, which will waste the observed materials and a lot of valuable things.
(3) Pay special attention to the perseverance of observation. Don't make "brain fever". Three minutes of heat is not conducive to writing a good composition. You should observe life and think about every day in your life, so that you can write wonderful articles.
Learning to observe is a great foundation and motivation for writing a good composition. Without observation, you often find it difficult to write. May you learn to observe, constantly cultivate and improve your ability to observe, and make great progress in your writing practice.
Third, the meaning is high, and the text wins.
Intention is to establish the center and intention of the article. So what problems should we pay attention to when designing the article?
(A) the idea should be correct
Correctness is the first essence of article conception. The so-called correctness is to ensure that the feelings and thoughts of the article are correct, in line with the nature and laws of objective things, in line with China's basic political principles, in line with people's basic moral requirements, and can give people positive inspiration.
(2) single-minded.
"Writing is more important than single, practice makes perfect, and dispersion is stupid." No matter how complicated things are, the main idea cannot be dispersed. If an article wants to explain this problem and that point of view, it is bound to be ambiguous. In fact, if you want to cover everything, it is definitely not in place. In addition, an article can only have one center. Instead of "biting off more than one can chew", it is better to concentrate on pen and ink.
(c) Ideas should be novel.
The article should avoid conformity, and novel angle is the core of composition innovation. The idea of the novel requires jumping out of the old box, not following the advanced thinking, habitual thinking or the original psychological formula, but examining the alternative content contained in the topic from a unique perspective to avoid what others often write and what others have not written. Even the same writing object can always be cut from multiple angles, as long as we break the mindset and stand at the height of the times. Avoid "vulgarity" and seek "difference", think from multiple angles and sides, associate, expand, analogize or reverse, and you can build your most beautiful rainbow without saying a word in the colorful sky.
(4) profound ideas.
Profound conception means that the established theme is not the superficial truth that people are familiar with, but to look at the essence through the phenomenon and dig deeper meaning.
(5) ingenious conception.
In limited words, if you want to express profound thoughts, you can only see the world from a grain of sand, reproduce the whole picture of life from one branch and one leaf, and describe and think about society and life from one drop, one fragment, one moment and one phenomenon, that is, you should focus on the big picture and put pen to paper in a small place, but you can see great dullness from a small angle.
Fourth, how to write a good article about things.
How to write a good article? Please remember the following five points:
(1) Explain the origin
The history of the article is introduced in one or two sentences at the beginning of the article, which naturally leads to the following.
(2) Specific description
Through color and shape, the shape of an object is accurately outlined, and its characteristics are written, giving people a distinct feeling. Use some appropriate rhetorical devices to expand a reasonable imagination and give it emotion, so that the object will come alive on paper.
(C) the combination of static and dynamic
Write the static shape characteristics first, and then write its dynamics. This will add some interest and make the article more vivid.
(4) Interpretation function
Each item has its own unique function. Generally speaking, this kind of article should explain the function of the article at the end, which will highlight the characteristics of the article.
(5) Integration with feelings
Between the lines, it is necessary to reveal the author's love and cherish for the things described, which will enhance the appeal of the article.
Five, to make a long story short
You must be very moved to read a good article, right? If you want to introduce the story to others simply, you can use abbreviations. This exercise is abbreviated, and the main content is required to be complete and focused; The language is concise, with no more than 300 abbreviations.
Abbreviation is a common form of formation. Abbreviation is to compress a long article into a short article without changing the center and genre and retaining the main content of the original text. Learning abbreviations can help us better understand the content of the text, cultivate our reading ability and generalization ability, and then improve our language expression ability.